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Fig. 2. Detailed stratigraphic column from Cucullaea I in A new zoroasterid asteroid from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica

Fig. 2. Detailed stratigraphic column from Cucullaea I Allomember, La Meseta Formation. Abbreviations: C, conglomerate; cS, coarse sandstone; fS, fine sandstone; mS, medium sandstone. Scale bars 100 mm.

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Fig. 1 in A new zoroasterid asteroid from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica

Fig. 1. Geologic map (A) and stratigraphic column (B) of Seymour Island, Antarctica (modified from Montes et al. 2013). The star shows the place of discovery. Abbreviatons: M, Middle; U, Upper.

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Dataset: Modeling the Dielectric Properties of Minerals from Crystals to Bulk Powders for Improved Interpretation of Asteroid Radar Observations

Data (measurements of scattering parameters of samples) presented in: Hickson ,D.C., Boivin, A.L., Tsai, C.A., Daly, M.G. and Ghent, R.R. (2020) Modeling the Dielectric Properties of Minerals from Crystals to Bulk Powders for Improved Interpretation of Asteroid Radar Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 125, e2019JE006141. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006141

Fig. 11 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 11. Predation marks produced by Cosmasterias lurida (Philippi, 1858) in mussels under aquarium conditions. A. Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819), CEGH−UNC 25376, right and left valves in external view. B–E. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. B. CEGH−UNC 25377, right and left valve in external view. C. CEGH−UNC 25378, right and left valve in external view. D. CEGH−UNC 25379, right and left valve in external view. E. CEGH−UNC 25380, right valve in external view. F–H. Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). F. CEGH−UNC 25380, articulated specimen in ventral view. G. CEGH−UNC 25381, articulated specimen in ventral view. H. CEGH−UNC 25382, right and left valve in external view. I. Syn−vivo specimen of the sea star Cosmasterias lurida (Philippi, 1858). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 8. Predation marks produced by Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) in mussels under aquarium conditions. A–D. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A. CEGH−UNC 25339, left valve in external view. B. CEGH−UNC 25340, right valve in external view. C. CEGH−UNC 25341, left valve in external view. D. CEGH−UNC 25342, left valve in external view (D1), detailed (D2). E. Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774), CEGH−UNC 25343, shell in dorsal view. F–J. Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). F. CEGH−UNC 25344, left valve in external view. G. CEGH−UNC 25345, left valve in external view. H. CEGH−UNC 25346, right valve in external view. I. CEGH−UNC 25347, right valve in external view. J. CEGH−UNC 25348, left valve in external view. K–M. Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). K. CEGH−UNC 25349, left valve in external view. L. CEGH−UNC 25350, left valve in external view. M. detailed sector of marginal area of both valves of specimen CEGH−UNC 25349 in internal view. Arrows indicate marginal drillings. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 10. Predation marks produced by Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774) in mussels under aquarium conditions. A–C. Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). A. CEGH−UNC 25357, articulated specimen, external view of right valve. B. CEGH−UNC 25358, articulated specimen, external view of left valve. C. CEGH−UNC 25359, articulated specimen, external view of left valve. D–F, I–O. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. D. CEGH−UNC 25360, left valve in external view. E. CEGH−UNC 25361, right valve in external view. F. CEGH−UNC 25362, left valve in external view. I. CEGH−UNC 25365, right valve in external view. J. CEGH−UNC 25366, left valve in external view. K. CEGH−UNC 25367, right valve in external view. L. CEGH−UNC 25368, right valve in external view. M. CEGH−UNC 25369, left valve in external view. N. CEGH−UNC 25370, right valve in external view. O. CEGH−UNC 25371, right valve in external view. G, H. Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774). G. CEGH−UNC 25363, valve in dorsal view. H. CEGH−UNC 25364, valve in lateral view. P–S. Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). P. CEGH−UNC 25372, right valve in external view. Q. CEGH−UNC 25372, right valve in internal view. R. CEGH−UNC 25375, left valve in external view. S. CEGH−UNC 25375, left valve in internal view (S1), close−up of the notches (S2). Black arrows indicate chipping margins, white arrows indicate notches. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 7. Counts of eating and resting specimens of Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) in three different localities: Bahía Golondrina (A, B), Bahía Ushuaia (C, D), and San Pablo (E). A and C correspond to a first period of observation (the first year). B, D, and E correspond to a second year.

Fig. 6 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 6. Position of drill holes on Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. Y axis: valve sector; X axis: frequency. A. Bahía Brown shell accumulations (n = 81). B. Bahía Golondrina shell accumulations (n = 295). C. Poduced by Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) under aquarium conditions (n = 85). D. Produced by Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832) under aquarium conditions (n =19).

