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Figure 4 in Suprageneric relationships of galliform birds (Aves, Galliformes): a cladistic analysis of morphological characters

Figure 4. Some characters supporting the monophyly of Galliformes with respect to Anseriformes (Figs 2, 3). Incisurae laterales of sternum (character 48): A, sternum of Aburria pipile (Galliformes, Cracidae) in ventral view; B, sternum of Cairina moschata (Anseriformes, Anatidae) in ventral views; incisura capitis of proximal humerus enclosed from crus dorsale fossa by a distinct ridge (character 61): C, left humerus of Aburria pipile (Galliformes, Cracidae) in caudal view; D, left humerus of Chauna chavaria (Anseriformes, Anhimidae) in caudal view; trochlea metatarsal III distinctly asymmetric (character 83): E, right tarsometatarsus of Lagopus mutus (Galliformes, Tetraonidae) in dorsal view; F, right tarsometatarsus of Chauna torquata (Anseriformes, Anhimidae) in dorsal view. Abbreviations: il, incisura laterale; r, ridge between incisura capitis and crus dorsale fossae of proximal humerus (caudal view); tr. mt. III, trochlea metatarsalia III (figure not to scale).

Figure 2 in Suprageneric relationships of galliform birds (Aves, Galliformes): a cladistic analysis of morphological characters

Figure 2. One of the 1700 MPTs (612 steps in length; CI = 0.179) recovered by parsimony analysis of the complete data-set for Galliformes (Appendix 2). Characters having a consistency index of 1 in this tree are given across internal nodes (see text for details); filled circle denotes Galliformes. Taxa of Anseriformes used as outgroups are in bold; bootstrap support values for important nodes are given in bold.

Figure 3 in Suprageneric relationships of galliform birds (Aves, Galliformes): a cladistic analysis of morphological characters

Figure 3. Strict consensus representation of 1700 MPTs recovered by parsimony analysis of the complete data-set for Galliformes (Appendix 2). Taxa of Anseriformes used as outgroups are in bold.

Figure 1 in Suprageneric relationships of galliform birds (Aves, Galliformes): a cladistic analysis of morphological characters

Figure 1. Two previous hypotheses for the internal relationships of Galliformes: A, Sibley & Ahlquist (1990: fig. 357). B, Johnsgard (1986: fig. 3; reproduced with permission, Oxford University Press).

Figures 172–186. Figures 172, 173 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 172–186. Figures 172, 173: metapleuron in ventral view – 172, Eurytoma obtusiventris; 173, Eurytoma ochraceipes. Figures 174–180: fore coxa in anterior view – 174, Bruchophagus squamea; 175, Bruchophagus Alicante; 176, Eurytoma robusta; 177, Eurytoma Cébazan; 178, Eurytoma dentata; 179, Axima brevicornis; 180, Aximopsis Colombia 1. Figures 181–183: hind coxa in lateral view – 181, Bruchophagus phlei; 182, Eurytoma Cébazan; 183, Eurytoma morio. Figure 184: hind tibia, part (enlarged) – Eurytoma Cébazan. Figures 185, 186: hind tibia in lateral view – 185, Sycophila biguttata; 186, Eurytoma Combodia.

Figures 151–159. Figures 151, 152, 154, 157, 158 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 151–159. Figures 151, 152, 154, 157, 158: meso- and metapleuron in ventral view – 151, Rileya pulchra; 152, Bruchophagus Guyoniana; 154, Bruchophagus phlei; 157, Eurytoma lepidopterae; 158, Tenuipetiolus Guadeloupe. Figures 153 and 156: mesopleuron in ventral view – 153, Ficomila Gabon; 156, Eurytoma Senegal. Figure 155: mesopleuron in lateroventral view; Bruchophagus caucasicus. Figure 159: mesosoma in lateroventral view; Eurytoma San Alberto 1.

