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FIGURE 4 in Selfcoelum limnodromi n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae: Cyclocoelinae) from the longbilled dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) from Oklahoma, U. S. A.

FIGURE 4. Photograph of pharyngeal area of Selfcoelum limnodromi n. gen., n. sp. showing the postpharyngeal placement of the genital pore. Abbreviations: GP, genital pore; P, Pharynx. Scale bar 190 µm.

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FIGURES 1–3. Selfcoelum limnodromi n. gen., n in Selfcoelum limnodromi n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae: Cyclocoelinae) from the longbilled dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) from Oklahoma, U. S. A.

FIGURES 1–3. Selfcoelum limnodromi n. gen., n. sp. from the longbilled dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus. 1. Ventral view of adult. 2. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 3. Composite drawing of female genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C, cecum; O, ovary; S, seminal vesicle; T, testis; U, uterus; V, vitelline follicles. Scale bars: 1, 2,050 µm; 2, 550 µm; 3, 1,200 µm.

FIGURES 40, 42–45. 40 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 40, 42–45. 40. Area of testes and female genital complex from a contracted, fully-developed, non-senescing adults fixed with no compression. Note the close proximity of the ovary to the anterior testis and the overlap of the two testes. 42. Area of testes and female genital complex of a senescing adult. Note the reduced number of eggs present, the irregular shape of the anterior testis and the separation of the anterior testis from the surrounding parenchyma. 43. Area of testes and female genital complex from a fully-developed, non-senescing adults fixed with compression. Note the anterior testis is contiguous with both the ovary and the posterior testis. 44. Area of testes and female genital complex of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult. Note the three different sized and dissimilar testes. 45. Midlevel region of body of a senescing adult. Note the lack of normally developing eggs and miracidia in the uterus. Abbreviations: AE, abnormally developing eggs in uterus in which there was what appeared to be primordial material and/or yolk material present, but with no miracidial development evident; AT, anterior testis; C, cecum; CT, centrally-located testis-like structure; EE, empty eggs; OV, ovary; PT, posterior testis; U, uterus.

FIGURES 1, 7 & 8. 1 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 1, 7 & 8. 1. Fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression, ventral view. 7. Young adult fixed with minimal compression, ventral view. Note that in figures 1 & 7 that the placement of the testes are diagonal with the anterior testis on the right while the posterior testis and ovary are on the left side. In some specimens in this species the position of the gonads may be the opposite of this in a ventral view (mirror image, see fig. 1 of the original description by Dronen et al. 2013). 8. Senescing adult fixed with minimal compression, ventral view. Note the space developing around the testes and the reduced amount of sperm present in the seminal vesicle and receptacle. Abbreviations: AT, anterior testis; C, cecum; OV, ovary; PT, posterior testis; U, uterus; V, vitelline fields.

FIGURES 36–39. 36 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 36–39. 36. Area of testes and female genital complex from a fully-developed, non-senescing adults fixed with minimal compression. Note the ovary is clearly pretesticular and the testes are diagonal and close together. 37. Area of testes and female genital complex from a young adult. Note the ovary is clearly pretesticular and the testes are nearly tandem and separated by a wide intertesticular space. 38. Area of testes and female genital complex from a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. Note the prestesticular ovary is located across from anterior margin of anterior testis and the testes are large and contiguous. 39. Area of testes and female genital complex from a fully-developed, non-senescing adults fixed with minimal compression. Note the ovary is across from the anterior testis. Abbreviations: AT, anterior testis; CY, cyclocoel arch; OV, ovary; PT, posterior testis; SR, seminal receptacle; U, uterus.

FIGURES 27–30 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 27–30. Diagrammatic representation showing the variability in the location of the genital pore. 27. Located about a third of distance up pharynx from the esophagus; 28. Located at about the posterior fourth of pharynx. 29. Located just anterior to posterior margin of pharynx. 30. Located at posterior margin of pharynx. Abbreviations: C, cecum; GP, genital pore; M, miracidium; P, pharynx; OS, oral sucker; SV, seminal vesicle; U, uterus.

FIGURES 9–11. 9 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 9–11. 9. Posterior region of a senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. 10. Vitelline fields of a senescing adult fixed with minimal compression showing indistinct follicles in the vitelline fields. 11. Area of female genital complex from a senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. Note the Mehlis' glands are reduced in number and no longer entirely surrounded the oötype chamber. Abbreviations: AT, anterior testis; B, adjacent to the body wall; MG, Mehlis' glands; OV, ovary; SP, surrounding parenchyma; SS, space of separation of testis from parenchyma; T, testis pulling away from the surrounding parenchyma; U, uterus; V, vitelline fields.

