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1,133 results for “wetlands”
Data from: Benefits and costs of ecological restoration: rapid assessment of changing ecosystem service values at a UK wetland
Restoration of degraded land is recognized by the international community as an important way of enhancing both biodiversity and ecosystem services, but more information is needed about its costs and benefits. In Cambridgeshire, U.K., a long-term initiative to convert drained, intensively farmed arable land to a wetland habitat mosaic is driven by a desire both to prevent biodiversity loss from the nationally important Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve (Wicken Fen NNR) and to increase the provision of ecosystem services. We evaluated the changes in ecosystem service delivery resulting from this land conversion, using a new Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment (TESSA) to estimate biophysical and monetary values of ecosystem services provided by the restored wetland mosaic compared with the former arable land. Overall results suggest that restoration is associated with a net gain to society as a whole of $199 ha−1y−1, for a one-off investment in restoration of $2320 ha−1. Restoration has led to an estimated loss of arable production of $2040 ha−1y−1, but estimated gains of $671 ha−1y−1 in nature-based recreation, $120 ha−1y−1 from grazing, $48 ha−1y−1 from flood protection, and a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worth an estimated $72 ha−1y−1. Management costs have also declined by an estimated $1325 ha−1y−1. Despite uncertainties associated with all measured values and the conservative assumptions used, we conclude that there was a substantial gain to society as a whole from this land-use conversion. The beneficiaries also changed from local arable farmers under arable production to graziers, countryside users from towns and villages, and the global community, under restoration. We emphasize that the values reported here are not necessarily transferable to other sites.
Figure 2 in Climatic dependence in the daily and seasonal calling activity of anurans from coastal wetlands of southernmost Brazil
Figure 2. Rose-diagram of the circular analysis and mean vector length (r), indicated by the arrow vector, of the number of anuran species exhibiting calling activity (a; r = 0.36) and frequency of the calling activity records throughout the day (b; r = 0.46). The arrow vector indicates the concentration of species exhibiting calling activities throughout the months (a) and the recording frequency of these species throughout the hours of the day (b).
Figure 1 in Climatic dependence in the daily and seasonal calling activity of anurans from coastal wetlands of southernmost Brazil
Figure 1. Map of the study area. (a) The North and South America continent. (b) The Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. (c) The area of the TAIM Ecological Station.
Figure 3 in Climatic dependence in the daily and seasonal calling activity of anurans from coastal wetlands of southernmost Brazil
Figure 3. (a) Monthly variation of the maximum (continuous line) and minimum (dashed line) water temperature (°C), minimum absolute air relative humidity (dotted line; %), and hours of rainfall from December 2012 to April 2014. (b) Monthly calling activity of the anuran amphibians community in a wetland area from southernmost Brazil from December 2012 to April 2014. The number of species that exhibited calling activities in each month is shown at the top of the graph and the following categories were used: white – no records; dotted area – between 0.1 and 3.99 hours of daily activity; horizontal bar – between 4 and 7.99 hours of daily activity; dark grey – between 8 and 11.99 hours of daily activity; black – between 12 and 17 hours of daily activity; and plus symbol – activity peak indicated by the mean vector (µ) of the circular analysis.
Figure 4 in Climatic dependence in the daily and seasonal calling activity of anurans from coastal wetlands of southernmost Brazil
Figure 4. Calling activity frequency of the species of anuran amphibians found in wetlands from southernmost Brazil, highlighting the seasons with greatest activity: spring 2013 (September– November 2013); summer 2013 (December 2012–February 2013) and summer 2014 (December 2013–February 2014). The number of records per hour is represented by: white – no records; dotted area – 1-7 records; horizontal bar – 8-14 records; dark grey – 15-21 records; black – 22- 36 records; and plus symbol – activity peak indicated by the mean vector (µ) of the circular analysis.
Data from: Stability and generalization in seed dispersal networks: a case study of frugivorous fish in Neotropical wetlands
When species within guilds perform similar ecological roles, functional redundancy can buffer ecosystems against species loss. Using data on the frequency of interactions between fish and fruit, we assessed whether co-occurring frugivores provide redundant seed dispersal services in three species-rich Neotropical wetlands. Our study revealed that frugivorous fishes have generalized diets; however, large-bodied fishes had greater seed dispersal breadth than small species, in some cases, providing seed dispersal services not achieved by smaller fish species. As overfishing disproportionately affects big fishes, the extirpation of these species could cause larger secondary extinctions of plant species than the loss of small specialist frugivores. To evaluate the consequences of frugivore specialization for network stability, we extracted data from 39 published seed dispersal networks of frugivorous birds, mammals and fish (our networks) across ecosystems. Our analysis of interaction frequencies revealed low frugivore specialization and lower nestedness than analyses based on binary data (presence–absence of interactions). In that case, ecosystems may be resilient to loss of any given frugivore. However, robustness to frugivore extinction declines with specialization, such that networks composed primarily of specialist frugivores are highly susceptible to the loss of generalists. In contrast with analyses of binary data, recently developed algorithms capable of modelling interaction strengths provide opportunities to enhance our understanding of complex ecological networks by accounting for heterogeneity of frugivore–fruit interactions.
