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4,362 results for “subspecies”
Data from: Experimental studies of adaptation in Clarkia xantiana. III. Phenotypic selection across a subspecies border
Sister taxa with distinct phenotypes often occupy contrasting environments in parapatric ranges, yet we generally do not know whether trait divergence reflects spatially-varying selection. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment to test whether selection favors "native phenotypes" in two subspecies of Clarkia xantiana (Onagraceae), an annual plant in California. For four quantitative traits that differ between subspecies, we estimated phenotypic selection in subspecies' exclusive ranges and their contact zone in two consecutive years. We predicted that in the arid, pollinator-scarce eastern region, selection favors phenotypes of the native subspecies parviflora: small leaves, slow leaf growth, early flowering, and diminutive flowers. In the wetter, pollinator-rich, western range of subspecies xantiana, we expected selection for opposite phenotypes. We investigated pollinator contributions to selection by comparing naturally-pollinated and pollen-supplemented individuals. For reproductive traits and for subspecies xantiana, selection generally matched expectations. The contact zone sometimes showed distinctive selection, and in ssp. parviflora selection sometimes favored non-native phenotypes. Pollinators influenced selection on flowering time but not on flower size. Little temporal variation in selection occurred, possibly because of plastic trait responses across years. Though there were exceptions and some causes of selection remain obscure, phenotypic differentiation between subspecies appears to reflect spatially variable selection.
Data from: Effects of assortative mate choice on the genomic and morphological structure of a hybrid zone between two bird subspecies
Phenotypic differentiation plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of reproductive barriers. In some cases, variation in a few key aspects of phenotype can promote and maintain divergence; hence the identification of these traits and their associations with patterns of genomic divergence are crucial for understanding the patterns and processes of population differentiation. We studied hybridization between the alba and personata subspecies of the white wagtail (Motacilla alba), and quantified divergence and introgression of multiple morphological traits and 19,437 SNP loci on a 3000 km transect. Our goal was to identify traits that may contribute to reproductive barriers and to assess how variation in these traits corresponds to patterns of genome-wide divergence. Variation in only one trait – head plumage patterning – was consistent with reproductive isolation. Transitions in head plumage were steep and occurred over otherwise morphologically and genetically homogeneous populations, whereas cline centers for other traits and genomic ancestry were displaced over one hundred kilometers from the head cline. Field observational data show that social pairs mated assortatively by head plumage, suggesting that these phenotypes are maintained by divergent mating preferences. In contrast, variation in all other traits and genetic markers could be explained by neutral diffusion, although weak ecological selection cannot be ruled out. Our results emphasize that assortative mating may maintain phenotypic differences independent of other processes shaping genome-wide variation, consistent with other recent findings that raise questions about the relative importance of mate choice, ecological selection and selectively neutral processes for divergent evolution.
Data from: Stable isotopes reveal differences in diet among reed bunting subspecies that vary in bill size
Reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) subspecies vary considerably in bill size and shape and seem to be at an early stage of speciation, in which bill might be indirectly causing reproductive isolation. Hence, we evaluated whether bill size, as well as age and sex, are associated with foraging niche in three West European subspecies of reed bunting: the thin-billed schoeniclus, the intermediate-billed lusitanica and the thick-billed witherbyi. Blood sampling was undertaken at three sites in southwest Europe during the winter (when these subspecies co-occur), and stable isotope analyses (carbon and nitrogen) were performed to assess their foraging niches. Stable isotope analyses of potential food items confirmed uniform baseline isotopic composition among sites. schoeniclus showed a significantly broader isotopic niche than lusitanica and witherbyi, which seemed otherwise similar despite the fact that witherbyi is more divergent in bill traits. Stable isotope ratios were consistent with the latter two subspecies feeding on C3-plant-feeding insects, whereas schoeniclus diet also included C4 plant material. Despite its lower sexual dimorphism, sex and age differences were found only in schoeniclus, but these differences vary between locations in a complex manner. Our results suggest that bill size and shape differentiated between northern, migratory and southern, resident subspecies as a consequence of natural selection through competition during the winter, which is now reflected in isotopic niche divergence between subspecies. The potential roles of sexual selection, reed thickness and summer temperature on the difference in bill size (and greater sexual dimorphism) between lusitanica and witherbyi are discussed.
Data from: The diet of an endemic subspecies of the Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia balsaci, breeding at the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania
In the period 1998–2010 the endemic subspecies of the Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia balsaci breeding in Mauritania has decreased in numbers considerably. The causes for this decline are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the diet of the species. We analysed faecal material collected in the breeding colonies in 8 different years. The results show that Mauritanian Spoonbills almost exclusively eat shrimp (59.7%) and small fish (35.4%), the latter being dominated by Gobiidae (20.8%), Soleidae (4.8%) and Mugilidae (2.8%). Another 10 fish families were represented in small proportions. Shrimp were quantified on the basis of (parts of) mandibles present in the samples. All prey items eaten by the Spoonbills were extremely small. Diet composition of adult birds and chicks appeared to be similar. There was great variation in diet composition of adults between years, but there was no trend in any of the major diet components over the study period. This indicates that the decline of the Spoonbill population is not correlated with changes in food composition. Our diet study has been of a qualitative nature. Considering the dramatic population decline we plea for a more detailed ecological study of the species, including a quantitative approach of food intake and foraging conditions.