FIGURES 23–26. 23 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 23–26. 23. Region of intestinal bifurcation of fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. Note the cirrus sac surpasses the relatively thin cecum. 24. Region of intestinal bifurcation of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. Note the extent of cirrus sac relative to width of cecum at level of intestinal bifurcation. 25. Region of intestinal bifurcation of an unusually elongated, fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. Note the extent of cirrus sac relative to width of cecum and the slender ceca. 26. Region of intestinal bifurcation of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed without compression. Note the extensive contraction of the specimen, the dramatically swollen ceca, and the posterior extent of the cirrus sac relative to the cecum. Abbreviations: C, cecum; CS, cirrus sac; GP, area of genital pore; M, miracidium; P, pharynx; SV, seminal vesicle; U, uterus.

FIGURES 5–6. 5 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 5–6. 5. Uterus immediately posterior to mid-level of body of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression showing first development of miracidial eyespots in eggs and eggs that were not in a flat plane. 6. Newlyformed eggs of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression from the most proximal aspect of the uterus. Note the tendency for eggs to become collapsed. Abbreviation: E, eggs.

FIGURES 2–4. 2 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 2–4. 2.Eggs and miracidia in distal uterus of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression showing an egg hatching with miracidium being released from the egg shell; examples of fully-developed eggs prior to swelling and hatching and examples of eggs in the process of swelling just prior to hatching. 3. Area of intestinal bifurcation of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. 4. Uterus near anterior third of body of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. Abbreviations: B, miracidium within egg exerting pressure on shell forming a curved (banana) shape; C, cecum; HE, hatching egg; M, miracidia; N, examples of fully-developed eggs prior to swelling and hatching; P, pharynx; S, eggs in the process of swelling just prior to hatching; SV, seminal vesicle filled with sperm; U, uterus (metraterm).

FIGURES 35 and 41. 35 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 35 and 41. 35. Area between pharynx and intestinal bifurcation showing collapsed esophagus. Abbreviations: C, swollen ceca; ES, anterior half of esophagus folded over the posterior half forming an S-shaped configuration; P, pharynx; OS, oral sucker. 41. Illustration of atrophying ovary from a senescing adult. Abbreviations: AT, anterior testis; OT, oötype; OV, Ovary; SR, seminal receptacle; U, uterus; VA, vacuolization.

FIGURES 12–14. 14 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 12–14. 14. Middle third of body of senescing adult fixed with minimal compression; photograph taking slightly out of focus to demonstrate the relative position of eggs to the uterine wall. 13. Abnormally developing eggs in uterus of a senescing adult specimen fixed with minimal compression. 14. Unhatched eggs in middle third of the uterus of a senescing adult fixed with minimal compression where shells were intact, but there was no contents present within the shell. Abbreviations: AE, abnormally developing eggs in uterus in which there was what appeared to be primordial material and/or yolk material present, but with no miracidial development evident; C, cecum; EE, empty eggs; N, examples of fully-developed eggs prior to swelling and hatching; U, uterus.

FIGURES 31–34 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 31–34. Diagrammatic representations showing the variability in the location of the genital pore (cont.). 31. Located immediately posterior to posterior margin of pharynx or a short distance posterior to it. 32. Located some distance posterior to the posterior margin of the pharynx near anterior end of esophagus. 33. Located a short distance posterior to the intestinal bifurcation. Note that the area of terminal genital canals shows the canals extending anteriorly some distance then reflexing posteriorly to join in the genital atrium at, or just posterior to the pharynx giving the impression that the genital pore opening was located more anterior in the posterior aspect of the pharynx. 34. Located a short distance anterior to the posterior margin of the pharynx and submedian. Note that the area between pharynx and intestinal bifurcation appears to exhibit contractioninduced shortening of the distance from the pharynx to the intestinal bifurcation, and a dextral rotation and displacement of the pharynx posteriorly. Abbreviations: C, cecum; ES, esophagus; GP, genital pore; OS, oral sucker; P, pharynx; PP, prepharynx; SV, seminal vesicle; U, uterus.

FIGURES 19–22. 19 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 19–22. 19. Distorted posterior end of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed without compression. 20. Area of intestinal bifurcation of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. 21. Area of intestinal bifurcation of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. Note the posterior extent of cirrus sac overreaches about two thirds of width of cecum. 22. Ventral view of anterior end of fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed with minimal compression, dorsal view. Note internally the pharynx has been rolled slightly to the right and shifted slightly posteriorly, while externally the genital pore has been shifted to the right and the cecum on the right is somewhat swollen, and the cirrus sac surpasses the level of the intestinal bifurcation posteriorly. Abbreviations: AT, anterior testis; BI, intestinal bifurcation; BW, body wall; C, cecum; CS, posterior extent of cirrus sac; EP, excretory pore; EV, excretory vesicle; GP, genital pore; OS, oral sucker; P, pharynx; PT, posterior testis; SV, seminal vesicle; U, uterus.

