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Fig. 3 in Short Communication High-Density Cultivation of the Marine Ciliate Uronema marinum (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) in Axenic Medium

Fig. 3. Growth chart of U. marinum in PGY medium and bacterized filtered seawater. The density of ciliate cells was measured every 12 hours after inoculation using a hemocytometer. The final data points are 419 cells/μl in PGY medium and 11 cells/μl in bacterized filtered seawater.

Fig. 1 in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Fig. 1. Map showing the northeastern part of Japan. Places where wakame samples (●) and krill sample (Ì) were collected are also shown.

Figs 2a–f in Morphological, Developmental, and Ecological Characteristics of the Suctorian Ciliate Ephelota gigantea (Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea, Ephelotidae) Found on Cultured Wakame Seaweed in Northeastern Japan

Figs 2a–f. Scanning electron micrographs (a–e) and measured body parts (f) of Ephelota gigantea. a – upper part of the stalk. Only cross striation near the cell body while longitudinal and cross striations below arrows; b – lower part of the stalk with only longitudinal striation; c – swelled part where E. gigantea is attached to wakame (arrow); d – E. gigantea with two buds (arrows); e – ventral side of a bud. Scopula (arrow) is visible; f – measured part of E. gigantea cell. db – debri, BL – body length, BW – body width, SL – stalk length.

Fig. 2 in Short Communication High-Density Cultivation of the Marine Ciliate Uronema marinum (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) in Axenic Medium

Fig. 2. PCR amplification of the bacterial SSU-rDNA on 1% agarose gel. A1, A2, and A3 are parallel samples extracted from the axenic culture in PGY medium. B1, B2, and B3 are parallel samples extracted from the culture in bacterized filtered seawater. M – DNA ladder.

Fig. 4 in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica

Fig. 4. Majority consensus tree from Bayesian inference using nuclear SSU rDNA sequences. Anteholosticha rectangula is indicated in bold in the tree. Posterior probabilities of Bayesian inference (BI) and bootstrap values of maximum likelihood (ML) are presented on each interior branch. Dashes denote a value showing less than half of the full posterior probability or bootstrap value. Scale bar indicates two base substitutions per one hundred nucleotides.

Fig. 4 in A New Soil Ciliate, Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Urostylida) from South Korea

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree of 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. on the basis of Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). Bootstrap values for ML and posterior probability values for BI are represented on the inte- rior branches. Black circles indicate the species of the family Holostichidae (sensu Berger 2006 system).

Figs 3A–H in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica

Figs 3A–H. Photomicrographs of Anteholosticha rectangula after protargol impregnation. A and B – holotype specimen, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, arrow denotes pretransverse cirrus; C – dorsal view showing dorsal kineties, arrows denote two dikinetids anterior of right marginal cirral row; D and E – ventral views of anterior body showing buccal, frontal, frontoterminal, and midventral cirri; F–H – ventral views showing variation of the nuclear apparatus. DK1–3 – dorsal kineties 1–3, FC – frontal cirri, FTC – frontoterminal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodules, Mi – micronuclei. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figs 1A–G in A New Soil Ciliate, Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Urostylida) from South Korea

Figs 1A–G. Morphology of Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. from live (A, D–F) and protargol-impregnated (B, C, G) specimens. A, B, E, F – ventral view; C, D, E – dorsal view; B, C – ventral and dorsal views of the holotype specimen: B – arrow indicates pharynx; D – ex- trusive cortical granules (arrow), dorsal cilia (arrowhead); E – arrangement of cortical granules on ventral side; F – arrangement of cortical granules on dorsal side; G – ciliary pattern of cirral rows and dorsal kineties. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; BC – buccal cirrus; CC – caudal cirri; DK – dorsal kineties; EM – endoral membrane; FC – frontal cirri; FTC – frontoterminal cirri; LMR – left marginal cirral row; Ma – macronuclei; Mi – micronuclei; MP – midventral pairs; PM – paroral membrane; PTC – pretransverse ventral cirri; TC – transverse cirri; 1, inner right marginal cirral row; 2–4, compound rows. Scale bars: 100 μm.

Fig. 3 in Interaction of Ciliate Communities with Cyanobacterial Water Bloom in a Shallow, Hypertrophic Reservoir

Fig. 3. Changes in abundances of ciliate feeding groups in the Modra water reservoir during the period between September 2013 and October 2014. FFF – fine filter feeders; FCFF – fine to coarse filter feeders; HU – hunters; SU – suckers.

Fig. 2 in Interaction of Ciliate Communities with Cyanobacterial Water Bloom in a Shallow, Hypertrophic Reservoir

Fig. 2. Similarity of ciliate communities at five study spots from the Modra reservoir. a. Hierarchical cluster analysis (complete linkage method and Wishart's index). Vertical axis represents the scale of dissimilarity. b. PCA ordination diagram. Eigenvalues of two first axes are λ 1 = 0.759 and λ 2 = 0.193, accounting for 95.1% of the total variation. BE – benthic east study spot; BN – benthic north study spot; BS – benthic south study spot; BW – benthic west study spot; P – plankton.

Figs 3A–F in A New Soil Ciliate, Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Urostylida) from South Korea

Figs 3A–F. Photomicrographs of Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. from protargol-impregnated specimens. A, B, D – holotype specimen. A – ventral view of specimen; B – anterior portion of ventral view; C – posterior portion of ventral view; D – pharynx; E – anterior portion of dorsal view; F – posterior portion of dorsal view. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; BC – buccal cirrus; CC – caudal cirri; DK – dorsal kineties; EM – endoral membrane; FC – frontal cirri; FTC – frontoterminal cirri; LMR – left marginal cirral row; Ma – macronuclei; Mi – micronuclei; MP – midventral pairs; PM – paroral membrane; PTC – pretransverse ventral cirri; TC – transverse cirri; 1 – inner right marginal cirral row; 2–4 – compound rows. Scale bars: 100 μm.

