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Fig. 5 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 5. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele conradii (Rosenkrantz, 1942) from Paleocene strata of the Basilika Formation, Colesbukta, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. NRM PZ Mo 182204; a medium sized internal mold in left lateral view with no clear outline of an anterior adductor muscle scar visible. B. ZPAL L.16/1; an internal mold in right (B1) and left (B2) views with fragments of the shell adhering (no clear anterior adductor muscle scar visible); in dorsal view (B3) showing fragments of a posterior sulcus; anterior fragments of the shell (B4) showing flat anterior margin without ridges.

Fig. 3 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 3. Schematic drawing of a model thyasirid bivalve with explanations of the main morphological terms used herein.

Fig. 1. A in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 1. A. Map showing some of the fossil seep localities bearing thyasirids examined in this study. Detailed maps of Amakusa area, Kyushu, Japan (B, C), Washington State, USA (D). 1, Colesbukta area, Spitsbergen, Svalbard; 2, Maeshima, Amakusa area, Kyushu, Japan; 3, Tanami, Honshu, Japan; 4, Hokkaido, Japan; 5, Washington State, USA; 6, Montrose, Nebraska, USA; 7, James Ross Basin, Seymour Island, Antarctica. After Campbell 2006 (A) and Goedert and Benham 1999 (D). For detailed list of localities discussed, the reader is refered the Material section, and references therein.

Fig. 4 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 4. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele townsendi (White, 1890) from Maastrichtian cold seep carbonates of Seymour Island, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. A. NRM Mo 1560; a complete shell in right (A1) and left (A2) lateral view, showing outline and fine commarginal ornament; in anterior view (A3), showing two ridges running from the umbo towards the anteroventral angle; in dorsal view (A4), showing narrow and sharp posterior sulcus and posterior fold and weak furrow possibly representing accessorial ligament attachment surface. B. NRM Mo 1552; an internal mold in left lateral view with fragments of the shell adhering to the anterior and umbonal area (B1) and with outline of the anterior adductor muscle scar visible (B2).

Fig. 7 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 7. Lucinidae from Cretaceous seep carbonates on Hokkaido, Japan. A, B. Nipponothracia yezoensis Kanie and Kuramochi, 1996 (Lucinidae) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa seep site on Hokkaido, Japan. A. Silicified specimen (UMUT MM 29541) showing the broad ligament (A1) and the edentulous hinge (A2). B. Internal mold (UMUT MM 29542) showing internal features, right and left valves (B1, B2), anterior part showing the elongate muscle scar (B3, arrow), posterior part with muscle scar and pallial line (B4). C. Nipponothracia ponbetsensis Kanie and Sakai, 1997, from the Albian Ponbetsu site in Mikasa City; specimen (UMUT MM 29543) showing the radial internal ribs (arrow). D, E. Indetermined lucinid from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa seep site. D. Large specimen (UMUT MM 29544) with nearly circular outline. E. Internal mold (UMUT MM 29545) showing faint radial sculpture, arrow indicates impression of lateral tooth.

Fig. 8 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 8. Geologic ranges of bivalve genera at Japanese seep deposits discussed herein. Dashed lines indicate range extensions outside Japan; *chemosymbiosis uncertain; **non−chemosymbiotic; ***chemosymbiosis only in some species, especially larger ones.

Fig. 6. Outline drawings showing internal features. A in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 6. Outline drawings showing internal features. A. Thyasira tanabei sp. nov. B. Nipponothracia yezoensis (Kanie and Kuramochi, 1996). Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 5. Thyasira spp. from Cretaceous cold seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan. A–G. Thyasira tanabei sp. nov. A. Holotype (UMUT MM 29533) from the Campanian Yasukawa site. B. Paratype (UMUT MM 29534) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa site. C. Paratype (UMUT MM 29535) from the Campanian Yasukawa site; lateral view on right valve (C1), oblique view on right valve, showing posterior sulcus (C2), and dorsal view (C3). D. Paratype (UMUT MM 29536) from the Campanian Omagari site. E. Paratype (UMUT MM 29537) from the Campanian Yasukawa site showing the hinge. F. Small specimen (UMUT MM 29538) from the Campanian Yasukawa site. G. Paratype (UMUT MM 29539) from the Albian Ponbetsu site. H. Thyasira sp. (UMUT MM 29540) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa site; lateral view on right valve (H1), oblique view on right valve showing posterior sulcus (H2), and dorsal view (H3).