FIGURES 15–18. 15 in Intraspecific variation in adult Uvitellina iraquensis Dronen, Ali & Al-Amura, 2013 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae) from two collection sites of white-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae), in Iraq

FIGURES 15–18. 15. Area of seminal vesicle of a senescing adult fixed with minimal compression. 16. Contracted anterior end of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed without compression. 17. Distorted anterior end of a fully-developed, nonsenescing adult fixed without compression. Note the inflated uterus, submedian placement of the genital pore, the anterior extent of the vitelline fields are pulled anteriorly to level of pharynx, and the pharynx is rotated off the midline of the body. 18. Distorted posterior end of a fully-developed, non-senescing adult fixed without compression. Abbreviations: BW, body wall showing the effects of contraction (scalloped to crenated); C, cecum; EV, collapsed excretory vesicle; GP, genital pore; N, examples of fully-developed eggs prior to swelling and hatching; P, pharynx; PT, posterior testis; SV, seminal vesicle with comparatively little sperm present; U, uterus; V, vitelline fields.

Figure 7 in The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies) - reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules

Figure 7. Reconstruction of the ancestral state of selected characters with Mesquite 2.71 [phylogenies in A–C after Fain & Houde, 2007, with Dromadidae and Chionidae added (see text concerning position of Dromadidae)]. A, distribution of nostril types. B, distribution of processus basipterygoidei. C, distribution of foramen nervi supracoracoidei. D, distribution of foramen nervi supracoracoidei in Alcidae (phylogeny after Baker et al., 2007; Pereira & Baker, 2008).

Figure 6 in The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies) - reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules

Figure 6. Proximal view of left hypotarsus of representatives of the Scolopaci (A–D), Lari (E–H), and Charadrii (I–L) in comparison. A, Thinocorus rumicivorus (Thinocoridae). B, Actophilornis africanus (Jacanidae). C, Rostratula benghalensis (Rostratulidae). D, Scolopax rusticola (Scolopacidae). E, Glareola pratincola (Glareolidae). F, Turnix varia (Turnicidae). G, Rynchops niger (Rynchopidae). H, Sterna fuscata (Sternidae). I, Chionis minor (Chionidae). J, Pluvianus aegyptius (Pluvianidae). K, Vanellus vanellus (Charadriidae). L, Haematopus ostralegus (Haematopodidae). Abbreviations: fdl, sulcus/canal for the tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, sulcus for the tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; p2, sulcus for the tendon of musculus flexor perforatus digiti II; pp2, sulcus for the tendon of musculus flexor perforans et perforatus digiti II. The vertical lines indicate the relative positions of fdl (dashed) and pp2 (dotted). Not to scale.

Figure 4. Selected skull features. A, B in The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies) - reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules

Figure 4. Selected skull features. A, B, cranium (ventrolateral view) of A, Haematopus ostralegus (Haematopodidae) and B, Burhinus oedicnemus (Burhinidae). C, D, caudal section of orbita of C, H. ostralegus and D, Sterna paradisaea (Sternidae). E, cranium of Rostratula benghalensis (Rostratulidae) in ventral view. F–I, os lacrimale/os ectethmoidale complex of F, Sterna paradisaea (Sternidae); G, Larus fuscus (Laridae); H, Alca torda (Alcidae); and I, Pluvianus aegyptius (Pluvianidae). J–M, basicranial area (ventral view) of J, Sterna paradisaea (Sternidae); K, Chionis minor (Chionidae); L, Haematopus ostralegus (Haematopodidae); and M, Burhinus oedicnemus (Burhinidae). Abbreviations: bpt, processus basipterygoideus; ccv, concavity next to condylus medialis of quadratum; cdf, foramen caudal of foramen nervi maxillomandibularis; fnm, foramen nervi maxillomandibularis; for, foramen formed by duct of nasal gland; hlp, hook-like projection on os pterygoideum; mpA, maxillopalatine strut A; orb, processus orbitalis of os lacrimale; plp, processus lateralis parasphenoidalis; smt, processus suprameaticus; unc, os uncinatum; zyg, processus zygomaticus. Figures not to scale.

Figure 3 in The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies) - reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules

Figure 3. Trees resulting from analyses of the character matrix in Appendix 2 with NONA 2.0 with different settings. A, Psophiidae as outgroup taxon, consensus of 12 most parsimonious trees [length = 118, consistency index (CI) = 0.44, retention index (RI) = 0.67]. B, Columbidae as outgroup taxon, consensus of 19 most parsimonious trees (length = 115, CI = 0.45, RI = 0.68). C, Columbidae as outgroup taxon and Turnicidae removed from analysis, consensus of six most parsimonious trees (length = 110, CI = 0.47, RI = 0.69). Bootstrap support values are listed above the nodes, characters and characters states next to the internodes (numbers refer to the character list in Appendix 1). Filled circles represent strict apomorphies, open circles homoplastic ones.