Fig. 1 in Short Communication High-Density Cultivation of the Marine Ciliate Uronema marinum (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) in Axenic Medium

Fig. 1. Uronema marinum from life (A, B, E, F), after protargol (C, D) and DAPI-staining (G, H). A, B – lateral-ventral view of typical cell (B, from Pan et al. 2010); C, D – ventral and dorsal view of the same specimen (from Pan et al. 2010); E – 72 hours after inoculating into PGY medium; F – 168 hours after inoculating into PGY medium; G – Uronema marinum in axenic culture, demonstrating the absence of bacteria; H – Uronema marinum in bacterized filtered seawater cultivating system, arrowheads indicate bacteria that are active in the realtime viewing conditions; M1–3 – membranelles 1–3, PM – paroral membrane, Sc – scutica. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 1 in Interaction of Ciliate Communities with Cyanobacterial Water Bloom in a Shallow, Hypertrophic Reservoir

Fig. 1. Changes of selected parameters in the Modra water reservoir during the period between September 2013 and October 2014. a. Course of water bloom development. b. Changes in diversity and equitability of ciliate communities. c. Changes in abundances and numbers of ciliate species in the benthos. d. Changes in abundances and numbers of ciliate species in the plankton. e. Changes in saprobic index as indicated by ciliate communities. f. Changes in proportions of saprobity levels as indicated by ciliate communities.

Figs 2A–J in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica

Figs 2A–J. Photomicrographs of Anteholosticha rectangula in vivo. A–C – representative individuals showing contractile vacuole (arrows) and ciliatures; D – nuclear apparatus, E–G – cortical granules in ventral (E) and dorsal (F, G) views; H–J – ventral views showing oral apparatus; arrows in I and J show buccal lip and buccal seal, respectively. CG – cortical granules, DB – dorsal bristles, Ma – macronuclear nodules, Mi – micronuclei, RMC – right marginal cirri, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 100 μm (A, C, D), 5 μm (G), 10 μm (H, I).

Fig. 4 in Interaction of Ciliate Communities with Cyanobacterial Water Bloom in a Shallow, Hypertrophic Reservoir

Fig. 4. Association networks based on time-shifted local similarity analysis (eLSA). Edges denote statistically significant connections (p <0.05). Solid lines represent positive correlations, while dashed lines negative associations. Arrows point to the parameters that were delayed.

Figs 2A–J in A New Soil Ciliate, Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Urostylida) from South Korea

Figs 2A–J. Photomicrographs of Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. from live specimens. A, D, E – ventral view; B, C, F, H – dorsal view: B, C – arrows indicate contractile vacuole and collecting canals; D – distribution of cortical granules (arrowhead) and inner right cirral row (arrow); E – distribution of cortical granules on the ventral side, arrowhead indicates a longitudinal row of cortical granules; F – arrows indicate cortical granules on the dorsal side; G – arrow indicates dorsal cilia; H – arrows indicate caudal cirri; I – macronuclear nodules (arrow), micronuclei (arrowhead); J – cortical granules in lateral view (arrow). Scale bars: 100 μm.

Figs 1A–I in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica

Figs 1A–I. Drawings of Anteholosticha rectangula in vivo (A, D–G, I) and after protargol impregnation (B, C, H). A – ventral view of a representative specimen; B and C – ventral and dorsal views of holotype, arrows show two dikinetids; D–G – cortical granules on dorsal (D, G) and ventral sides (E, F); H – nuclear apparatus, showing variation in number and morphology; I – contractile vacuole. CG – cortical granules, CV – contractile vacuole, DB – dorsal bristles, DK1–3 – dorsal kineties 1–3, FTC – frontoterminal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodules, Mi – micronuclei, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 μm.

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Fig. 6 in Taxonomic and Morphogenetic Description of the Freshwater Ciliate Aponotohymena isoaustralis n. sp. (Ciliophora; Oxytrichidae) Isolated from Sanjay Lake, Delhi, India

Fig. 6. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on SSU rDNA sequences showing the position of Aponotohymena isoaustralis n. sp. using GTR + I + G as nucleotide substitution model. The new sequence from the present study is indicated by bold font (arrow). Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values from ML and the posterior probabilities from BI. Accession numbers are provided after species names. Clades representing different orders of the subclass stichotrichia are shaded. "–" at the nodes indicate disagreement between the two methods. The scale bar corresponds to 0.01 expected substitutions per site.

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Fig. 5 in Taxonomic and Morphogenetic Description of the Freshwater Ciliate Aponotohymena isoaustralis n. sp. (Ciliophora; Oxytrichidae) Isolated from Sanjay Lake, Delhi, India

Fig. 5. Line diagrams and photomicrographs of Aponotohymena isoaustralis n. sp. showing morphogenetic stages on the dorsal surface after protargol impregnation. A, C – within row dorsal primordia formation for proter and opisthe with posterior thickening to form caudal cirri (arrows); B, D – unequal split of the third dorsal primordia (arrows); caudal cirri formed in 2 + 2 + 3 pattern (double arrows) at the ends of DK for proter and opisthe. Scale bar: 20 µm.