Data from: Developing state and transition models of floodplain vegetation dynamics as a tool for conservation decision-making: a case study of the Macquarie Marshes Ramsar wetland
1. Floodplain vegetation states (communities) exhibit spatiotemporal dynamics in vegetation structure and composition, which reflect unique hydrological and connectivity patterns. Shifts in inundation regimes can drive succession and establish new stable states, determined by the magnitude and duration of the hydrological perturbation. 2. We aimed to develop a modelling approach that is able to capture ecosystem dynamics, identify and quantify the main drivers of change, and provide a tool for conservation decision-making. We developed state and transition models for floodplain vegetation states based on surveys in 1991 and 2008 in the Macquarie Marshes (Australia), a Ramsar wetland of international importance. We used a Bayesian logistic regression approach to model state and transitions between vegetation states and investigated how flood frequency, distance to stream and fire frequency were associated with vegetation dynamics during this period. 3. During 1991–2008, significant transitions have occurred towards drier states. Semi-permanent wetland vegetation had the lowest persistence probability (ppsis = 0·456) and a significant threshold response of transitioning to terrestrial vegetation (ptran = 0·505). Transition to drier states was driven by lower inundation probabilities followed by increased fire probability, and distance to nearest stream. 4. Using developed models, we predicted persistence probabilities of vegetation states under an unregulated (i.e. no dams or diversions) and regulated water availability system. Under a regulated system, semi-permanent wetland vegetation had an average persistence of ppsis = 0. 67 and 0·08 in the northern and southern sections of the nature reserve, respectively. Under an unregulated system, the predicted persistence of semi-permanent wetland vegetation was considerably higher: ppsis = 0·87 and 0·38, respectively. 5. Synthesis and applications. Developing quantitative models of state transitions significantly improved our understanding of ecosystem dynamics, identifying sensitive indicators for monitoring and thus supporting conservation decision-making. This helps managers understand potential trajectories of change in ecosystems in response to management options. For example, increasing environmental flows in the Macquarie Marshes is predicted to shift the community towards more of a wetland than the terrestrial state, resulting from river regulation. State and transition models identified how key ecological assets respond to drivers of change, particularly where these can be managed. This is critical for ensuring that all ecosystem components are managed and that these do not shift into undesirable states.
Habitat alteration facilitates the dominance of invasive species through disrupting niche partitioning in floodplain wetlands
<p>Aim: Exotic species invasion often leads to declines in local and regional biodiversity, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. This biodiversity loss is generally facilitated by human activities such as land cover change and hydrological alternation. Recent advances in stable isotope analysis (SIA) have been highlighted in many studies addressing fundamental issues in invasion ecology, especially in quantifying competition for resources between native and exotic species. However, how anthropogenic disturbance influences trophic relationships among invasive and native species remains poorly understood.</p> <p>Location: Middle-lower Yangtze River region, China</p> <p>Methods: To investigate the effects of human disturbance on interspecific trophic interactions, this study compared isotopic niche space and overlap of the introduced red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and the native oriental river shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) and freshwater snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) in natural and modified wetlands.</p> <p>Results: Based on carbon and nitrogen SIA, we found ubiquitous niche shifts in macroinvertebrates with increased competition, which might lead to significant niche contraction in modified habitats at both community and population scales. Moreover, the isotopic niche width of the exotic crayfish was twice as larger as that of natives at both habitats, suggesting that the exotic P. clarkii had great competitive superiority over the native species. However, the effects of habitat modification on niche overlap were inconsistent. While the niche overlap between crayfish and shrimp was significantly higher in modified habitats than in natural open waters, niche overlap between crayfish and the snail was significantly reduced.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Collectively, our findings highlight that the competitive outcomes of interspecific trophic interactions can be dependent on the prey availability and diversity, which embraces both the classic optimal foraging theory and competition theory to understand how environmental change, such as habitat alternation, affects the biological invasion processes.</p>