Fig. 3 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 3. Means with confidence limits of shell lengths of Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854 consumed by the three different predators included in aquarium experiments. Dashed lines separate size categories.

Fig. 2 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 2. Scheme of the surface of a mussel shell indicating 5 (I, II, III, IV and V) sectors used for the drill site preference analyses.

Fig. 9 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 9. Predation marks produced by Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832) in mussels under aquarium conditions on Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A–C, E, F. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A. CEGH−UNC 25351, left valve in external view. B. CEGH−UNC 25352, left valve in external view. C. CEGH−UNC 25353, left valve in external view. E. CEGH−UNC 25355, right valve in external view. F. CEGH−UNC 25356, right valve in external view (F1), close−up of the drill hole (F2). D. Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832), CEGH−UNC 25354, shell in dorsal view.

Fig. 5 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 5. Bar chart of size classes for drilled and undrilled shells collected in the field. Y axis is the frequency of each size class. A. Bahía Golondrina. B. Bahía Brown.

Fig. 1 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 1. Map showing sampling sites in Tierra del Fuego. A. Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. B. A sector of the Beagle Channel showing localities on the southern part of the island. Abbreviations: BB, Bahía Brown; BE, Bahía Ensenada; BG, Bahía Golondrina; BU, Bahía Ushuaia; SP, Cabo San Pablo.

Fig. 1 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic settings of the new fossils. A. Regional geography; specimens of Estoniaster maennili gen. et sp. nov. found near Vasalemma, Estonia; those of Urasterellidae found near Volkhov, Russia. B. Local geography in the region of Vasalemma, Estonia, discovery site for the described specimens of Estoniaster maennili. C. Local geography in the region of Volkhov, Russia, discovery site for the described specimens of Urasterellidae. D. Ordovician correlation chart, data from Webby et al. (2004). Asterisks mark positions of new fossils.

Fig. 4 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica

Fig. 4. Urasterellid asteroid Urasterella? sp., PIN 4125/770, Middle Ordovician, Volkov, Russia. A. Entire specimen, ventral view; numbers identify ossicles of Fig. 5C. B. Disk region oriented as A, many displaced adambulacrals, spines above and to the left of the scale bar. C. Lower left arm of A, disk, interbrachial angle to left. D. Lower right arm of A, disk to left. E. Two abactinals, lateral view; crowns showing accessory depressions. F. Two abactinals to left, abactinal or possible inferomarginal to right. G. Two abactinals, above, adambulacral below; ossicles toward upper left of same approximate orientation as in D. Scale bars: A–D, 3 mm; E–G, 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica

Fig. 6. Original illustration of Urasterella thraivensis; figures 83–85 from Spencer (1918) reproduced courtesy Palaeontographical Society illustrating ambulacral details. A. Ambulacrals and adambulacrals. B. Diagram of adambulacrals in lateral view. Spencer (1918) thought adambulacral orientation changed along the length of the arm. C. Spencer (1918) reconstructed inclined muscle strands between adambulacrals, see text. Abbreviations: Ad, adambulacrals; Ap, apical (dorsal in usage here) surface; D (on A), depression for muscle between ambulacral and adambulacral; D (on B and C), distal; P, proximal; Or, oral surface; Ri, transverse ridge separating successive podial basins.

Fig. 5 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica

Fig. 5. Ambulacral series details in Ordovician and extant asteroids, see text for further discussion. A. Family Echinasteridae, Echinaster sp., extant, Florida (USA), scale bars A1, A2, 1 mm; A3–A5, 0.5 mm. A1, furrow view of ambulacrals and adambulacrals, proximal right; adambulacrals are angled (arrow) in the distal direction; cross−furrow tissue grooves (at top) overlie vertical articular plates and grooves, which in turn overlie flattened, ovate, lower cross−furrow tissue grooves; A2, inclined dorsal view of ambulacrals and adambulacrals, proximal left, longitudinal tissue groove (upper arrow) and angled adambulacrals (lower arrow); A3, proximal view of a right adambulacral, furrow right (see A1); view direction approximately corresponding to C1, except the latter is rotated to the horizontal; black arrow identifies corresponding horizontal U−shaped contact bars in A3, A5, C1, C3, C4; A4, ventral−distal view, white arrow identifies corresponding interadambulacral contact facets above muscle depression in A4, C2, C5; A5, dorsal−proximal view of adambulacral. B. Family Goniasteridae, Peltaster placenta Verrill, 1899, Atlantic Ocean, extant, scale bars, 1 mm. B1, inclined ventral−distal furrow view of adambulacrals and adjacent actinal ossicles showing closely abutted adambulacrals with broad, flat interadambulacral contact surfaces in an extant asteroid; B2, inclined proximal−dorsal view of ambulacral series with vaulted ambulacrals, compare A1, A4, C1; B3, proximal view, adambulacral to left, compare to B4, with tightly abutted actinal ossicles to right; B4, distal view of adambulacral, furrow left; large, flat abutment surface encloses tissue depression. C. Family Urasterellidae, Urasterella? sp., Ordovician, Russia, PIN 4125/770, scale bars, 1 mm; C1, proximal view, ventral right, of adambulacral series with interadambulacral bar (arrow), approximately corresponding to that of Echinaster sp., A; C, C, distal views corresponding to A; C, C, proximal views Ą 3 2 5 4 3 4

