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Fig. 7. Neogastropoda Wenz, 1938 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 7. Neogastropoda Wenz, 1938 and Heterobranchia Burmeister, 1837 from Miocene Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–C. The eosiphonid Eosipho hoernesi (Bellardi, 1872). A–B. Specimen with well-preserved aperture, from Ca' Piantè (MSF 1070). C. Specimen showing details of spiral ornament, from Ca' Rovereti (NRM Mo 204839). D. The buccinid Neptunea? sp. from Le Colline (MSF 2359). E–F. The olivid Olivella longispira Bellardi, 1882. E. From Le Colline (MSF 1202). F. From Guzzano (MGGC 22310). G. The turrid Turris citima (Bellardi, 1877), from Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1307). H–I. The turrid Turricula sp., from Ca' Piantè (MSF 1081). J. The pyramidellid (Heterobranchia) Turbonilla sp., from Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1305).

Fig. 5 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 5. Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1980, Patellogastropoda Lindberg, 1986 and Neomphalina McLean, 1981 from the Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–G. The colloniid (Vetigastropoda) Homalopoma domeniconii Moroni, 1966. A–B. MSF 2357 from Ca' Piantè. C–D. MSF 2365 from Ca' Piantè. E–G. MSF 1216 from Le Colline. H–L. The fissurellid (Vetigastropoda) Fissurella costicillatissima Sacco, 1897, from Le Colline. H–I. Specimen with remnants of surface sculpture (MSF 1214). J–L. Internal mold showing mantle attachment scars and foramen (MSF 1213). M–N. The lottiid (Patellogastropoda) Tectura? cf. taurinensis Sacco, 1897, from Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1310). O–Q. The neomphaline Retiskenea? sp. from Ca' Cavalmagra. O–P. MSF 2364. Q. MSF 1312.

Fig. 3. Chilodontaidae Wenz, 1938 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 3. Chilodontaidae Wenz, 1938 (Vetigastropoda) from the Miocene Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–C. Putzeysia diversii sp. nov. A–B. Holotype, Ca' Piantè (MSF 1079). C. Paratype, Ca' Cavalmagra (MSF 1300). D–F. Chilodontaidae indet., Le Colline (MSF 1209).

Fig. 1 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 1. Sampling sites in northern Italy. A. Their locations in northern Italy, numbers correspond to those in panel B. B. Stratigraphic ages of the sampling sites. Map produced using the GeoMapApp (https://www.geomapapp.org/, Ryan et al. 2009).

Fig. 2. Seguenzioidea A.E. Verrill, 1884 in Mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) from Miocene cold-seep deposits in northern Italy: revisions and additions

Fig. 2. Seguenzioidea A.E. Verrill, 1884 (Vetigastropoda) from the Calcari a Lucina seep deposits in northern Italy. A–J. The cataegid Cataegis taurocrassa (Sacco, 1895). A–D. Complete specimen from Le Colline (MSF 1230). E–F. Specimen partly embedded in rock matrix (MSF 2351). G–H. Complete specimen from Ca' Piantè (MSF 2352). I–J. Complete specimen from Ca' Piantè (MSF 2353). K–L. The calliotropid Calliotropis sp. from Ca' Piantè (MSF 1076).

Figure 3 in Crustaceans Associated with Cold Water Corals: A Comparison of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Octocoral Assemblages

Figure 3. Photos showing some of the amphipod species found associated with deep-sea gorgonians, of which many where undescribed species belonging to the pleustid group. (A, B) the undescribed pleustids, Chromopleustes sp. A_J2099 and sp. B_J2103 respectively; (C) Neopleustes sp. C_J2098, all associated with deep–sea gorgonians occurring below 1000 m depth (e.g., Acanthogorgia). (D) Neopleustes sp. D_J2103 occurred on octocorals of the family Plexauridae at 400 m. (E) Neupleustes eucanthoides Gurjanova, 1972 was also from an unidentified species of Acanthogorgia. (F) the extremely well armoured Uschakoviella echinophora belonging to the family Epimeriidae was observed associated with the coral Plumarella collected at 100 m.

Figure 2 in Crustaceans Associated with Cold Water Corals: A Comparison of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Octocoral Assemblages

Figure 2. ROV dive locations along the Aleutian Ridge, central Aleutian Islands, Alaska, during a cruise in 2004.

Figure 1 in Crustaceans Associated with Cold Water Corals: A Comparison of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Octocoral Assemblages

Figure 1. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dive locations in the New England and Corner Rise seamount groups, NW Atlantic, during cruises in 2003–2005.

