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119 results for “Brain evolution”
Data from: Quantitative genetic analysis of brain size variation in sticklebacks: support for the mosaic model of brain evolution
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First virtual endocast description of an early Miocene representative Pan-Octodontoidea (Caviomorpha, Hystricognathi) and considerations on the early brain evolution in South American rodents
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Variation in the strength of allometry drives rates of evolution in primate brain shape - Supplementary Material
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Data from: Exposure to predators does not lead to the evolution of larger brains in experimental populations of threespine stickleback
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Data from: Evolution of sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation in the eye and brain of Heliconius butterflies
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Data from: Light enough to travel or wise enough to stay? Brain size evolution and migratory behaviour in birds
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Evolution of the speech‐ready brain: The voice/jaw connection in the human motor cortex
<p>A prominent model of the origins of speech, known as the "frame/content" theory, posits that oscillatory lowering and raising of the jaw provided an evolutionary scaffold for the development of syllable structure in speech. Because such oscillations are non‐vocal in most non‐human primates, the evolution of speech required the addition of vocalization onto this scaffold in order to turn such jaw oscillations into vocalized syllables. In the present functional MRI study, we demonstrate overlapping somatotopic representations between the larynx and the jaw muscles in the human primary motor cortex. This proximity between the larynx and jaw in the brain might support the coupling between vocalization and jaw oscillations to generate syllable structure. This model suggests that humans inherited voluntary control of jaw oscillations from ancestral species, but added voluntary control of vocalization onto this via the evolution of a new brain area that came to be situated near the jaw region in the human motor cortex.</p>
Accelerated brain shape evolution is associated with rapid diversification in an avian radiation
<p>Niche expansion is a critical step in the speciation process. Large brains linked to improved cognitive ability<b> </b>may enable species to expand their niches and forage in new ways, thereby promoting speciation. Despite considerable work on ecological divergence in brain size and its importance in speciation, relatively little is known about how brain shape relates to behavioral, ecological, and taxonomic diversity at macroevolutionary scales. This is due, in part, to inherent challenges with quantifying brain shape across many species. Here, we present a novel, semiautomated approach for rapidly phenotyping brain shape using semilandmarks derived from X-ray computed micro-tomography (microCT) scans. We then test its utility by parsing evolutionary trends within a diverse radiation of birds, kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae). Multivariate comparative analyses reveal that rates of brain shape evolution, but not beak shape, are positively correlated with lineage diversification rates. Distinct brain shapes are further associated with changes in body size and foraging behavior, suggesting both allometric and ecological constraints on brain shape evolution. These results are in line with the idea of brains acting as a "master regulator" of critical processes governing speciation, such as dispersal, foraging behavior, and dietary niche.</p>
Data from: A penalized likelihood framework for high- dimensional phylogenetic comparative methods and an application to new-world monkeys brain evolution
Working with high-dimensional phylogenetic comparative datasets is challenging because likelihood-based multivariate methods suffer from low statistical performances as the number of traits p approaches the number of species n and because some computational complications occur when p exceeds n. Alternative phylogenetic comparative methods have recently been proposed to deal with the large p small n scenario but their use and performances are limited. Here we develop a penalized likelihood framework to deal with high-dimensional comparative datasets. We propose various penalizations and methods for selecting the intensity of the penalties. We apply this general framework to the estimation of parameters (the evolutionary trait covariance matrix and parameters of the evolutionary model) and model comparison for the high-dimensional multivariate Brownian (BM), Early-burst (EB), Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) and Pagel's lambda models. We show using simulations that our penalized likelihood approach dramatically improves the estimation of evolutionary trait covariance matrices and model parameters when p approaches n, and allows for their accurate estimation when p equals or exceeds n. In addition, we show that penalized likelihood models can be efficiently compared using Generalized Information Criterion (GIC). We implement these methods, as well as the related estimation of ancestral states and the computation of phylogenetic PCA in the R package RPANDA and mvMORPH. Finally, we illustrate the utility of the new proposed framework by evaluating evolutionary models fit, analyzing integration patterns, and reconstructing evolutionary trajectories for a high-dimensional 3-D dataset of brain shape in the New World monkeys. We find a clear support for an Early-burst model suggesting an early diversification of brain morphology during the ecological radiation of the clade. Penalized likelihood offers an efficient way to deal with high-dimensional multivariate comparative data.
Data from: Hibernation constrains brain size evolution in mammals
The expensive brain hypothesis predicts that the lowest stable level of steady energy input acts as a strong constraint on a species' brain size, and thus that periodic troughs in net energy intake should select for reduced brain size relative to body mass. Here, we test this prediction for the extreme case of hibernation. Hibernators drastically reduce food intake for up to several months, and are therefore expected to have smaller relative brain sizes than non‐hibernating species. Using a comparative phylogenetic approach on brain size estimates of 1104 mammalian species, and controlling for possible confounding variables, we indeed found that the presence of hibernation in mammals is correlated with decreased relative brain size. This result adds to recent comparative work across mammals and amphibians supporting the idea that environmental seasonality (where in extremis hibernation is necessary for survival) imposes an energetic challenge, and thus acts as an evolutionary constraint on relative brain size.
