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390 results for “Commensals”
Data from: Oral microbiomes from hunter-gatherers and traditional farmers reveal shifts in commensal balance and pathogen load linked to diet
Maladaptation to modern diets has been implicated in several chronic disorders. Given the higher prevalence of disease such as dental caries and chronic gum diseases in industrialized societies, we sought to investigate the impact of different subsistence strategies on oral health and physiology, as documented by the oral microbiome. To control for confounding variables such as environment and host genetics, we sampled saliva from three pairs of populations of hunter-gatherers and traditional farmers living in close proximity in the Philippines. Deep shotgun sequencing of salivary DNA generated high-coverage microbiomes along with human genomes. Comparing these microbiomes with publicly available data from individuals living on a Western diet revealed that abundance ratios of core species were significantly correlated with subsistence strategy, with hunter-gatherers and Westerners occupying either end of a gradient of Neisseria against Haemophilus, and traditional farmers falling in between. Species found preferentially in hunter-gatherers included microbes often considered as oral pathogens, despite their hosts' apparent good oral health. Discriminant analysis of gene functions revealed vitamin B5 autotrophy and urease-mediated pH regulation as candidate adaptations of the microbiome to the hunter-gatherer and Western diets, respectively. These results suggest that major transitions in diet selected for different communities of commensals and likely played a role in the emergence of modern oral pathogens.
Data from: Commensalism facilitates gene flow in mountains: a comparison between two Rattus species
Small mammal dispersal is strongly affected by geographical barriers. However, commensal small mammals may be passively transported over large distances and strong barriers by humans (often with agricultural products). This pattern should be especially apparent in topographically complex landscapes, such as mountain ranges, where valleys and/or peaks can limit dispersal of less vagile species. We predict that commensal species would have lower genetic differentiation and higher migration rates than related non-commensals in such landscapes. We contrasted population genetic differentiation in two sympatric Rattus species (R. satarae and R. rattus) in the Western Ghats mountains in southern India. We sampled rats from villages and adjacent forests in seven locations (20–640 km apart). Capture-based statistics confirmed that R. rattus is abundant in human settlements in this region, whereas R. satarae is non-commensal and found mostly in forests. Population structure analyses using ~970-bp mitochondrial control region and 17 microsatellite loci revealed higher differentiation for the non-commensal species (R. satarae F-statistics=0.420, 0.065, R. rattus F-statistics=0.195, 0.034; mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites, respectively). Genetic clustering analyses confirm that clusters in R. satarae are more distinct and less admixed than those in R. rattus. R. satarae shows higher slope for isolation-by-distance compared with R. rattus. Although mode of migration estimates do not strongly suggest higher rates in R. rattus than in R. satarae, they indicate that migration over long distances could still be higher in R. rattus. We suggest that association with humans could drive the observed pattern of differentiation in the commensal R. rattus, consequently impacting not only their dispersal abilities, but also their evolutionary trajectories.
Data from: Functional genotypes are associated with commensal Escherichia coli strain abundance within host individuals and populations
The selective pressures that determine genotype abundance and distribution frequently vary between ecological levels. Thus, it is often unclear whether the same functional genotypes will become abundant at different levels and how selection acting at these different scales are linked. In this study, we examined whether particular functional genotypes, defined by the presence or absence of 34 genes, of commensal E. coli strains were associated with within-host abundance and/or host population abundance in a wild population of 54 adult mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami). Our results revealed that there was a positive correlation between a strain's relative abundance within individuals and the strain's abundance in the host population. We also found that strain abundance at both ecological levels was predicted by the same group of functional genes (agn43, focH, micH47, iroN, ygiL, ompT, kspmT2 and K1) that had associated patterns of occurrence. We propose that direct selection on the same functional genes at both levels may in part be responsible for the observed correlation between the ecological levels. However, a potential link between abundance within the host and excretion rate may also contribute.
FIGURE 26 in New species and host associations of commensal leucothoid amphipods from coral reefs in Florida and Belize (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 26. Comparison of (left to right) the gnathopods 1, 2; and head of two leucothoid species. Row A: Leucothoe urospinosa Serejo, 1998; Row B: Leucothoe laurensi Thomas and Ortiz, 1995.
