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opennotspecifiedNov 2021View details →

Figure 5 in Morphology of camouflage by encrustation in the spider crabs Schizophrys dahlak and Hyastenus hilgendorfi (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae) from the Suez Canal, Egypt

Figure 5. Hyastenus hilgendorfi. (a) Box with arrow indicates cuspdenticulate setae on the merus of 3rd pereiopod; (b) denticles distributed along shaft; (c) arrows indicate aristate setae; (d) setal shaft aristate, drastically tapers from base to tip, terminal part pointed with an acute angle. Inset: prickle-like denticles; (e) air-dried ribbed setae on rostrum; (f) critical-point-dried ribbed setae; (g) arrow indicates wide grooves of ridged setae bordered by long, narrow ridges running across setal shaft. Inset: spiny needle-like denticles; (h) frilled spatulate setae on the abdomen; (i) setal shaft heavily frilled starting from medial portion towards tip. High density of tuskshaped denticles.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Data for article "Why do red/purple young leaves suffer less insect herbivory: tests of the warning signal hypothesis and the undermining of insect camouflage hypothesis"

<p>This data is associated with the manuscript titled “Why do red/purple young leaves suffer less insect herbivory: tests of the warning signal hypothesis and the undermining of insect camouflage hypothesis”.</p> <p>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-022-09924-x</p>

Fig. 1 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 1. Selected developmental measurements of Asbolus verrucosus. A) Histogram of the number of eggs hatching at ambient temperature based on number of days after collection (n = 199), B) Head capsule widths for larvae, C) Time to pupation (circles, n = 12) or eclosion (diamonds, n = 11) for mature larvae transferred to 88 °F at different ages, D) Time required to induce pupation (circles, n = 12) or eclosion (diamonds, n = 11) after mature larvae were transferred to 88 °F at different ages.

Fig. 3 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 3. Death feigning in Asbolus verrucosus. A) Adult beetle feigning death, B) Survival analysis of adult death feigning (n = 24), C) Larva feigning death, D) Survival analysis of larval death feigning (n = 32). Scale bars: 1 cm.

Fig. 2 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 2. Captive-bred Asbolus verrucosus pupae and adults. A) Ventral view of a pupa, B) Lateral view of a pupa, C) Dorsal view of a newly eclosed adult, D) Rugose elytra inside elytral sheath from a preserved specimen, E) Tergite with setae from a preserved specimen, F) Setae near urogomphi, G–I) Teneral adults at increasing ages. Scales for top and bottom rows are 5 mm and 0.5 mm for the middle row.

Fig. 4 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 4. Reflex bleeding in Asbolus verrucosus. A) Two recently exhumed larvae feigning death. The larva on the top (arrow) bled and was obscured by debris, B) Exudate (arrows) originating from regions proximal to the second abdominal sternite, C) Micrograph of the exudate (differential interference contrast image merged with DAPI stained image) revealed hemocytes were present, D) Abdominal pleuron near second sternite in a larva prior to reflex bleeding (arrow indicates site where larva bled), E) Same larva as in (D), showing melanization at the site about 10 minutes after bleeding. Scales in A and B are 1 cm, C is 5 mm, D and E are 0.1 cm.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Colour pattern variation forms local background matching camouflage in a leaf-mimicking toad

<p>Optimal camouflage can, in principle, be relatively easily achieved in simple, homogeneous, environments where backgrounds always have the same color, brightness, and patterning. Natural environments are, however, rarely homogenous and species often find themselves viewed against varied backgrounds where the task of concealment is more challenging. One result of variable backgrounds is the evolution of intraspecific phenotypic variation which may either be generalized, with multiple similarly cryptic patterns, or specialized, with each discrete color form maximizing concealment against a single component of the background. We investigated the role of phenotypic variation in a highly variable population of the Neotropical toad <em>Rhinella margaritifera</em> using visual modeling and a computer-based detection task. We found that phenotypic variation was not divided into discrete color morphs and all toads were well camouflaged against the forest floor. However, although the whole population may appear to consist of random samples from the background, the toads were a particularly close match to the leaf litter, suggesting that they masquerade as dead leaves, which are themselves variable. Furthermore, rather than each color form being equally effective against a single background, each toad was specialized towards its own particular local surroundings, as suggested by a specialist strategy. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of background matching to a nominally masquerading species, as well as how habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales may affect the evolution of camouflage and phenotypic variation.</p>

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Colour moult phenology and camouflage mismatch in polymorphic populations of Arctic foxes