Data from: Scope for genetic rescue of an endangered subspecies though re-establishing natural gene flow with another subspecies
Genetic diversity is positively linked to the viability and evolutionary potential of species but is often compromised in threatened taxa. Genetic rescue by gene flow from a more diverse or differentiated source population of the same species can be an effective strategy for alleviating inbreeding depression and boosting evolutionary potential. The helmeted honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops cassidix is a critically endangered subspecies of the common yellow-tufted honeyeater. Cassidix has declined to a single wild population of ~130 birds, despite being subject to intensive population management over recent decades. We assessed changes in microsatellite diversity in cassidix over the last four decades and used population viability analysis to explore whether genetic rescue through hybridization with the neighbouring Lichenostomus melanops gippslandicus subspecies constitutes a viable conservation strategy. The contemporary cassidix population is characterized by low genetic diversity and effective population size (Ne < 50), suggesting it is vulnerable to inbreeding depression and will have limited capacity to evolve to changing environments. We find that gene flow from gippslandicus to cassidix has declined substantially relative to pre-1990 levels and argue that natural levels of gene flow between the two subspecies should be restored. Allowing gene flow (~4 migrants per generation) from gippslandicus into cassidix (i.e. genetic rescue), in combination with continued annual release of captive-bred cassidix (i.e. demographic rescue), should lead to positive demographic and genetic outcomes. Although we consider the risk of outbreeding depression to be low, we recommend that genetic rescue be managed within the context of the captive breeding programme, with monitoring of outcomes.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic evidence supports Sylvilagus mansuetus (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) as a subspecies of S. bachmani
FIGURE 2. Phylogram produced by the Bayesian analysis of concatenated genes (1,854 bp): Cyt b (800 bp), COI (654 bp), and β-fib I7 (400 bp). All specimens of the 3 subspecies of Sylvilagus bachmani, i.e. S. b. cerrosensis, S. b. mariposae, S. b. macrorhinus, and S. mansuetus were monophyletic. Nodes with solid circles have a posterior probability values of 1.0.
FIGURE 1 in Genetic evidence supports Sylvilagus mansuetus (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) as a subspecies of S. bachmani
FIGURE 1. Map of the distribution area of Sylvilagus bachmani (in grey) and examined specimens of S. mansuetus and the three different subspecies of S. bachmani: S. b. cerrosensis, S. b. mariposae, and S. b. macrorhinus, from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, and California, USA.
FIGURE 9 in Revision of the subgenus Neopsacas (Hexactinellida, Rossellidae, Crateromorpha) with the description of new species and subspecies
FIGURE 9. Crateromorpha (Neopsacas) obi, sp. nov., spicules: A–B, dermal or atrial pentactins. B, pentactin with rudimental ray directed inside the body. C, hypodermal or hypoatrial pentactin. D, hypodermal or hypoatrial hexactin. E–F, parts of choanosomal diactin. G, drepanocome. H, secondary ray of drepanocome.
FIGURE 7 in Revision of the subgenus Neopsacas (Hexactinellida, Rossellidae, Crateromorpha) with the description of new species and subspecies
FIGURE 7. Crateromorpha (Neopsacas) krinovi discoli ssp. nov., spicules: A–E, atrial diactin. F, atrial monactin. G, atrial tauactin. H, hypodermal pentactin. I, choanosomal diactin. J, discohexactin. K–L, discopentactins. M, discostauractin. N, discoparatetractin. O, discodiactin ("amphidisc").
FIGURE 6 in Revision of the subgenus Neopsacas (Hexactinellida, Rossellidae, Crateromorpha) with the description of new species and subspecies
FIGURE 6. Crateromorpha (Neopsacas)) krinovi discoli ssp. nov. USNM 1096678. A, side view. Scale 15 mm. B, hypodermal hexactin.