Figures 127–138. Figures 127–131 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 127–138. Figures 127–131: propodeum – 127, Sycophila biguttata; 128, Eurytoma ochraceipes; 129, Bruchophagus roddi; 130, Eurytoma collaris; 131, Conoaxima affinis. Figure 132: mesosoma in lateral view; Bephratoides Shushufindi. Figure 133: Mesosoma, anterior part in lateral view; Aximopsis Colombia 1. Figure 134: Pronotum and prepectus in lateral view; Eurytoma braconidis. Figures 135–138: mesopleuron in lateral view; 135, Eurytoma dentata; 136, Eurytoma Cébazan; 137, Plutarchia bicariniventris; 138, Eurytoma braconidis.

Figures 93–107. Figures 93–97 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 93–107. Figures 93–97: female antenna – 93, Archirileya Cicada; 94, Eurytoma ochraceipes; 95, Eurytoma volkovi; 96, Eurytoma leguminum; 97, Eurytoma braconidis. Figures 98, 100–103: pedicel and flagellomeres 1–3 – 98, Archirileya Cicada; 100, Systole Asilah; 101, Aiolomorphus rhopaloides; 102, Bruchophagus Alicante; 103, Eurytoma braconidis. Figure 99: first flagellomere; Eurytoma Cébazan. Figure 104: flagellomeres 5–6; Tetramesa linearis. Figures 105–107: female clava – 105, Systole Asilah; 106, Bruchophagus Alicante; 107, Eurytoma Cébazan.

Figures 108–116. Figures 108–111 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 108–116. Figures 108–111: patterns of sculpture – 108, Buresium rufum (lower face); 109, Bruchophagus bajarii (scutellum); 110, Eurytominae Ecuador (scutellum); 111, Pseudosystole hofferi (scutellum). Figures 112–116: Mesosoma in dorsal view; 112, Buresium rufum; 113, Eurytominae Ecuador; 114, Tetramesa romana; 115, Pseudosystole hofferi; 116, Aximogastra Guinea.

Figures 81–92. Figures 81–83 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 81–92. Figures 81–83: postgenal bridge – 81, Eurytoma Cébazan; 82, Risbecoma capensis; 83, Aximopsis Colombia 1. Figures 84–92: postgenal bridge, ornamentation of median stripe – 84, Glyphomerus stigma; 85, Heimbra opaca; 86, Rileya pulchra; 87, Aximogastra Guinea; 88, Bephratoides Shushufindi; 89, Eurytoma cressoni; 90, Prodecatomidea Cameroon; 91, Eurytoma morio; 92, Eurytoma braconidis.

Figures 198–212. Figures 198, 199 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 198–212. Figures 198, 199: head in frontal view – 198, Philolema carinigena; 199, Aximogastroma longigastris. Figures 200, 201: head and pronotum in lateral view; 200, Masneroma angulifera; 201, Banyoma philippinensis. Figure 202: female antenna – Endobia donacis. Figures 203, 204: mesosoma in dorsal view – 203, Ramanuja swarmanus; 204, Banyoma philippinensis. Figures 205–208: marginal, stigmal, and postmarginal veins of forewing – 205, Aiolomorphus rhopaloides; 206, Eurytoma sp., rosae species group; 207, Eurytoma sp., morio species group; 208, Sycophila kestraneura. Figure 209: gaster in dorsal view – Prodecatomidea bekiliensis. Figures 210, 211: gaster in lateral view – 210, Gibsonoma budhai; 211, Aximogastroma longigastris. Figure 212: hind tarsus; Endobia donacis.

Figures 63–71. Figures 63–67 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 63–71. Figures 63–67: postgena and postgenal bridge – 63, Eurytoma obtusiventris; 64, Eurytoma sp., braconidis species group; 65, Eurytoma San Alberto 1; 66, Syceurytoma ficus; 67, Eurytoma plotnikovi. Figure 68: ventral part of postgena – Eurytoma braconidis. Figures 69–71: postgenal bridge; 69, Heimbra opaca; 70, Rileya pulchra; 71, Eurytominae Ecuador.

Figures 30–41. Figure 30 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 30–41. Figure 30: head in laterodorsal view – 30, Prodecatoma maculiventris. Figures 31–35: lower face and intertorular space (ITS); 31, Buresium rufum; 32, Eurytominae Ecuador; 33, Sycophila Benin; 34, Ficomila Gabon; 35, Bephratelloides pomorum. Figures 36, 37: ITS – 36, Tetramesa fulvicollis; 37, Eurytoma collaris. Figures 38–41: antennal scrobes – 38, Aximogastra Ecuador; 39, Prodecatoma philodendri; 40, Paradecatoma Combretum 2; 41, Eurytoma nodularis.