<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Species that seasonally moult from brown to white to match snowy backgrounds become conspicuous and experience increased predation risk as snow cover duration declines. Long-term adaptation to camouflage mismatch in a changing climate might occur through phenotypic plasticity in colour moult phenology and or evolutionary shifts in moult rate or timing. Also, adaptation may include evolutionary shifts towards winter brown phenotypes that forgo the winter white moult. Most studies of these processes have occurred in winter white populations, with little attention to polymorphic populations with sympatric winter brown and winter white morphs. Here, we used remote camera traps to record moult phenology and mismatch in two polymorphic populations of Arctic foxes in Sweden over 2 years. We found that the colder, more northern population moulted earlier in the fall and later in the spring. Next, foxes moulted earlier in the fall and later in the spring during colder and snowier years. Finally, white foxes experienced relatively low camouflage mismatch while blue foxes were mismatched against snowy backgrounds most of the fall through the spring. Because the brown-on-white mismatch imposes no evident costs, we predict that as snow duration decreases, increasing blue morph frequencies might help facilitate species persistence.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Data for: Size-dependent colouration balances conspicuous aposematism and camouflage

<p>Colour is an important component of many different defensive strategies, but signal efficacy and detectability will also depend on the size of the coloured structures, and how pattern size interacts with the background. Consequently, size-dependent changes in colouration are common among many different species as juveniles and adults frequently use colour for different purposes in different environmental contexts. A widespread strategy in many species is switching from crypsis to conspicuous aposematic signalling as increasing body size can reduce the efficacy of camouflage, while other antipredator defences may strengthen. Curiously, despite being chemically defended, the gold-striped frog (<i>Lithodytes lineatus</i>, Leptodactylidae) appears to do the opposite, with bright yellow stripes found in smaller individuals whereas larger frogs exhibit dull brown stripes. Here, we investigated whether size-dependent differences in colour support distinct defensive strategies. We first used visual modelling of potential predators to assess how colour contrast varied among frogs of different sizes. We found that contrast peaked in mid-sized individuals while the largest individuals had the least contrasting patterns. We then used two detection experiments with human participants to evaluate how colour and body size affected overall detectability. These experiments revealed that larger body sizes were easier to detect, but that the colours of smaller frogs were more detectable than those of larger frogs. Taken together our data support the hypothesis that the primary defensive strategy changes from conspicuous aposematism to camouflage with increasing size, implying size-dependent differences in the efficacy of defensive colouration. We discuss our data in relation to theories of size-dependent aposematism and evaluate the evidence for and against a possible size-dependent mimicry complex with sympatric poison frogs (Dendrobatidae). </p>

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Acoustic camouflage increases with body size and bat echolocation frequency range in a community of nocturnally-active Lepidoptera

<ol> <li>Body size is an important trait in predator-prey dynamics as it is often linked to detection, as well as the success of capture or escape. Larger prey, for example, often runs higher risk of detection by their predators, which imposes stronger selection on their anti-predator traits compared to smaller prey.</li> <li>Nocturnal Lepidoptera (moths) vary strongly in body size, which has consequences for their predation risk, as bigger moths return stronger echoes for echolocating bats. To compensate for increased predation risk, larger moths are therefore expected to have improved anti-predator defences. Moths are covered by different types of scales, which for a few species are known to absorb ultrasound, thus providing acoustic camouflage. Here we assessed whether moths differ in their acoustic camouflage in a size-dependent way by focusing on their body scales and the different frequency ranges used by bats.</li> <li>We used a sonar head to measure 3D echo scans of a total of 111 moth specimens across 58 species, from eight different families of Lepidoptera. We scanned all the specimens and related their echo-acoustic target strength to various body size measurements. Next, we removed the scales covering the thorax and abdomen and scanned a subset of specimens again to assess the sound-absorptive properties of these scales.</li> <li>Comparing intact specimens with descaled specimens we found almost all species to absorb ultrasound, reducing detection risk on average by 8%. Furthermore, the sound absorptive capacities of body scales increased with body size suggesting that larger species benefit more from acoustic camouflage. The size-dependent effect of camouflage was in particular pronounced for the higher frequencies (above 29 kHz), with moth species belonging to large-bodied families consequently demonstrating similar target strengths compared to species from small-bodied families. Finally, we found the families to differ in frequency range that provided the largest reduction in detection risk, which may be related to differences in predation pressure and predator communities of these families.</li> <li>In general, our findings have important implications for predator-prey interactions across eco-evolutionary timescales and may suggest that acoustic camouflage played a role in body size evolution of nocturnally-active Lepidoptera. </li> </ol>

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Psychometric Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05989685. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Effects of Camouflage on the Life Quality of Patients With Vitiligo

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03540966. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

closedIPD-NOFeb 2026View details →