Data from: Predator-driven brain size evolution in natural populations of Trinidadian killifish (Rivulus hartii)
Vertebrates exhibit extensive variation in relative brain size. It has long been assumed that this variation is the product of ecologically driven natural selection. Yet, despite more than 100 years of research, the ecological conditions that select for changes in brain size are unclear. Recent laboratory selection experiments showed that selection for larger brains is associated with increased survival in risky environments. Such results lead to the prediction that increased predation should favour increased brain size. Work on natural populations, however, foreshadows the opposite trajectory of evolution; increased predation favours increased boldness, slower learning, and may thereby select for a smaller brain. We tested the influence of predator-induced mortality on brain size evolution by quantifying brain size variation in a Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii, from communities that differ in predation intensity. We observed strong genetic differences in male (but not female) brain size between fish communities; second generation laboratory-reared males from sites with predators exhibited smaller brains than Rivulus from sites in which they are the only fish present. Such trends oppose the results of recent laboratory selection experiments and are not explained by trade-offs with other components of fitness. Our results suggest that increased male brain size is favoured in less risky environments because of the fitness benefits associated with faster rates of learning and problem-solving behaviour.
Accelerated Cell Type Evolution in the Human Brain
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Dataset related to article "Evolution of brain injury and neurological dysfunction after cardiac arrest in the rat – a multimodal and comprehensive model."
<p>Excel file related to the article</p>
Data from: The correlated evolution of antipredator defences and brain size in mammals
Mammals that possess elaborate antipredator defences such as body armour, spines and quills are usually well protected, intermediate in size, primarily insectivorous and live in simple open environments. The benefits of such defences seem clear and may relax selection on maintaining cognitive abilities that aid in vigilance and predator recognition, and their bearers may accrue extensive production and maintenance costs. Here, in this comparative phylogenetic analysis of measurements of encephalization quotient and morphological defence scores of 647 mammal species representing nearly every order, we found that as lineages evolve stronger defences, they suffer a correlated reduction in encephalization. The only exceptions were those that live in trees—a complex three-dimensional world probably requiring greater cognitive abilities. At the proximate level, because brain tissue is extremely energetically expensive to build, mammals may be trading off spending more on elaborate defences and saving by building less powerful brains. At the ultimate level, having greater defences may also reduce the need for advanced cognitive abilities for constant assessment of environmental predation risk, especially in simple open environments.
Data from: The effect of brain size evolution on feeding propensity, digestive efficiency and juvenile growth
One key hypothesis in the study of brain size evolution is the expensive tissue hypothesis; the idea that increased investment into the brain should be compensated by decreased investment into other costly organs, for instance the gut. While the hypothesis is supported by both comparative and experimental evidence, little is known about the potential changes in energetic requirements or digestive traits following such evolutionary shifts in brain and gut size. Organisms may meet the greater metabolic requirements of larger brains despite smaller guts via increased food intake or better digestion. But increased investment in the brain may also hamper somatic growth. To test these hypotheses we here used guppy (Poecilia reticulata) brain size selection lines with a pronounced negative association between brain and gut size and investigated feeding propensity, digestive efficiency, and juvenile growth rate. We did not find any difference in feeding propensity or digestive efficiency between large- and small-brained individuals. Instead, we found that large-brained females had slower growth during the first ten weeks after birth. Our study provides experimental support that investment into larger brains at the expense of gut tissue carries costs that are not necessarily compensated by a more efficient digestive system.
Figure 4 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 4. Virtual endocranial cast of Odontopteryx toliapica. A, expanded view of the dorsal surface of the telencephalon, showing the shape and extent of the poorly developed eminentia sagittalis. B, ventral view of virtual endocast. See text for list of anatomical abbreviations.
Figure 7 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 7. Virtual endocranial cast of Prophaethon shrubsolei. A, expanded view of the dorsal surface of the telencephalon, showing the shape and extent of the eminentia sagittalis. The eminentia sagittalis of this species is similar to living birds, but is not well developed dorsally. B, ventral view of virtual endocast. See text for list of anatomical abbreviations.
Figure 11 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 11. Fossil endocast of 'Numenius' gypsorum from the Upper Eocene of the Paris Basin (MNHN AC7992). A, endocast in dorsal view showing the poor lateral development of the rostrally positioned eminentia sagittalis. B, line trace of the endocast in caudal view showing the poor dorsal development of the eminentia sagittalis. See text for abbreviations.
Figure 1 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 1. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of A, Odontopteryx toliapica (after Bourdon, 2005) and B, Prophaethon shrubsolei (after Bourdon et al., 2005).
Data from: Brain size evolution in pipefishes and seahorses: the role of feeding ecology, life history and sexual selection
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.