Figures 42–53 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 42–53. Head in posterior view: 42, Glyphomerus stigma; 43, Buresium rufum; 44, Aranedra millsi; 45, Aiolomorphus rhopaloides; 46, Tetramesa romana; 47, Bruchophagus Alicante; 48, Bruchophagus phlei; 49, Bruchophagus caucasicus; 50, Eurytoma compressa; 51, Bephratoides Shushufindi; 52, Conoaxima affinis; 53, Aximopsis Colombia 1.

Figures 160–171. Figures 160–164 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 160–171. Figures 160–164: meso- and metapleuron in ventral view – 160, Prodecatoma maculiventris; 161, Eurytoma ficusgallae; 162, Axima brevicornis; 163, Eurytoma Cébazan; 164, Eurytoma braconidis. Figure 165: mesopleuron in ventral view; Conoaxima affinis. Figures 166, 167, 168, 170: metapleuron in ventral view; 166, Glyphomerus stigma; 167, Buresium rufum; 168, Archirileya Cicada; 170, Bruchophagus Alicante. Figure 169: metapleuron (after dissection) in anterior view (internal skeleton visible) – Archirileya Cicada. Figure 171: hind coxal cavity and metafurcal pit (enlarged) – Rileya pulchra.

Figure 16 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figure 16. Eurytoma cressoni, metapleuron in ventral view: AdpA, adpetiolar area; CxC3, hind coxal cavities; PcC, precoxal carinae; PeC, petiolar cavity; LMtpl, lateral metapleuron; MtFP, metafurcal pit; SmC, submedian carinae; VS Mtpl, ventral shelf of metapleuron.

Figures 18–29. Figures 18–28 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figures 18–29. Figures 18–28: head in frontal view – 18, Buresium rufum; 19, Eurytominae Ecuador; 20, Eurytoma Mourèze; 21, Bruchophagus Guyoniana; 22, Eurytoma cressoni; 23, Phylloxeroxenus San Alberto; 24, Eurytoma dentata; 25, Eurytoma braconidis; 26, Axima brevicornis; 27, Eurytoma gyorfii; 28, Aximopsis Colombia 2. Figure 29. Head in dorsal view; Bephratoides Shushufindi.

Figure 17 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figure 17. Bruchophagus caucasicus, gastral petiole in lateral view: AaPet, articular area of petiole; AR S1, anterior ridge delimiting petiolar part of first gastral sternum (S1) from petiole; BPet, body of petiole; DT, dorsal tooth; LH, line of hairs; LSAa, lateral setae on articular area; LT, lateral tooth; S1Pet, Petiolar part of the first gastral sternite; T1, first gastral tergite.

Figure 13 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figure 13. Tetramesa fulvicollis, mesosoma in lateral view: AxG, axillar groove; Ds, dorsellum; Ll Msc, lateral lobe of mesoscutum; MlMsc, midlobe of mesoscutum; Mspl, mesopleuron; Mtpl, metapleuron; Not, notaulus; Pct, prepectus, Pn, pronotum; Prp, propodeum; Sctl, scutellum.

Figure 5 in Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters

Figure 5. (A) Cladogram 3A. Phylogeny of the Eurytominae: strict consensus tree (CS) of the equally weighted trees (n = 45). Study carried out with 156 morphological characters and 178 taxa using a 'successive approach' as defined in the text (Step 5 of Analysis 1). Bootstrap values are given above the branches. Length of the tree: 463.459; consistency index, CI = 0.201; retention index, RI = 0.813; rescaled consistency index, RC = 0.164. The generic groups, the large genera, and some species groups, as defined in the text, are shaded. The bajarii species group is included here in the Tetramesa genus group, whereas it branches within the Risbecoma genus group in other cladograms. It is therefore shaded in dark grey to denote an ambiguous placement. The same is true for Aiolomorphus rhopaloides, which generally branches on a basal node of Eurytominae, not within the Phylloxeroxenus clade. Putative placement of the type species for each of the largest genera is indicated.