Fig. 4 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 4. Acila (Truncacila) from the Campanian Yasukawa seep site on Hokkaido, Japan. A. Acila (Truncacila) hokkaidoensis Nagao, 1932 (UMUT MM 29531), lateral view on left valve (A1) and dorsal view (A2). B. Acila (Truncacila) himenourensis Tashiro, 1985 (UMUT MM 29532), lateral view on right valve (B1), dorsal view showing escutcheon (B2), and dorsal view showing lunule (B3).

Fig. 3 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 3. The protobranch bivalve Nucinella gigantea Amano, Jenkins, and Hikida, 2007 from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) seep carbonate at Kanajirisawa, Obira town, Hokkaido. A. Specimen (UMUT MM 29527) with drill hole and a healed shell injury. B. Articulated specimen (UMUT MM 29528) in dorsal view (B1) and right valve showing radial internal striations (B2). C. Hinge of right valve (UMUT MM 29529). D. Hinge of left valve (UMUT MM 29530).

Fig. 2 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 2. Solemyid bivalves from Cretaceous cold seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan. A, B. Acharax mikasaensis sp. nov., from the Albian Ponbetsu site in Mikasa City. A. Paratype (UMUT MM 29523) showing external sculpture, dorsal (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Holotype (UMUT MM 29524) showing features of the shell interior; arrow in B1 indicates posterior adductor muscle scar, B2 shows a dorsal view, white arrow in B3 indicates the anterior adductor muscle scar, black arrow indicates the narrow band that ascends from its posteroventral margin. C–E. Acharax cretacea Kanie and Nishida, 2000, from the Campanian Yasukawa site. C. Right valve of a slightly deformed, medium−sized specimen (UMUT MM 29525), length 34 mm. D. Small specimen (UMUT MM 29526) (length 8 mm) showing the rounded posterior shell margin, dorsal (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Cross section of shell showing the prismatic microstructure.

Fig. 1. Maps showing the fossiliferous seep deposits. A. The Albian Ponbetsu site. B. The Campanian Yasukawa and Omagari sites. C. The Cenomanian Kanajirisawa site. D in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 1. Maps showing the fossiliferous seep deposits. A. The Albian Ponbetsu site. B. The Campanian Yasukawa and Omagari sites. C. The Cenomanian Kanajirisawa site. D. Overview.

FIG. 14 in A new species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous of the U.S. Western Interior

FIG. 14. Hoploscaphites gilli Cobban and Jeletzky, 1965. A–C. USNM 132622, macroconch, cast, Pierre Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D1871, Niobrara County, Wyoming. A, Apertural; B, ventral; C, left lateral. D–F. USNM 547334, macroconch, Baculites gregoryensis Zone, Pierre Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D1900, Niobrara County, Wyoming. D, Apertural; E, ventral; F, left lateral. G–I. USNM 547333, macroconch, Baculites gregoryensis Zone, Pierre Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D1900, Niobrara County, Wyoming. G, Apertural; H, ventral; I, left lateral. J–L. USNM 547600, microconch, Baculites perplexus Zone, Pierre Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D264, Douglas County, Colorado. J, Right lateral; K, apertural; L, ventral. M–O. USNM 547601, microconch, Baculites perplexus Zone, Pierre Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D398, Crook County, Wyoming. M, Right lateral; N, apertural; O, ventral. P–R. USNM 547602, microconch, Baculites perplexus Zone, Cody Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D255, Converse County, Wyoming. P, Right lateral; Q, apertural; R, ventral. Specimens ×1. For locality information, see Cobban and Jeletzky (1965).