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Cranes soar on thermal updrafts behind cold fronts as they migrate across the sea

Thermal soaring conditions above the sea have long been assumed absent or too weak for terrestrial migrating birds, forcing large obligate soarers to take long detours and avoid sea crossing, and facultative soarers to cross exclusively by costly flapping flight. Thus, while atmospheric convection does develop at sea and is utilized by some seabirds, it has been largely ignored in avian migration research. Here we provide direct evidence for routine thermal soaring over open sea in the common crane, the heaviest facultative soarer known among terrestrial migrating birds. Using high-resolution biologging from 44 cranes tracked across their transcontinental migration over 4 years, we show that soaring characteristics and performance were no different over sea than over land in mid-latitudes. Sea-soaring occurred predominantly in autumn when large water-air temperature difference followed mid-latitude cyclones. Our findings challenge a fundamental paradigm in avian migration research and suggest that large soaring migrants avoid sea crossing not due to absence or weakness of thermals but due to their uncertainty and the costs of prolonged flapping. Marine cold air outbreaks, imperative to the global energy budget and climate system, may also be important for bird migration, calling for more multidisciplinary research across biological and atmospheric sciences.

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Supplementary material from: Prediction of the Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel using the FAME Distribution and Machine Learning Techniques

The dataset is divided into three sections within the worksheet.  The first section contains the definition of the data's feedstock and its source reference. The reference includes the year, DOI (if available, as some are collected from books), publication journal, article title, and authors.  The second section describes the FAME distribution, starting from C4:0 up to C24:0, including a column of unidentified FAMEs. The third and final section describes the measured properties Cloud Point (CP), Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) and Pour Point (PP).

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Data from: Testing metabolic cold adaptation and the climatic variability hypotheses across the latitudinal range of a widespread, supratidal water beetle

Temperature significantly impacts ectotherm physiology, with thermal and metabolic traits varying with latitude but the drivers of this variation remain unclear, despite obvious consequences in the face of ongoing global change. This study explores metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) and the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) to evaluate local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity of metabolic rates and thermal limits in two populations of the supratidal rockpool beetle Ochthebius lejolisii from localities experiencing contrasting thermal variability. Reciprocal acclimation was conducted under spring temperature regimes of both localities, incorporating local diurnal variation. Metabolic rates were measured by closed respirometry, and thermal tolerance limits estimated through thermography. In line with MCA, the northern population (colder climate) showed higher metabolic rates and Q10s at lower temperatures than the southern population. As predicted by the CVH, the southern population (more variable climate) showed higher upper thermal tolerance but only the northern population was able to acclimate upper thermal limits. This pattern suggests the existence of trade-offs in thermal adaptation in this species, likely increasing the vulnerability of populations on Mediterranean coasts to the projected increases in extreme temperatures under ongoing climate change.

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Figure 25 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 25. Results of confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) of recently mineralized and ancient fossil annelid tubes (see online edition for colour version). Tubes are imaged in auto-fluorescence mode, where areas of fluorescence likely reflect the presence of organic matter. A, detail of mineralized Escarpia southwardae (Siboglinidae) tube transverse section. B, fossil tube from Upper Waiau River, New Zealand (UWT3-4), detail of transverse section. C, fossil tube from West Fork Satsop River, Washington State, USA (WFSR 1A), detail of transverse section. D, fossil tubes from Bexhaven, New Zealand (BXG), detail of two near-transverse sections. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm.

Figure 24 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 24. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectra of the organic tubes of vent and seep annelids. Spectra are offset on the absorbance axis, and key spectral absorbance peaks are labelled with the types of chemical bonds they represent: -NH, nitrogenhydrogen; -CH, carbon-hydrogen; -OH, oxygen-hydrogen. The regions of the tube analysed are as follows: Tevnia jerichonana (anterior, inner tube wall); Zenkevitchiana longissimi (middle, outer tube wall); Lamellibrachia anaximandri (posterior, outer tube wall); Sclerolinum contortum (anterior, outer tube wall); Alvinella sp. (middle); Spiochaetopterus izuensis (middle, outer tube wall).

Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a total of 64 modern and fossil annelid taxa and 48 mostly morphological tube characters. Analyses were performed using implied character weighting, with the concavity constant set as default (k = 3; A), and also set to downweight homoplastic characters less (k = 4; B). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Modern taxa are coloured according to taxonomic groups; fossil taxa are in grey. A, consensus of 271 most parsimonious trees (best score = 15.387, consistency index = 0.195, retention index = 0.264); B, consensus of 60 most parsimonious trees (best score = 13.568, consistency index = 0.232, retention index = 0.569). Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.

