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955 results for “Subtropical”
Figs. 13-16. 13 in Stink Bugs (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) And An Unique Host Plant In The Brazilian Subtropics
Figs. 13-16. 13, Adult of Pallantia macunaima on a privet leaf. 14-16, Pellaea stictica: 14, adult on mature on privet leaf; 15, fifth instar on maturefruits of privet; 16, egg mass ona privet leaf. (Scales: 4mm, fig. 13; 5mm, fig. 14; 1mm, figs. 15-16).
Fig. 21-23 in Stink Bugs (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) And An Unique Host Plant In The Brazilian Subtropics
Fig. 21-23. Antiteuchus mixtus: 21, adult on fruits of privet; 22, fifth instar on a privet leaf; 23, egg mass of Antiteuchus tripterus on a privet leaf. (Scales: 3mm).
Figs. 9-12 in Stink Bugs (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) And An Unique Host Plant In The Brazilian Subtropics
Figs. 9-12. Nezara viridula: 9, adult on mature fruits of privet; 10, fifth instar on a privet leaf; 11, egg masses on a privet leaf, early development; 12, egg masses, late development. (Scales: 2mm, fig. 9; 1mm, figs. 10-12).
Traits mediate a tradeoff in seedling growth response to light and conspecific density in a diverse subtropical forest
<p>Understanding tree species responses to biotic and abiotic factors is fundamental for stronger predictions of community assembly and dynamics. However, several challenges remain. These include a failure to investigate whether there is evidence for key hypothesized life-history tradeoffs and to link these tradeoffs to functional traits.</p> <p>In this study, we seek to explicitly address the above outstanding challenges by constructing models for individual seedling growth in response to abiotic and biotic factors using three years of seedling census data from a 20-ha subtropical forest dynamics plot in a diverse subtropical forest and correlated these responses with functional traits.</p> <p>We found that light and conspecific neighbours increase and decrease the relative growth rate of tree seedlings, respectively. We also found that the ability of a species to positively respond to canopy openness trades off against susceptibility to CNDD. This tradeoff was evident across seasons and could be predicted on functional trait - stem and leaf dry matter content.</p> <p><i>Synthesis</i>. Our findings indicate species that can grow quickly in high light environments also tend to suffer more conspecific negative density dependence. The results highlight strong evidence of a tradeoff relating to growth and defence widely hypothesized to be of importance in diverse tree communities and that this tradeoff occurs across seasons and can be linked to a commonly measured functional trait.</p>
Figure 1 in Influence of riparian quality on macroinvertebrate assemblages in subtropical mountain streams
Figure 1. Localization of the study area and distribution of reaches of good (white dots, 1–5), poor (grey dots, 6–8) and bad (black dots, 9–11) quality of their riparian zone.
Associations between socio-environmental factors and landscape-scale biodiversity recovery in naturally regenerating tropical and subtropical forests
<p class="western"><span><span>Natural regeneration is key for large-scale forest restoration, yet it may lead to different biodiversity outcomes depending on socio-environmental context. We combined the results of a global meta-analysis to quantify how biodiversity recovery in naturally regenerating forests deviates from biodiversity values in reference old-growth forests, with structural equation modeling, to identify direct and indirect associations between socioeconomic, biophysical and ecological factors and deviation in biodiversity recovery at a landscape scale. Low deviation within a landscape means higher chances of multiple sites in naturally regenerating forests successfully recovering biodiversity compared to reference forests. Deviation in biodiversity recovery was directly negatively associated with the percentage of cropland, forest cover, and positively associated with the percentage of urban areas in the surrounding landscape. These three factors mediated the indirect associations with rural population size, recent gross deforestation, time since natural regeneration started, mean annual temperature, mean annual water deficit, road density, land opportunity cost, percentage cover of strictly protected forest areas, and human population variation in the surrounding landscape. We suggest that natural forest restoration should be prioritized in landscapes with both low socioeconomic pressures on land use conversion to pasturelands and urban areas, and high percentage of forest cover.</span></span></p>
Evaluating the effects of large marine predators on mobile prey behavior across subtropical reef ecosystems
<p>The indirect effect of predators on prey behavior, recruitment, and spatial relationships continues to attract considerable attention. However, top predators like sharks or large, mobile teleosts, which can have substantial top-down effects in ecosystems, are often difficult to study due to their large size and mobility. This has created a knowledge gap in understanding how they affect their prey through non-consumptive effects. Here we investigated how different functional groups of predators affected potential prey fish populations across various habitats within Biscayne Bay, FL. Using baited remote underwater videos (BRUVs), we quantified predator abundance and activity as a rough proxy for predation risk, and analyzed key prey behaviors across coral reef, sea fan, seagrass, and sandy habitats. Both predator abundance and prey arrival times to the bait were strongly influenced by habitat type, with open homogenous habitats receiving faster arrival times by prey. Other prey behaviors, such as residency and risk-associated behaviors, were potentially driven by predator interaction. Our data suggest that small predators across functional groups do not have large controlling effects on prey behavior or stress responses over short temporal scales; however, habitats where predators are more unpredictable in their occurrence (i.e., open areas) may trigger risk-associated behaviors such as avoidance and vigilance. Our data shed new light on the importance of habitat and context for understanding how marine predators may influence prey behaviors in marine ecosystems.</p>
Figure 2 from: Costa WJEM, Feltrin CRM, Katz AM (2020) A new species from subtropical Brazil and evidence of multiple pelvic fin losses in catfishes of the genus Cambeva (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 715-722. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.56247
Figure 2 Osteological structures of Cambeva flavopicta sp. nov., UFRJ 12664, paratype, 47.9 mm SL: A. Mesethmoidal region and adjacent structures, left and middle portions, dorsal view; B. Left suspensorium and opercular series, lateral view; C. Parurohyal, ventral view. Arrow indicates the ventral process on the metapterygoid. Larger stippling represents cartilaginous areas.