FIG. 13 in A new species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous of the U.S. Western Interior

FIG. 13. Jaws and hooklike structures attributed to Hoploscaphites gilberti, n. sp., or an as yet undescribed, more coarsely ornamented species of Hoploscaphites, Pierre Shale, South Dakota. A. Lower jaw showing the midline slit, ventral view, apex on top, AMNH 64532, Baculites scotti Zone, Pierre Shale, AMNH loc. 3386, Butte County, South Dakota. B. Upper jaw, apex on top, AMNH 64547, Baculites scotti Zone, Pierre Shale, AMNH loc. 3386, Butte County, South Dakota. C. Hooklike structure showing one of the points projecting to the upper right, AMNH 63530, Didymoceras nebrascense Zone, Pierre Shale, AMNH loc. 3440, Butte County, South Dakota. D. Hooklike structure with the basal portion exposed on the bottom, AMNH 63531, Didymoceras nebrascense Zone, Pierre Shale, AMNH loc. 3340, Fall River County, South Dakota. E. Hooklike structure with one point complete and one point broken, AMNH 64533, Didymoceras nebrascense Zone, Pierre Shale, AMNH loc. 3340, Fall River County, South Dakota.

FIG. 12 in A new species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous of the U.S. Western Interior

FIG. 12. Sutures of Hoploscaphites gilberti, n. sp., and H. gilli Cobban and Jeletzky, 1965. A. H. gilberti, n. sp., USNM 547302, macroconch, last suture, Baculites scotti Zone, Pierre Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D1509, Pueblo County, Colorado. B. H. gilberti, n. sp., USNM 547344, microconch, next to last suture, Baculites scotti Zone, Pierre Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D1362, Pueblo County, Colorado. C. H. gilli, USNM 547334, macroconch, third from last suture, Baculites gregoryensis Zone, Pierre Shale, USGS Mesozoic loc. D1900, Niobrara County, Wyoming. Abbreviations: x, tubercle; E, ventral lobe; E/L, first lateral saddle between ventral and lateral lobes; L, lateral lobe.

FIG. 4 in A new species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous of the U.S. Western Interior

FIG. 4. Size-frequency histogram of Hoploscaphites gilberti, n. sp., Pierre Shale, Baculites scotti–Didymoceras nebrascense zones, based on the samples in tables 1 and 2.

FIG. 3. Scaphite terminology. A in A new species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous of the U.S. Western Interior

FIG. 3. Scaphite terminology. A. Macroconch, right lateral view. The shell is oriented in the probable floating position when the body was withdrawn into the body chamber. The umbilical seam of the shaft in macroconchs is straight with a slight umbilical bulge. Abbreviations: HP = whorl height along the long axis; HS = whorl height at midshaft; HH = whorl height at the point of recurvature; LMAX = maximum length along the long axis; apt. <= apertural angle. B. Microconch, right lateral view. In Hoploscaphites gilberti, n. sp., the microconch is approximately 80% of the size of the macroconch or, inversely, the macroconch is approximately 125% the size of the microconch. The umbilical seam of the shaft in microconchs is curved and follows the curvature of the venter. Specimens are photographed from lateral, ventral, and apertural views, as shown. Asterisks indicate the up position in each view. C. Close-up of the umbilicus of the macroconch showing the umbilical diameter measured parallel to the long axis (UD). D. View of the venter of the body chamber at midshaft, with the adoral direction toward the top, showing the width of the venter (VS), as measured between the ventrolateral margins.

FIG. 1 in A new species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous of the U.S. Western Interior

FIG. 1. Map of the middle Campanian Baculites scotti Zone showing the shoreline along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway (reproduced from Cobban et al., 1994). The numbered dots indicate USGS and AMNH localities cited in the text, as listed in the appendix.

FIG. 2 in A new species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous of the U.S. Western Interior

FIG. 2. Tepee buttes in the Pierre Shale of Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota. A. Tepee butte along the Front Range of Colorado, as illustrated by Gilbert (1896: pl. 67). B. Overview of tepee buttes at AMNH loc. 3494,Weston County,Wyoming. Photo by S. Klofak. C. Close-up of tepee butte at AMNH loc. 3494,Weston County, Wyoming. Photo by M. Garb. D. Close-up of tepee butte at AMNH loc. 3344, Butte County, South Dakota, with three of the authors for scale. Photo by B. Brown. E. Tepee butte near AMNH loc. 3344, Butte County, South Dakota. The shale surrounding the limestone core of the tepee butte has weathered away, exposing the core. Photo by B. Brown. F. Macroconch of Hoploscaphites gilberti, n. sp., AMNH loc. 3494, Weston County, Wyoming. Photo by M. Garb.