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Fig. 13 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 13. Species of Gymnogeophagus from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. a, Gymnogeophagus balzanii, male, UFRGS 9148, 131.8 mm SL, barragem Sanchuri, Uruguaiana. b, G. balzanii, female, UFRGS 7015, 86 mm SL, barragem Sanchuri, Uruguaiana. c, G. meridionalis, male, UFRGS 8404, rio Negro, BR-153, between Aceguá and Bagé. d, G. rhabdotus, male, uncat., 65 mm SL, EEA-UFRGS, Eldorado do Sul. e, G. labiatus, male, uncat., 117 mm SL, lago Guaíba. f, G. labiatus, female, uncat.,104 mm SL, Barra do Ribeiro. g, G. lacustris, male, UFRGS 16751, 128 mm SL, lagoa Corvina, Mostardas. h, G. lacustris, female, UFRGS 16751, 90 mm SL, lagoa Corvina, Mostardas. i, G. tirapare, male, uncat., rio Cacequi. j, G. tirapare, female, UFRGS 16642, rio Santa Maria, Rosário do Sul.

Fig. 12 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 12. Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos: top, paratype, male, UFRGS 15752, 115 mm SL, arroio do Tigre, tributary of the rio Turvo, Três Passos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; bottom, paratype, female, UFRGS 15743, 107 mm SL, arroio Lajeado Romana, Três Passos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Fig. 8 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 8. Gymnogeophagus mekinos: top, holotype, male, MCP 19296, 92.4 mm SL, rio Piraizinho, on the road from Bagé to Dom Pedrito, tributary of rio Negro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; middle, paratype, male, UMMZ 225495, 94.5 mm SL, collected with the holotype; bottom, paratype, female, UFRGS 7402, 77.5 mm SL, arroio Batovi na rota 5 à 20 km de Tacuarembó, no km 365,6, drenagem do rio Tacuarembó, bacia do rio Negro, Tacuarembó, Uruguay.

Fig. 3 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 3. Measurements and scale counts taken on examined specimens (modified from Reis & Malabarba, 1988, and Reis et al., 1992): 1 - Standard length (SL), measured from anterior tip of upper lip to the hypural joint. 2 - Body depth, measured at the maximum depth. 3 - Head length, measured from anterior tip of upper lip to posterior bony margin of opercle. 4 - Dorsalfin base length, measured from the first spine insertion to the last soft-ray insertion. 5 - Pectoral-fin length, measured from the pectoral-fin base to the tip of the longest ray. 6 - Caudal peduncle depth, measured from the dorsal to the ventral margins of the caudal peduncle at the least depth. 7 - Caudal peduncle length, measured horizontally from the base of the last anal-fin ray to the caudal-fin base. 8 - Eye diameter, measured horizontally between orbital bony margins. 9 - Interorbital width, measured at the point of least bony width. 10 - Upper jaw length, measured from the anterior margin of the upper lip to the posterior tip of the maxilla. 11 - Pre-orbital length, measured from the lower margin of the lachrymal (just above the maxilla) to the orbital rim. 12 - Snout length, measured horizontally from the upper lip to anterior orbital rim. UL - Upper lateral line. LL- Lower lateral line. E1 - Scales in the row immediately above the row that includes the lower lateral line. DL - Scales between dorsalfin origin and upper lateral line. AL - Scales between anal-fin origin and upper lateral line.

Fig. 11 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 11. Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos: top, holotype, male, MCP 23522, 108.5 mm SL, rio Dourados at Linha Várzea, on the road from Severiano de Almeida to Aratiba, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; bottom, holotype, photo taken just after capture.

Fig. 1 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 1. Rio Uruguay and adjacent drainages showing the distribution of the examined specimens of Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos (dark blue), G. missioneiro (light blue), G. constellatus (red), G. pseudolabiatus (orange), and G. mekinos (yellow). Stars represent the type localities.

opencc-zeroJul 2024View details →

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Data from: Ancient and recent hybridization in the Oreochromis cichlid fishes

Cichlid fishes of the genus Oreochromis (tilapia) are among the most important fish for inland capture fisheries and global aquaculture. Deliberate introductions of non-native species for fisheries improvement and accidental escapees from farms have resulted in admixture with indigenous species. Such hybridization may be detrimental to native biodiversity, potentially leading to genomic homogenization of populations and the loss of important genetic material associated with local adaptation. By contrast, introgression may fuel diversification when combined with ecological opportunity, by supplying novel genetic combinations. To date, the role of introgression in the evolutionary history of tilapia has not been explored. Here we studied both ancient and recent hybridization in tilapia, using whole genome resequencing of 575 individuals from 23 species. We focused on Tanzania, a natural hotspot of tilapia diversity, and a country where hybridization between exotic and native species in the natural environment has been previously reported. We reconstruct the first genome-scale phylogeny of the genus and reveal prevalent ancient gene flow across the Oreochromis phylogeny. This has likely resulted in hybrid speciation of one species, O. chungruruensis. We identify multiple cases of recent hybridization between native and introduced species in the wild, linked to the use of non-native species in both capture fisheries improvement and aquaculture. This has potential implications for both conservation of wild populations and the development of the global tilapia aquaculture industry.