FIGURES 20–26 in Two new species of Nitzschia (Bacillariophyta) from shallow wetlands of Peninsular India
FIGURES 20–26. SEM micrographs of Nitzschia taylorii sp. nov. Figs 20, 21. SEM of external girdle view showing valve bands. Fig. 22. SEM external view of areolae structure. Fig. 23. SEM internal view of entire valve. Fig 24. SEM internal view of valve apices. Fig. 25. SEM internal view showing round to rectangular shape fibulae. Fig 26. SEM external valve view showing basal margin scattered with small papillae (note arrow mark). Scale bars in Figs 20, 21, 26 = 2 µm; Figs 22, 24, 25 = 1 µm; Fig. 23 = 10 µm. (Specimens from sample CANA 85055)
FIGURES 13–19 in Two new species of Nitzschia (Bacillariophyta) from shallow wetlands of Peninsular India
FIGURES 13–19. SEM micrographs of Nitzschia taylorii sp. nov. Fig. 13. SEM of external view of the entire valve. Fig. 14. SEM of girdle view showing valve bands. Fig. 15. SEM view of valve apex with deflected raphe terminal. Figs 16–17. SEM external view of raphe, valve mantle and areolae structure. Fig. 18. SEM of external view of central area of N. taylorii showing uninterrupted raphe. Fig.19. SEM of external view of central area of N. frustulum showing interrupted raphe. Scale bar in Figs 13, 14 = 10 µm; Figs 15–19 = 2 µm. (Specimens from sample CANA 85055)
FIGURES 45–53 in Two new species of Nitzschia (Bacillariophyta) from shallow wetlands of Peninsular India
FIGURES 45–53. SEM micrographs of Nitzschia williamsii sp. nov. Fig. 45. SEM of external view of the entire valve. Fig. 46. SEM of internal view of the entire valve. Figs 47, 48. SEM of external view of the valve apex showing terminal raphe fissures form a small hook along each apex mantle. Figs 49, 50. SEM external view of uniseriate striae with areolae recessed between elevated ridges. Fig. 51. SEM of internal view of valve centre showing the uniseriate striae. Fig. 52. SEM of internal view of the valve showing the round to rectangular fibulae and its spacing. Fig. 53. SEM of internal view of the valve apex showing the internal terminal nodule. Scale bars in Figs 45, 46 = 10 µm; Figs 47, 48, 50, 53 = 2 µm; Fig. 49 = 0.5 µm; Figs 51, 52 = 1 µm. (Specimens from sample CANA 85056)
FIGURES 1–12 in Two new species of Nitzschia (Bacillariophyta) from shallow wetlands of Peninsular India
FIGURES 1–12. Light microscopy of Nitzschia taylorii sp. nov. Figs. 1–9. LM of valve view showing the size diminution series. Figs. 10–12: LM of girdle view. Fig. 7 = holotype. Scale bars = 10 µm. (Specimens from holotype slide CESH-5-1881)
FIGURES 13–15 in Envekadea metzeltinii sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) species from the subtropical karstic wetlands of the Florida Everglades, U.S.A.
FIGURES 13–15: Envekadea metzeltinii. SEM images. Fig. 13: Internal view of valve showing axial costae and unoccluded areolae. Fig. 14: Detail of internal central area showing slight widening of axial costae. Fig. 15: Detail of internal valve apex showing divergence of axial costae and simple helictoglossae. Scale bar represents 10 µm in Fig. 13 and 1 µm in Figs 14–15.
FIGURES 8–12 in Envekadea metzeltinii sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) species from the subtropical karstic wetlands of the Florida Everglades, U.S.A.
FIGURES 8–12: Envekadea metzeltinii. SEM images. Fig. 8: External view of an entire valve showing wide variability in size and shape of the areolae and the sigmoid course of the raphe. Fig. 9: Detail of external central area showing the proximal raphe endings, terminating in a depression, bordered by four slightly raised plates. The arrow highlights the raised nodule. Fig. 10: Detail of external valve apex showing irregularly-shaped areolae with short silica outgrowths inside. Fig. 11: Detail of the distal raphe fissure and enlarged hyaline zone. Fig 12: Detail of external valve mantle showing uninterrupted striae and a narrow hyaline area near mantle edge. Scale bar represents 10 µm in Fig. 8 and 1 µm in Figs 9–12.
FIGURE 1 in Envekadea metzeltinii sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) species from the subtropical karstic wetlands of the Florida Everglades, U.S.A.