Figure 21 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 21. Principal coordinate analysis plot of modern and fossil annelid tubes, based on the 48 characters scored for this study. Fossils (grey crosses): 1. Yamankasia rifeia; 2, Eoalvinellodes annulatus; 3, 'Sibay tubes'; 4, Tevidestus serriformis; 5, 'Figueroa tubes'; 6, 'Sassenfjorden area tubes'; 7, 'Cold Fork Cottonwood Creek tubes'; 8, 'Prince Patrick tubes'; 9, 'Ellef Ringnes tubes'; 10, 'Troodos attached tubes'; 11, 'Troodos wrinkled tubes'; 12, 'Troodos collared tubes'; 13, 'Okukinenbetsu yellow tubes'; 14, 'Okukinenbetsu brown tubes'; 15, 'Omagari tubes'; 16, 'Canyon River tubes'; 17, 'Murdock Creek tubes'; 18, 'West Fork Satsop River tubes'; 19, Serpulidae sp., 'Bexhaven'; 20, 'Upper Waiau River tubes'; 21, 'Rocky Knob tubes'. Modern tubes: Chaetopteridae (orange dots): 22, Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus; 23, Chaetopteridae id83; 24, Phyllochaetopterus polus; 25, P. gigas; 26, P. claparedii; 27, P. prolifica; 28, P. socialis; 29, Spiochetopterus izuensis; 30, S. sagamiensis; 31, S. costarum; 32, S. typicus; 33, Mesochaetopterus taylori. Siboglinidae, frenulata (dark blue filled triangles): 34, Galathealinum arcticum; 35, Lamellisabella denticulata; 36, Oligobrachia gracilis; 37, Polybrachia canadensis; 38, Siboglinum ekmani; 39, S. lacteum; 40, Siphonobrachia lauensis; 41, Unibrachium colombianum; 42, Zenkevitchiana longissima; 43. Siboglinidae, Sclerolinum (light blue outline triangle): S. contortum; Siboglinidae, vestimentiferans (light purple filled inverted triangles): 44, Alaysia spiralis; 45, Arcovestia ivanovi; 46, Escarpia southwardae; 47, Lamellibrachia anaximandri; 48, Paraescarpia echinospica; 49, Ridgeia piscesae; 50, Riftia pachyptila; 51, Tevnia jerichonana; 52, Seepiophila jonesi; Siboglinidae, vestimentiferan roots (dark purple outline inverted triangles): 53, E. southwardae root; 54, L. anaximandri root; 55, S. jonesi root; 56, P. echinospica root; Alvinellidae (maroon outline diamond): 57, Alvinella sp.; Ampharetidae (fuchsia outline rhombus): 58, Glyphanostomum sp.; Serpulidae (lime filled squares): 59, Serpulidae sp. JCR; 60, Serpula vermicularis; 61, Vermiliopsis infundibulum; Sabellidae (yellow outline squares): 62, Sabella pavonina; 63, Megalomma vesiculosum; Oweniidae (dark green outline dot): 64. Owenia fusiformis.

Figure 19 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 19. Yamankasia rifeia, Silurian, Yaman Kasy, Russia. A, NHMUK VF84, large tube in hand specimen. B, NHMUK VF97, cast of tube exhibiting fold. C, NHMUK VF78, pyritized fibres or filamentous micro-organisms preserved on the outside of a tube. D, NHMUK VF78, fine longitudinal wrinkles preserved on outer tube surface. E, NHMUK OR6468a, tube in transverse section with thick, multi-layered wall. F, NHMUK OR6468b, tube wall in transverse section preserved as several layers. G, UL 61633, detail of tube transverse section showing colloform pyrite interpreted as having grown on the outside of the tube. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 3 mm; E = 1.5 mm; F, G = 500 µm.

Figure 22 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 22. Strict consensus cladogram of the three most parsimonious trees of tubes built by a total of 43 modern annelid taxa (best score = 14.344, consistency index = 0.308, retention index = 0.629). The analysis was based on the 48 mostly morphological tube characters and was performed using implied character weighting (k = 3). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.

Figure 18 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 18. Eoalvinellodes annulatus, Silurian, Yaman Kasy, Russia. A–C, NHMUK OR1388a, NHMUK VF52 and NHMUK VF53, respectively, hand specimens of gently curving tubes with folded fabric-like tube wall texture. D, E, UL YKB1, transverse sections of tubes showing thick walls with thick, possibly multi-layered walls. F, UL YKB1, detail of tube wall in transverse section showing preservation by colloform pyrite many layers thick. Scale bars: A, B = 2 mm; C = 1 mm; D, E = 500 µm; F = 100 µm.

Figure 16. A–C in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 16. A–C, Tevidestus serriformis tubes, Devonian, Sibay, Russia, NHMUK VF71; A, tube fragment exhibiting numerous short collars; B, C, detail of tube wall showing small collars and meshwork of fibres. D, Phyllochaetopterus prolifica outer tube wall detail for comparison, NHMUK 1915.5.1.4-6. Scale bars: A = 4 mm; B, C = 1 mm; D = 10 µm.

Figure 17 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 17. 'Sibay tubes', NHMUK VF71, Devonian, Sibay, Russia. A, hand specimen showing cluster of tubes in various orientations. B, detail of tube wall showing smooth appearance. C, detail of the walls of three adjacent tubes in transverse section; walls appear thick and multi-layered. D, detail of framboidal pyrite preserving tube walls. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 10 µm.