Figure 4 from: Costa WJEM, Feltrin CRM, Katz AM (2020) A new species from subtropical Brazil and evidence of multiple pelvic fin losses in catfishes of the genus Cambeva (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 715-722. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.56247
Figure 4 Rio Inferno Grande (upper Rio Uruguai basin, Santa Catarina, Brazil), at the exact point where the holotype and paratypes of Cambeva flavopicta sp. nov. were collected.
Figure 3 from: Costa WJEM, Feltrin CRM, Katz AM (2020) A new species from subtropical Brazil and evidence of multiple pelvic fin losses in catfishes of the genus Cambeva (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 715-722. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.56247
Figure 3 Map of geographical distribution of Cambeva flavopicta sp. nov. (triangle), and type localities of C. diatropoporos (diamond), C. pascuali (pentagon), C. poikilos (star) and C. tropeiro (dot).
Figure 1 from: Costa WJEM, Feltrin CRM, Katz AM (2020) A new species from subtropical Brazil and evidence of multiple pelvic fin losses in catfishes of the genus Cambeva (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 715-722. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.56247
Figure 1 Cambeva flavopicta sp. nov., UFRJ 12665, holotype, 69.2 mm SL: A. Left lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. Ventral view.
Data from: Cascading effects of forested area and isolation on seed dispersal effectiveness of rodents on subtropical islands
1. Habitat loss and fragmentation often leads to defaunation of large-bodied mammals, and their loss could trigger release from top-down control or food resource competition for small mammal seed dispersers, which in turn may affect the effectiveness of seed dispersal by altering the number of dispersed seeds or the manner in which they are dispersed. Although rodents are primary seed dispersers in habitat subjected to defaunation, changes in seed dispersal effectiveness of rodents along mammalian defaunation gradients, and empirical support for mechanisms underlying alteration of this ecological process, are unclear. 2. We assessed the direct and indirect effects of forested area and isolation on seed dispersal effectiveness of rodents on 21 study islands with varying levels of defaunation in the Thousand Island Lake, China. We used camera sampling, live traps, and semi-quantitative acorn counts to assess occurrence of large-bodied mammal species, relative abundance of small rodent species, and seed crop size, respectively. Seed dispersal, post-dispersal seed survival, seedling emergence, and seedling survival were estimated by tracking fates of tagged acorns and by planting acorns in exclosures. 3. Forested area had positive indirect effects on seed dispersal effectiveness through defaunation and rodent competition for acorns, whereas isolation had negative direct and weaker positive indirect effects on seed dispersal effectiveness mediated by loss of large-bodied mammals and rodent competition for acorns. Loss of large-bodied mammals negatively affected seed dispersal effectiveness indirectly by virtue of its impact on rodent competition for acorns. Seed dispersal effectiveness exhibited a unimodal relationship with intensity of rodent competition for acorns, peaking at intermediate levels. 4. Synthesis. Indirect effects of island attributes mediated by defaunation of large-bodied mammals on small or isolated islands appear to drive altered competition for food among rodents and decreased seed dispersal effectiveness. Altered interactions between acorns and their rodent consumers/dispersers can substantially affect oak population demography in the Thousand Island Lake system. More broadly our findings highlight the importance to the seed dispersal process of multiple interwoven effects between habitat fragmentation and defaunation of large-bodied mammals.