FIGURE 23 in New species and host associations of commensal leucothoid amphipods from coral reefs in Florida and Belize (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 23. Comparison of (left to right) the gnathopod 1, gnathopod 2, and head of four new leucothoid species; Row A: Leucothoe ashleyae; Row B: Leucothoe kensleyi; Row C: Leucothoe barana n.sp.; Row D: Leucothoe garifunae n.sp.
FIGURE 25 in New species and host associations of commensal leucothoid amphipods from coral reefs in Florida and Belize (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 25. Comparison of (left to right) the gnathopod 1, gnathopod 2, and head of three new leucothoid species; Row A: Leucothoe n.sp. A; Row B: Leucothoe n.sp. B; Row C: Leucothoe n.sp. C.
FIGURE 22. Leucothoe ubouhu n in New species and host associations of commensal leucothoid amphipods from coral reefs in Florida and Belize (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 22. Leucothoe ubouhu n.sp.: A. male gnathopod 1, lateral, 1.74kx; B. male gnathopod 2, medial, 69x. Leucothoe wuriti n.sp.: C. male gnathopod 1 carpus, medial, 1268x; D. male gnathopod 2, medial, 69x.
FIGURE 14. Leucothoe garifunae n in New species and host associations of commensal leucothoid amphipods from coral reefs in Florida and Belize (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 14. Leucothoe garifunae n.sp.: A. male coxa 2 setal pattern, lateral, 345x; B. male gnathopod 2, medial, 127x. Leucothoe saron n.sp.: C. female gnathopod 2 carpal lobe, medial, 1.73kx; D. male gnathopod 2, medial, 173x.
FIGURE 7. Leucothoe barana n in New species and host associations of commensal leucothoid amphipods from coral reefs in Florida and Belize (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
FIGURE 7. Leucothoe barana n.sp.: A. male gnathopod 1 carpus, medial, 1.73kx; B. male Gnathopod 2, medial, 127x. Leucothoe flammosa n.sp.: C. male gnathopod 1, medial, 173x; D. female gnathopod 2, medial, 173x.
FIGURE 3 in Alain raymondi, a new species of deepwater pinnotherid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from the Philippines, commensal with holothurians
FIGURE 3 Alain raymondi sp. nov., male holotype, cl. 8.9 mm, cw. 10.1 mm, station CP2396 (NMCR). A, dorsal habitus (carapace setae omitted). B, right third maxilliped. C, right chela. D–G, right P2–5 (setae omitted). H, abdomen, outer view. I, abdomen, inner view. J, left G1, abdominal view. Scale: A, D–H = 2.0 mm; B–C, J = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Alain raymondi, a new species of deepwater pinnotherid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from the Philippines, commensal with holothurians
FIGURE 2. Alain raymondi sp. nov. A–G, ovigerous female paratype, cl. 10.2 mm, cw. 11.0 mm, station CP2405 (ZRC). H, immature female paratype, cl. 7.9 mm, cw. 8.7 mm, station CP2388 (ZRC 2008.0565). A, dorsal habitus (carapace setae omitted). B, right third maxilliped (setae omitted). C, left chela. D–G, right P2–5 (setae omitted). H, left anterior carapace. Scale: A, C–G = 2.0 mm; B, H = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Alain raymondi, a new species of deepwater pinnotherid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from the Philippines, commensal with holothurians
FIGURE 1. Alain raymondi sp. nov. Live colours. A, immature paratype female (cl. 7.6 mm, cw. 8.2 mm), in situ after dissection of unidentified sea cucumber, station CP2388 (ZRC 2008.0565). Male holotype (cl. 8.9 mm, cw. 10.1 mm), cleaned, station CP2396 (NMCR). C, paratype female (cl. 9.6 mm, cw. 10.4 mm), cleaned, station CP2390 (ZRC).