FIGURE 1. Map of locations in Florida, U.S.A. and the Yucatan, Mexico with record of at least 5 valves of Envekadea metzeltinii (refer to Table 1 for coordinates). Star symbol in south Florida inset indicates holotype locality. Northernmost location in Florida indicates locality of longest specimen observed. Lines in Florida indicate canals.
FIGURES 2–7 in Envekadea metzeltinii sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) species from the subtropical karstic wetlands of the Florida Everglades, U.S.A.
FIGURES 2–7: Envekadea metzeltinii. LM images. Fig 2: Specimen from Water Conservation Area 3A, Florida, U.S.A. (25°52.761, -80°41.476) collected by F. Tobias on November 17, 2009 (refer to Fig. 1). Figs 3–7: Specimens from holotype material. Scale bar represents 10 µm.
The beautiful and the dammed: defining multi-stressor disturbance regimes in an Atlantic river floodplain wetland
<p>Natural hydrological fluctuations within river floodplains generate habitat diversity through variable connections between habitat patches and the main river channel. Human modification of floodplains can alter the magnitude and frequency of large floods and associated sediment movement by interrupting these floodplain connections. The lower Wolastoq | Saint John River and its associated floodplain wetlands are experiencing anthropogenic disturbances arising from climate change, increased urbanization in the watershed, changing upstream agricultural landscape practices, and, most notably, major road and dam construction. By comparing digitized aerial images, we identified key periods of change in wetland extent throughout an ecologically significant component of the floodplain, the Grand Lake Meadows and Portobello Creek wetland complex, with significant erosion evident in coves and backwater areas across the landscape following dam construction and significant accretion around the Jemseg River following highway construction. Connectivity and hydrological regime also influenced other habitat components, namely nutrients and metals retention, as well as the composition of the local macrophyte community. These findings address two key aspects of floodplain management: (1) understanding how hydrological alteration has historically influenced floodplain wetlands can inform us of how the ecosystem may respond under future conditions, such as climate change, and (2) the mechanisms by which habitat diversity and disturbance regimes filter biological communities, with the potential for patches to host a rich biodiversity continuously supporting critical ecosystem functions.</p>
FIGURES 23–28 in Valve morphology of three species of Neidiomorpha (Bacillariophyceae) from Zoigê Wetland, China, including description of Neidiomorpha sichuaniana nov. sp.
FIGURES 23–28. SEM micrographs of Neidiomorpha binodis. Fig. 23. External view of the valve, showing external raphe structure and areolation pattern. Fig. 24, Valve terminus showing distal raphe end. Fig. 25. External view of central valve face, with large areolae on the mantle. Fig. 26.Internal view of the valve, with internal raphe structure and central nodule evident. Fig. 27. Distal valve showing helictoglossae and pluriseriate areolation pattern over the shallow cave. Fig. 28. Internal view of central valve showing the central nodule. Scale bars = 5µm (Figs 23, 26); 2µm (Fig. 25); 1µm (Figs 24, 27, 28).
FIGURES 17–22 in Valve morphology of three species of Neidiomorpha (Bacillariophyceae) from Zoigê Wetland, China, including description of Neidiomorpha sichuaniana nov. sp.
FIGURES 17–22. SEM micrographs of Neidiomorpha sichuaniana. Fig. 17.External view of the valve (note external raphe structure and areolation pattern). Fig. 18.Valve terminus showing distal raphe end. Note uniseriate areolae foramina forming 1–6 larger unoccluded apertures near the sternum becoming abruptly and distinctly smaller towards and onto the valve mantle. Fig. 19. Central area showing deflected proximal raphe ends. Fig. 20. Internal view of the valve showing internal raphe structure and central nodule. Fig. 21, Distal end showing helictoglossaee and the longitudinal caves. Fig. 22. Internal view of valve center showing the central nodule and inside pluriseriate areolation pattern over the shallow cave in the mantle. Scale bars = 5µm (Figs 17, 20); 1µm (Figs 18, 19, 21, 22).
FIGURES 29–33 in Valve morphology of three species of Neidiomorpha (Bacillariophyceae) from Zoigê Wetland, China, including description of Neidiomorpha sichuaniana nov. sp.
FIGURES 29–33. SEM micrographs of Neidiomorpha binodiformis. Fig. 29. External view of the valve. Fig. 30. Valve terminus showing distal raphe end. Fig. 31. External view of central valve face, with large areolae on the mantle. Fig. 32. Internal view of the valve, distal valve showing helictoglossae and inside pluriseriate areolation pattern over the shallow cave. Fig. 33. Internal view of central valve showing the central nodule. Scale bars = 5µm (Fig. 29); 1µm (Figs 30–33).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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