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Figure 5 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 5 - Gut content of adult Pachón cave fish. A White, orange, and black "gunk" of undetermined origin B Hair-like filaments in stomach contents C Unidentified pigmented arthropod sclerites, possibly of surface insects or by-product of eating guano. D Mud E Fly F Beetle.

Figure 3 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 3 - Digestive system of an Astyanax fry. A A live specimen photographed in the Pachón cave. Note the healthy-looking appearance of this juvenile, the two parts of the inflated swim bladder, the almost completely degenerated eye, and the digestive system filled with food. Scale bar as in B. B Body, with the digestive system exposed C Stomach and intestine. Notice that the food content can be seen through the translucent walls. All fish studied were well fed and their guts were full of food.

Figure 1 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 1 - Pachón cave map (from NNS News, September 2003, p255.). Adult fish were found in the main pool (Right arrow). Adult fish and post-larval fish were found in small pools in a side gallery (Left arrow).

Figure 2 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 2 - Size and estimated age of the fry captured in the Pachón cave. A Live Pachón fry photographed in a small fish aquarium, in the cave B Size/age relationship for lab-raised Pachón individuals with a linear regression curve. Data were collected in Rétaux's lab from larvae, post-larvae and juvenile grown as described in Elipot et al. (2014), and which were fed twice a day with live Artemia, ad libitum C Photograph of a specimen swimming in the natural pool. Note the muddy/sandy substrate and the low water level D, E Photographs of live arthropod specimens cohabiting with Astyanax fry.

Figure 4 from: Espinasa L, Bonaroti N, Wong J, Pottin K, Queinnec E, Rétaux S (2017) Contrasting feeding habits of post-larval and adult Astyanax cavefish. Subterranean Biology 21: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.21.11046

Figure 4 - Gut contents of Pachón cave fry. A–C Cladocera Water fleas. This species constituted by number the most encountered prey. On average, fry had in their guts 9.3 individuals of this species D Harpacticoida copepod. Arrow highlights the short antennae diagnostic of class Harpacticoida. This species constituted by number the second most encountered prey. On average, fry had in their guts 4.7 individuals of this species E–F Copepods. Arrow highlights the long antennae diagnostic of non-harpacticoida copepods G Ostracod. This and possibly two more species of ostracods were in their guts H Isopod. While only one specimen was eaten, due to its large size it constitutes a large stomach content by volume I Sclerites of arthropods, possibly of insects. Contrary to all of the above, they have pigment, suggesting that some may be surface insects. Some may be a by-product of eating guano from insectivorous bats.

Figure 4 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 4 Variability in the correlation between eye and pigment may suggest introgression between the surface morph and the cave morph as evidenced by the presence of individuals that are highly depigmented, and without eyes (A) or individuals that are also highly depigmented but with eyes (B). For the other combinations of eye and pigment see Figure 3.

Figure 1 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 1 Chiquitita Cave map. The accessible and explored cave system is composed of a pit from which locals pump water out and a small chamber under the roots of a tree. Photographs from left to right are: 1 The pump facility with the pipe going into the pit 2 Descending into the pit 3 Entrance to the small chamber under the tree.

Figure 6 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 6 Fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA. Individuals from Chiquitita Cave have identical sequence to members of the "A" lineage (Chica cave, Pachón cave, Molino cave and Rio Comandante surface river). Members of the "B" lineage (Sabinos cave and Tinaja cave) have 5-6 bp disagreements in this fragment, indicated by red arrows.

Figure 2 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 2 Topographic map of El Pujal area, in the southern-most Sierra de El Abra. Overlaid is the line topography of Chica, Cuates and Chiquitita Caves.

Figure 5 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 5 Eye histology in one of the fish with most degenerated eyes. A eye capsule. Notice the absence of lens. B retina. Notice the high disorganization of vestigial layers, which are for the most part unrecognizable when compared to surface fish retinal layers.

Figure 3 from: Espinasa L, Legendre L, Fumey J, Blin M, Rétaux S, Espinasa M (2018) A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.26643

Figure 3 High variability in the eye and pigmentation level within the population inhabiting Chiquitita Cave. A eye size reduced B pupil closed C in the foreground a troglomorphic fish with reduced and embedded eyes and in the background a pigmented fish with large eyes D eyes and pigment mostly absent. Black arrow highlights pigmented cells in some troglomorphic fish and yellow arrow highlights fragmentation of the suborbital bone III.

Figure 4 from: Kopp J, Avasthi S, Espinasa L (2018) Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Figure 4 Pylogeographical convergence between mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra and the mtDNA of Astyanax cavefish (right). Both aquatic species harbor the evolutionary signature of a phylogeographical discordance, where genetic markers of populations in central Sierra de El Abra are extremely distinct from the rest of the populations. Nuclear tree (left) based on the consensus of isoenzymes, RAPDs, microsatellite, and genomic sequences. a) Pachón as representative of northern populations. b-c) Sabinos and Tinaja as representative of central populations. d) Chica and Chiquitita as representative of southern populations.