FIGURE 5 in Revision of the subgenus Neopsacas (Hexactinellida, Rossellidae, Crateromorpha) with the description of new species and subspecies
FIGURE 5. Crateromorpha (Neopsacas)) krinovi discoli ssp. nov., holotype. A, side view. Scale 10 mm. B, choanosomal discotriactin and discohexactins. C–D, atrial diactins. Scales 10 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Revision of the subgenus Neopsacas (Hexactinellida, Rossellidae, Crateromorpha) with the description of new species and subspecies
FIGURE 4. Crateromorpha (Neopsacas) krinovi krinovi sp. nov., ssp. nov., spicules: A–B, dermal pentactins. C–D, dermal diactins. E, hypodermal pentactin. F, choanosomal stauractin. G, choanosomal diactin. H, discohexactin. I–J, discopentactins. K, discostauractin. L, discodiactin.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of the subgenus Neopsacas (Hexactinellida, Rossellidae, Crateromorpha) with the description of new species and subspecies
FIGURE 3. Crateromorpha (Neopsacas) krinovi krinovi sp. nov., ssp. nov. A, holotype, side view. Scale 20 mm. B, dermal discohexactin. C, atrial discohexactins. Scales 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Revision of the subgenus Neopsacas (Hexactinellida, Rossellidae, Crateromorpha) with the description of new species and subspecies
FIGURE 2. Crateromorpha (Neopsacas) variata Tabachnick, 2002, spicules: A–B, dermal pentactins. C–D, dermal diactins. E–F, atrial pentactins. G, atrial stauractin. H–J, atrial diactins. K, hypodermal pentactin. L–M, marginal hexactins. N–P, abnormal microscleres. A–K; N–P, 5/2/404. O–P, 5/2/3119.
FIGURE 1 in Revision of the subgenus Neopsacas (Hexactinellida, Rossellidae, Crateromorpha) with the description of new species and subspecies
FIGURE 1. Crateromorpha (Neopsacas) variata Tabachnick, 2002, specimen IORAS 5/2/3119.: A, view from above. B, side view. Scale 40 mm. C, dermal surface with dermal net covering the subdermal cavities. Scale 5 mm. D, oxyhexasters and oxyhemihexasters, E, irregular diactin, F, onycho-discohexaster. 10 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Description of a new subspecies of the crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (Von Martens, 1869) from São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (Decapoda, Parastacidae)
FIGURE 3. Discriminant scores for individuals of Parastacus brasiliensis promatensis subsp. n. and Parastacus brasiliensis brasiliensis as a function of the carapace length.
FIGURE 2 in Description of a new subspecies of the crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (Von Martens, 1869) from São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (Decapoda, Parastacidae)
FIGURE 2. Frequency distribution of the Discriminant scores for individuals of Parastacus brasiliensis promatensis subsp. n. and Parastacus brasiliensis brasiliensis.
FIGURE 3 in A new subspecies of Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847), one of the world's most critically endangered chelonians (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 3. (a) Batagur baska, male, Sundarbans, Bangladesh – photo: S.M.A. Rashid; (b) B. baska, semiadult female (the pointed, upturned snout develops only with increasing age), Sundarbans, Bangladesh – photo: P. Praschag; (c) west coast form of B. affinis, male, Klong La-ngu River, Satun Province, Thailand – photo: B. Horne; (d) west coast form of B. affinis, female, Perak River, Malaysia – photo: E.O. Moll; (e) east coast form of B. affinis, male, Dungun River, Malaysia – photo: E.H. Chan; (f) east coast form of B. affinis, female, Terengganu River, Malaysia – photo: E.O. Moll; (g) Cambodian Batagur male, Sre Ambel River system, Cambodia – photo: R. Holloway; (h) Cambodian Batagur female, Sre Ambel River system, Cambodia – photo: B. Horne. Note differences in head shape, soft part and iris coloration.
FIGURE 4 in A new subspecies of Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847), one of the world's most critically endangered chelonians (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 4. Hatchlings of Batagur affinis, (a) west coast form, Perak River, Malaysia; (b) east coast form, Terengganu River, Malaysia – photos: E.O. Moll. Note yellow marginal scutes and silvery blotches in temporal and parietal region in the east coast hatchling.
FIGURE 2 in A new subspecies of Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847), one of the world's most critically endangered chelonians (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 2. Parsimony networks for mitochondrial haplotypes of Batagur affinis, B. baska, B. kachuga, and the Cambodian Batagur (connection enforced). Symbol size corresponds to haplotype frequency; missing node haplotypes black. Lines joining haplotypes, one mutational step except otherwise indicated. (a) Network based on a 320-bp-long alignment of cyt b. Haplotypes and their frequencies (see Appendix): B. affinis – A1 (n=9), A2 (n=1); B. baska – B1 (n=5), B2 (n=1), B3 (n=1); B. kachuga – K1 (n=3), K2 (n=1), K3 (n=1); Cambodian Batagur – C (n=7). Haplotypes A1 and B1 include the lectotype of Tetraonyx affinis Cantor, 1847 and topotypic specimens of Emys baska Gray, 1830, respectively (Praschag et al. 2008). Haplotypes K1 and K2 are from topotypic specimens of Emys kachuga Gray, 1831. (b) Network based on a 1067-bp-long alignment of cyt b. Haplotypes and their frequencies: B. affinis – A1 (n=8), A2 (n=1); B. baska – B1 (n=4); B. kachuga – K1 (n=3), K2 (n=1), K3 (n=1); Cambodian Batagur – C (n=7).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.