Data from: Interactive effects of pasture management intensity, release from grazing and prescribed fire on forty subtropical wetland plant assemblages
Pasture management intensity, livestock grazing and prescribed fire are three widespread agricultural practices that affect small, isolated wetlands, but few studies have investigated their individual and interactive effects. Pasture management intensity refers to the degree of human alteration of grassland, ranging from intensively managed pastures planted with introduced forage, fertilizer/lime additions and artificial drainage to semi-natural pastures with mixed native and non-native vegetation, no fertilizer/lime additions and little or no artificial drainage. We examined individual and interactive effects of these three agricultural practices on individual, isolated wetlands using a replicated, full-factorial experiment on 40 entire wetlands in south Florida, USA. Wetlands were embedded in two pasture management intensities: intensively managed and semi-natural. After three years of treatment initiation, vegetation of wetlands released from grazing and unburned embedded in semi-natural pastures had significantly lower evenness and coefficient of conservatism scores compared to wetlands released from grazing and burned, grazed unburned wetlands and grazed burned wetlands in the same pasture management intensity. For wetlands embedded in intensively managed pastures, evenness and coefficient of conservatism scores did not differ among treatments. Release from grazing increased abundance of the native, weedy herb, Eupatorium capillifolium. Grazing interacted with prescribed fire to affect shrub abundance and non-native richness; relative abundance of shrubs and non-native richness were greater in wetlands released from grazing and burned and did not differ among burn treatments in grazed wetlands. Interactive effects, especially three-way interactions, were uncommon and not as important as differences between the two pasture management intensities. Synthesis and applications. Vegetation diversity and floristic quality of wetlands embedded in intensively managed pastures resisted common restoration management techniques such as release from grazing and prescribed fire, at least in the short term. In contrast, removing all top-down disturbances from wetlands embedded in semi-natural grasslands can negatively affect vegetation species diversity and floristic quality. Future studies should examine how intensity and seasonality of grazing and prescribed fire affect wetland vegetation, and track long-term responses to evaluate lag effects.
Data from: Effects of light and topography on regeneration and coexistence of evergreen and deciduous tree species in a Chinese subtropical forest
1. Evergreen broad-leaved forests are widely distributed in eastern Asia with evergreen (EBL) and deciduous (DBL) broad-leaved tree species coexisting under the same climatic regime, raising questions as to the underlying mechanisms. Since EBL and DBL species differ in leaf lifespan, a key component of resource economic strategies, their coexistence might be attributed to regeneration niche partitioning across habitats varying in resource supply. 2. We investigated the effects of variation in insolation and topography on regeneration of EBL and DBL species in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of eastern China after an ice storm that caused severe canopy disturbance. 3. Using a mixed-effects modeling framework and census data from 2011 to 2014 on 8548 wild seedlings of 123 species, we quantified habitat preferences of EBL and DBL species during post-disturbance regeneration and how their survival and height relative growth rates varied among habitats. 4. The relative density of DBL seedlings (proportional to all seedlings) was greater in habitats with greater (canopy gaps) compared to lesser (understory) insolation and increased with canopy gap size. However, DBL seedlings were not more frequent in higher (valleys) compared to lower (ridges) fertility habitats. Although DBL seedlings exhibited larger differences in growth between higher and lower resource habitats than EBL seedlings, their growth rates did not increase with canopy gap size. Seedlings of EBL species had high survival in all habitats, but larger DBL seedlings survived equally well on ridges. Consequently, the relative density of DBL seedlings declined in valleys, so that by 2014 it became more similar in valley and ridge habitats, whereas it remained higher in gaps than in the understory, and especially in larger gaps. 5. Synthesis. Specialization on contrasting topographic habitats is considered the primary mechanism mediating coexistence between DBL and EBL species. Our results, however, suggest this may not always be true, since seedlings of DBL and EBL species partitioned regeneration niches based on light more so than topography. We propose that coexistence of DBL and EBL species can strongly depend upon canopy disturbance to create a mosaic of habitat patches, including high light gaps favoring regeneration of DBL species.