FIGURE 5 in Comparative characterization of digestive proteases in redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (Vieja bifasciata) (Percoidei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 5 | Effect of inhibitors on alkaline digestive proteases of Vieja melanurus and V. bifasciata: Alkaline control (alkaline proteases without inhibitor), TPCK (N-p-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone), PHEN (phenanthroline), EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), TLCK (TosylL-lysyl-chloromethane hydrochloride), OVO (ovalbumin), SBT1 (soybean trypsin inhibitor), PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) (mean ± SD, n = 3) significant differences (P<0.05) between inhibitors values are shown by letters. Different letter between bars indicates statistical differences.

FIGURE 2 in Comparative characterization of digestive proteases in redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (Vieja bifasciata) (Percoidei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 2 | pH stability of acid digestive protease for A. Vieja melanurus and B. V. bifasciata; and alkaline digestive protease for C. V. melanurus and D. V. bifasciata (mean ± SD, n = 3). Significant differences (P<0.05) between pH values residual activity are shown by letters.

FIGURE 3 in Comparative characterization of digestive proteases in redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (Vieja bifasciata) (Percoidei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 3 | Effect of optimal temperature (mean ± SD, n = 3) on A. acid proteases and B. alkaline proteases of Vieja melanurus and V. bifasciata. Significant differences (P<0.05) between pH values are shown by letters.

FIGURE 1 in Comparative characterization of digestive proteases in redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (Vieja bifasciata) (Percoidei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 1 | Effect of optimal pH (mean ± SD, n = 3) on A. acid proteases and B. alkaline proteases of Vieja melanurus and V. bifasciata. Significant differences (P<0.05) between pH values are shown by letters.

FIGURE 4 in Comparative characterization of digestive proteases in redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (Vieja bifasciata) (Percoidei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 4 | Temperature stability of acid digestive protease for A. Vieja melanurus and B. V. bifasciata; and alkaline digestive protease for C. V. melanurus and D. V. bifasciata (mean ± SD, n = 3). Significant differences (P<0.05) between pH values residual activity are shown by letters.

Fig. 5 in Diet and ecomorphological relationships of four cichlid species from the Cuiabá River basin

Fig. 5. Projections of the scores on axes 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2) of the principal components analysis performed with values of the morphological attributes and food size consumed by four species of cichlids from the Cuiabá River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Variance explained: PC1= 68.55%; PC2= 26.73%. Abbreviations are in Table 2. C. australis = Chaetobranchopsis australis; C. dimerus = Cichlasoma dimerus; C. vittata = Crenicichla vittata; S. pappaterra = Satanoperca pappaterra.

Fig. 4 in Diet and ecomorphological relationships of four cichlid species from the Cuiabá River basin

Fig. 4. Position and shape of the mouth, and first pair of gill raker of cichlids from the Cuiabá River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Scale = 1 cm. (drawing by Gisele C. Novakowski).

Fig. 3 in Diet and ecomorphological relationships of four cichlid species from the Cuiabá River basin

Fig. 3. Dendrogram of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity for the trophic matrix (percentage of IAi of the food resources versus species) and morphologic matrix (RHM, SRGR, NGR, PM, RWM, DRG, OM versus species) of the cichlids of the Cuiabá River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. IAi = Feeding Index; RHM = Relative height of the mouth; SRGR = Relative size of the gill rakers; NGR = Number of gill rakers; PM = Protrusion of the mouth; RWM = Relative width of the mouth; DRG = Distance between gill rakers; OM = Orientation of the mouth. C. australis = Chaetobranchopsis australis; C. dimerus = Cichlasoma dimerus; C. vittata = Crenicichla vittata; S. pappaterra = Satanoperca pappaterra.

Fig. 1 in Diet and ecomorphological relationships of four cichlid species from the Cuiabá River basin

Fig. 1. Location of the Cuiabá River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the sampling sites: lotic (2, 3 and 4) and lentic (1, 5 and 6).

Fig. 2 in Diet and ecomorphological relationships of four cichlid species from the Cuiabá River basin

Fig. 2. Representation of ecomorphological measurements taken for four species of cichlids of the Cuiabá River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. OM = orientation of the mouth opening; HM = height of the mouth; WM = width of the mouth; DMO = distance from the anterior end of the jaw to anterior border of the eye, with the mouth open; DMC = distance from the end of the jaw to anterior border of the eye, with the mouth closed; LG = length of the gill; DGR = distance between the gill rakers; SL = standard length.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

FIGURE 1 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 1 | Points representing geographic location for the lots of Vieja maculicauda used in the current study. Straight black lines represent the approximate location of geological block divisions. Purple shading represents a modified version of IUCN redlist data for the distribution of this species (Lyons, 2019).

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

FIGURE 4 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 4 | Canonical variate analysis and shape changes along both axes. Shape change has been magnified by two for increased visualization.