Fig. 3 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica

Fig. 3. Urasterellid asteroid Cnemidactis sp., PIN 4125/769, Middle Ordovician, Volkov, Russia. A. Entire specimen, ventral view. B. Lower right portion of A, rotated; adambulacral series at top with nose directed upward and overlapping ambulacrals; taphonomically displaced marginal series in middle showing lateral facets (below), central waist (upper arrow), and crown. Adambulacrals of the second fragment are below, scale is to right of an adambulacral nose, lower arrow points to nose of rotated adambulacral; robust interadambulacral articular surfaces at lower left. C. Right portion of A; ambulacrals medial, series of spine pustules on nose of adambulacrals (upper arrow), two spines have fallen into the basin below the arrow; triangular articular surface of ambulacral (lower arrow) is equivalent to that illustrated by Spencer (1918; Fig. 6A herein), articular flanges also visible on adjacent ambulacrals. D. Displaced ambulacrals medially, with adambulacrals; triangular articular surface on ambulacral (arrow). E. Marginal in lateral view (upper arrow), and adambulacral series, the lower arrow at inter−adambulacral articular surfaces. F. Adambulacral series above, marginal series below, these fitted between successive adambulacrals, the relationship indicating Cnemidactis. G. Ossicles from second fragment, lower center of A; series of disrupted marginals (arrows), abactinals below right marginal. Adambulacrals are above marginals; edge of adambulacral series of primary fragment is below. Scale bars: A, 3 mm; all others, 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica

Fig. 2. Palastericid asteroid Estoniaster maennili gen. et sp. nov. from Keila (Upper Ordovician) of northern Estonia. A. PIN 4125/766; A1, entire specimen, dorsal view; large transverse paired ossicles are ambulacrals in life orientation (i.e., vaulted); left arrow identifies position of A2; lower right arrow indicates the madreporite; A2, four superomarginals above, medial two with apparent spine remnants (arrow); paxilliform ossicles below SMs are intermarginals; A3, ambulacral series located top center of A1, left arrow points to transverse canal with the radial canal beyond, base of arrow rests in podial basin of next−distal ambulacrum; gracile cross−furrow articular structures (upper right arrow); A4, slightly disrupted ambulacrals; contact between subsequent ambulacrals is sinuous, with transverse interambulacral articular structures (arrow); A5, madreporite (upper right) with two superomarginals (lower left) and paxillae (lower right); A6, paxillae, arrow points to basal flange that separates papulary? re−entrants; to the left of the arrow is a paxilla with pustules for accessory spinelets; madreporite partially illustrated below; A7, upper surface, distal right, arrow points to right branch of ambulacrals of buccal slit. B. PIN 4125/767; B1, ambulacrals (above) and adambulacrals (below), the latter pushed against the ambulacrals and offset from the paired life position; left arrow points to nose of adambulacral and adambulacral−ambulacral facet; a skeletal gap is lateral to the nose. Re−entrants of two left ambulacrals suggest podial pores, these re−entrants lacking from ambulacrals at right; right arrow points to a superomarginal; B2, two partially exposed inferomarginals, dorsal view (arrow points to left IM); two ambulacrals below; B3, ventral view; upper arrow is an inferomarginal, lower arrow at a nose of an adambulacral; C. PIN 4125/768; C1, dorsal view, ambulacrals (above), those to left suggest podial pores, putative pores absent to right; superomarginals (left arrow), intermarginals (right arrow) with inferomarginals barely visible at lower edge, scattered paxillae above superomarginals; C2, ventral view, inferomarginals along lower margin, adambulacrals above these with nose directed toward axial furrow. Scale bars: A1, 3 mm; all others, 1 mm.