Figure 3 from: Kopp J, Avasthi S, Espinasa L (2018) Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Figure 3 A, Base pair differences of histone 3 sequences between mysid shrimps. Specimens from central Sierra de El Abra (Lineage B) are markedly different from all other populations (Lineage A).

Figure 2 from: Kopp J, Avasthi S, Espinasa L (2018) Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Figure 2 Cave localities of A.mexicanus whose mitochondrial DNA has been analyzed. With larger font and underlined are localities where S.quinterensis were also collected. In red are caves harboring lineage A and in blue those with lineage B for both mtDNA in Astyanax and histone 3 for S.quinterensis. Notice that lineage B is restricted to a small biogeographical zone, circled in blue. A Molino B Caballo Moro C Pachón D Yerbaniz E Japones F Sabinos G Tinaja H Piedras I Curva J Chica K Chiquitita L Rio Subterraneo. (Figure modified from Mitchell et al. 1977).

Figure 1 from: Kopp J, Avasthi S, Espinasa L (2018) Phylogeographical convergence between Astyanax cavefish and mysid shrimps in the Sierra de El Abra, Mexico. Subterranean Biology 26: 75-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.27097

Figure 1 AAstyanaxmexicanus from Chiquitita cave B The mysid shrimp, Spelaeomysisquinterensis, also from Chiquitita cave. Both stygobitic organisms have overlapping biogeographic ranges throughout the El Abra karstic area, in northeaster Mexico.

Figure 5 from: Espinasa L, Robinson J, Soares D, Hoese G, Toulkeridis T, Toomey III R (2018) Troglomorphic features of Astroblepus pholeter, a cavefish from Ecuador, and possible introgressive hybridization. Subterranean Biology 27: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.27098

Figure 5 Specimens collected in 1962 (A modified from Collette 1962) and 2011 (B Modified from Soares and Niemiller 2013) had proportionally longer pectoral fins and maxillary barbels than specimens observed in the field in 2015 (C). Images have been scaled to the same body size (blue arrow). Notice that length of appendages in C–D (red arrows) are progressively smaller than in B and A (red plus yellow and green arrows).

Figure 1 from: Espinasa L, Robinson J, Soares D, Hoese G, Toulkeridis T, Toomey III R (2018) Troglomorphic features of Astroblepus pholeter, a cavefish from Ecuador, and possible introgressive hybridization. Subterranean Biology 27: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.27098

Figure 1 Specimens collected in 1962 (holotype, and paratypes of A.pholeter from left to right) 2011, 2015 and 2018. Notice that there is a progressive reduction in the expression of troglomorphic features. After 2011 the skin was distinctly more pigmented and the barbels and fins were shorter. Eyes are also embedded under a thinner dermal layer of skin. In 2011 the population was highly variable.

Figure 3 from: Espinasa L, Robinson J, Soares D, Hoese G, Toulkeridis T, Toomey III R (2018) Troglomorphic features of Astroblepus pholeter, a cavefish from Ecuador, and possible introgressive hybridization. Subterranean Biology 27: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.27098

Figure 3 AChaetostomamicrops (Surface catfish) BAstroblepuspholeter (Cave catfish). Both species inhabit the same river drainage.

Figure 4 from: Espinasa L, Robinson J, Soares D, Hoese G, Toulkeridis T, Toomey III R (2018) Troglomorphic features of Astroblepus pholeter, a cavefish from Ecuador, and possible introgressive hybridization. Subterranean Biology 27: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.27098

Figure 4 Cross section of the eye from Astroblepuspholeter (A, E–G) and Chaetostomamicrops (B–D). Notice that the pigmented epithelium (G) and iris of A.pholeter (E) are black, implying that they are not albino. Furthermore, A.pholeter eye has retained its lens, optic nerve, and its retina has all the normal layers, as the surface fish eye.

Figure 2 from: Espinasa L, Robinson J, Soares D, Hoese G, Toulkeridis T, Toomey III R (2018) Troglomorphic features of Astroblepus pholeter, a cavefish from Ecuador, and possible introgressive hybridization. Subterranean Biology 27: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.27.27098

Figure 2 A–C Live specimens of cave AstroblepuspholeterD Two different surface Astroblepus sp. from the Apurimac drainage. Notice contrasting coloration between A and B both of which were collected in 2011. Pigmentation level variability within the cave population in 2011 spanned from pinkish-white white (A) to pigmented (B) at levels equivalent to some surface Astroblepus (D). Specimens collected in 2011 had longer fins (A) than those collected in 2015 (C). Notice as well that some surface Astroblepus (bottom one in D) can have small eyes of a size equivalent to cave specimens. A Modified from Haspel et al. (2012)B Modified from the Soares Lab web-page-photo C Specimen collected on 2015 D Modified from Schaefer et al. (2011).