Data from: Seed germination schedule and environmental context shaped the population genetic structure of subtropical evergreen oaks on the Yun-Gui Plateau, Southwest China
<p>The evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs) of Southwest China have a long-term stable environment and support a diverse flora, thus forming a global biodiversity hotspot. However, the key drivers that have shaped the genetic diversity patterns of species in these EBLFs are not well understood. <i>Quercus delavayi</i>, <i>Q. schottkyana</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Q. kerrii </i>are sympatric oak species with different seed biological traits that are typical for these EBLFs. This study combined multilocus phylogeography and ecological niche modeling to screen 33 <i>Q. delavayi</i> populations. Their population genetic structure was inferred in comparison with previous studies on <i>Q. schottkyana</i> and <i>Q. kerrii</i>. The seed germination traits of all three species were also investigated. cpDNAs showed a significant phylogeographic structure in <i>Q. delavayi</i>, which was not detected in <i>Q. schottkyana</i> or <i>Q. kerrii</i>. <i>Quercus delavayi</i>, <i>Q. kerrii</i>, and <i>Q. schottkyana </i>exhibited different pollen-to-seed migration ratios (r = 219, 117, and 22, respectively), which are linked to the germination schedules of acorns. The distributions of <i>Q. delavayi</i> and <i>Q. schottkyana</i> remained long-term stable since the last glacial maximum (LGM) with a similar nSSR genetic gradient change along latitude. Instead, <i>Q. kerrii</i> experienced a prominent range expansion since the LGM with genetic diversification between the East and the West of the Tanaka line due to environmental heterogeneity. These results identify seed traits and environmental heterogeneity as two key drivers that shape the population genetic structure of EBLF trees in Southwest China. These should be considered in regional forestry conservation and management.</p>
Data from: The role of transcriptomes linked with responses to light environment on seedling mortality in a subtropical forest, China
Differences in seedling survival in trees have a lasting imprint on seedling, juvenile and adult community structure. Identifying the drivers of these differences, therefore, is a critical research objective that ultimately requires knowledge regarding how organismal function interacts with the local environment to influence survival rates. In tree communities, differences in light use strategies are frequently invoked to explain differences in seedling demographic performance through growth and survival trade-offs. For example, shade-tolerant species grow slowly and have higher survival rates, whereas shade-intolerant species grow quickly but have lower survival rates. Thus, functional traits related to photosynthesis should be strong predictors of demographic rates, but results in the literature are mixed indicating that additional or alternative information regarding organismal function should be considered. Here, we provide a community-wide inventory of transcriptomes in a subtropical tree community. This information is utilized to determine the degree to which species share homologous genes related to gene ontologies for light use and harvesting. These species similarities are used in neighbourhood generalized linear mixed-effects models of seedling survival that evaluated seedling survival as a function of the transcriptomic, functional trait and phylogenetic composition of the local neighbourhood. The results show neighbourhood similarity in three of the 15 gene ontologies evaluated are significantly related to survival rates based on neighbourhood composition. For two of these ontologies, survival rates increase when neighbours are similar in their gene tree composition indicating the importance of abiotic filtering and performance hierarchies. Synthesis. The present work takes a novel approach by sequencing the transcriptomes of naturally co-occurring tree species in a subtropical forest in China. The results show that the transcriptomic similarity of species is a significant predictor of differential survival. The study demonstrates that exploring the functional genomic similarity of non-model species in nature has the potential to increase the breadth and depth of our understanding of how gene function influences species co-occurrence and population dynamics in communities.
Data from: Tree species diversity promotes litterfall productivity through crown complementarity in subtropical forests
1. The role of niche complementarity for driving the positive biodiversity-ecosystem productivity relationship has been widely recognized, but there is scant evidence regarding the role of tree canopy structure on this relationship. Litterfall productivity is proportional to forest net primary productivity in natural forests, and we hypothesized that litterfall productivity would increase with tree species diversity via increased tree crown complementarity. 2. We investigated annual litterfall productivity, species diversity, tree crown architecture, soil moisture content, soil carbon content, and stand age across 28 subtropical forest plots in eastern Zhejiang province, China. Simple linear regression was used to examine bivariate relationships among rarified species richness, crown complementarity, total crown volume, soil moisture content, soil carbon content, stand age, and litterfall productivity. Structural equation modeling was employed to quantify the direct and indirect effects of species richness on litterfall productivity through tree crown complementarity. 3. Litterfall productivity increased with rarefied species richness via increasing crown complementarity rather than total crown volume. Species richness, crown complementarity, and litterfall productivity increased with soil moisture content, while crown complementarity and litterfall productivity increased with soil carbon content. Neither species richness nor crown complementarity increased with stand age, even though litterfall productivity increased with stand age. 4. Synthesis. Our study provides evidence for a strong role of tree crown assembly in shaping ecosystem function in complex natural forests. Our findings suggest that crown spatial complementarity among trees operates mechanistically to drive the positive tree species diversity-litterfall productivity relationship in subtropical forests. We argue that community and/or ecosystem ecology would benefit from more attention to crown variability among coexisting tree species.