FIGURE 6. Parahaplosyllis kumpol n in A new species and new record of the commensal genus Alcyonosyllis Glasby & Watson, 2001 and a new species of Parahaplosyllis Hartmann-Schröder, 1990, (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Philippines Islands
FIGURE 6. Parahaplosyllis kumpol n. sp. Paratype (MNCN 16.01/14696) A: posterior part with attached stolons; B: detail of dorsal-most stolon. Parahaplosyllis kumpol n. sp. (MNCN 16.01/14699). SEM. C: midbody segments, dorsal view; D: midbody parapodia; E: detail of cilia, cirri base. F: chaetae, midbody parapodia.DC: dorsal cirri; CL: cilia.
FIGURE 1. Alcyonosyllis aidae n in A new species and new record of the commensal genus Alcyonosyllis Glasby & Watson, 2001 and a new species of Parahaplosyllis Hartmann-Schröder, 1990, (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Philippines Islands
FIGURE 1. Alcyonosyllis aidae n. sp. Paratypes (MNCN 16.01/14693, 14694) A: complete specimen, with a developing stolon; B: detail of the stolon in ventral view; C: detached stolon, dorsal view; D: anterior end, dorsal view of stolon; E: ventral view of stolon.
FIGURE 5. Parahaplosyllis kumpol n in A new species and new record of the commensal genus Alcyonosyllis Glasby & Watson, 2001 and a new species of Parahaplosyllis Hartmann-Schröder, 1990, (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Philippines Islands
FIGURE 5. Parahaplosyllis kumpol n. sp. Holotype (NMA 004441) A: anterior end, dorsal view; B: detail of prostomium and anterior-most segments, ventral view; C: dorsal chaeta, anterior parapodia; D: ventral chaeta anterior parapodia; E: acícula. Scale.- A, B; 0.195 mm; C: 20 µm.
FIGURE 2. Alcyonosyllis aidae n in A new species and new record of the commensal genus Alcyonosyllis Glasby & Watson, 2001 and a new species of Parahaplosyllis Hartmann-Schröder, 1990, (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Philippines Islands
FIGURE 2. Alcyonosyllis aidae n. sp. Holotype (NMA 004438) A: anterior end, dorsal view; B: midbody, dorsal view; C: posterior segments, dorsal view; Scale. 0.18 mm.
FIGURE 3. Fenestrulina commensalis n in A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 3. Fenestrulina commensalis n. sp. A, Part of colony with autozooids and ovicelled zooids; B, zooids with ovicells; C, close-up of orifice; note the small angular condyles in the proximolateral corners and the single distal spine base; D, closeup of ascopore and frontal pseudopores. E–F, abfrontal surface of colony with holes indicating the location of abfrontal pore chambers. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B,F, 0.15 mm; C,D, 0.05 mm; E 0.3 mm.
FIGURE 2. Fenestrulina commensalis n in A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 2. Fenestrulina commensalis n. sp. A–B, Colony on tube of tube-dwelling anemone Pachycerianthus sp.; C, abfrontal surface of the colony with abfrontal chitinous rhizoids. Scale bars: A, 0.6 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C, 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 1. Map with Brazilian states in the Tropical Southwestern Atlantic biogeographic province (in white) with the sampling area indicated (triangle).
FIGURES 30–33 in Chironomids are commensals of the larvae and pupae of Blephariceridae and Simuliidae from the North Caucasus (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)
FIGURES 30–33. Localities of Cardiocladius sp. 1 and Blephariceridae larvae (30–32), Eukiefferiella claripennis group and Simuliidae larvae with pupae (33). 30, Greater Caucasus, Tseyskoye Gorge, Terek River basin, Waterfall on the Shalatsikomdon River (Russia: Republic of North Ossetia–Alania); 31, Greater Caucasus, Skazdon River near the Tseyskoe Gorge (Russia: Republic of North Ossetia–Alania); 32, Greater Caucasus, Avar Koysu River basin, the left tributary of the Dzhurmut River opposite of Choroda Village (Russia: Republic of Dagestan); 33, Greater Caucasus, Avar Koysu River basin, left tributary of the Joahor River, 3 km upstream of its mouth on the Jurmut River (Russia: Republic of Dagestan). (Photos by D.M. Palatov).
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