Data from: Increased nitrogen input enhances Kandelia obovata seedling growth in the presence of invasive Spartina alterniflora in subtropical regions of China
Mangroves in China are severely affected by the rapid invasion of the non-native species Spartina alterniflora. Although many studies have addressed the possible impacts of S. alterniflora on the performance of mangrove seedlings, how excessive nitrogen (N) input due to eutrophication affects the interactions between mangrove species and S. alterniflora remains unknown. Here, we report the results from a mesocosm experiment using seedlings of the native mangrove species Kandelia obovata and the exotic S. alterniflora grown in monoculture and mixed culture under no nitrogen addition and nitrogen (N) addition treatments for 18 months. Without N addition, the presence of S. alterniflora inhibited the growth of K. obovata seedlings. Excessive N addition significantly increased the growth rate of K. obovata in both cultures. However, the positive and significantly increasing relative interaction intensity index under excessive N input suggested that the invasion of S. alterniflora could favour the growth of K. obovata under eutrophication conditions. Our results imply that excessive N input in southeastern China can increase the competitive ability of mangrove seedlings against invasive S. alterniflora.
Data from: Trade-offs in juvenile growth potential vs. shade tolerance among subtropical rainforest trees on soils of contrasting fertility
Plant adaptation to gradients of light availability involves a well-studied functional trade-off, as does adaptation to gradients of nutrient availability. However, little is known about how these two major trade-offs interact, and thus, it remains unclear whether and how the nature of the growth–shade tolerance trade-off differs on soils of contrasting fertility. We asked whether juvenile growth–shade tolerance trade-offs differed in slope and elevation between tree assemblages on nutrient-rich basalt and nutrient-poor rhyolite soils in an Australian subtropical rain forest. We measured the growth of, and the range of light environments occupied by, juveniles (40–120 cm tall) of eight basalt specialists, six rhyolite specialists, and one generalist that was common on both substrates. In situ minimum light requirements were estimated from the 5th percentile of the distribution of naturally regenerated juveniles in relation to daily light transmittance. Stem growth was measured for 12–16 months across a wide range of light environments to estimate the light compensation point of growth of each species. Light compensation points of growth showed nearly a 1 : 1 correspondence with in situ minimum light requirements of species, indicating that whole-plant carbon balance is a key driver of ecological success in low light. Minimum light requirements were negatively correlated with relative growth rate in low light, but correlated positively with growth in high light. Soil type had no effect on either the slope or the elevation of this trade-off, all species aligning around a common growth–shade tolerance trade-off, but our results do show a wider range of growth rates and shade tolerance on the nutrient-rich basalt soil than on the nutrient-poor rhyolite. Our results suggest that adaptation to light availability involves fundamentally similar trade-offs on these two substrates of differing fertility. However, a wider range of growth rates and shade tolerance on the nutrient-rich basalt soil than on the nutrient-poor rhyolite may help to explain the higher species richness and greater structural complexity of forest stands on the former substrate.
Data from: MiFish, a set of universal PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA from fishes: detection of more than 230 subtropical marine species
We developed a set of universal PCR primers (MiFish-U/E) for metabarcoding environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes. Primers were designed using aligned whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences from 880 species, supplemented by partial mitogenome sequences from 160 elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). The primers target a hypervariable region of the 12S rRNA gene (163–185 bp), which contains sufficient information to identify fishes to taxonomic family, genus and species except for some closely related congeners. To test versatility of the primers across a diverse range of fishes, we sampled eDNA from four tanks in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium with known species compositions, prepared dual-indexed libraries and performed paired-end sequencing of the region using high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies. Out of the 180 marine fish species contained in the four tanks with reference sequences in a custom database, we detected 168 species (93.3%) distributed across 59 families and 123 genera. These fishes are not only taxonomically diverse, ranging from sharks and rays to higher teleosts, but are also greatly varied in their ecology, including both pelagic and benthic species living in shallow coastal to deep waters. We also sampled natural seawaters around coral reefs near the aquarium and detected 93 fish species using this approach. Of the 93 species, 64 were not detected in the four aquarium tanks, rendering the total number of species detected to 232 (from 70 families and 152 genera). The metabarcoding approach presented here is non-invasive, more efficient, more cost-effective and more sensitive than the traditional survey methods. It has the potential to serve as an alternative (or complementary) tool for biodiversity monitoring that revolutionizes natural resource management and ecological studies of fish communities on larger spatial and temporal scales.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.