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FIGURE 10 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 10. Schematic sketches of the fronto-parietalsagittal crests of some specimens of Capatanka. 10.1) Capatanka cankpeopi LACM 17692; 10.2) Capatanka sp. SDSM 53241; 10.3) SDSM 5672. Abbreviations as in Figure 9.

FIGURE 8 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 8. Some cranial material assigned to Capacikala sp. 8.1) SDSM 55108, 8.2) SDSM 5489, 8.3) and 8.4) LACM 17435 in dorsal and ventral view, respectively. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 3 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 3. Skull of Capacikala gradatus, JODA 621 in frontal view with left infraorbital foramen (iof). Scale bar equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 4. Photograph of the right mandible in lateral view 4.1) and interpretative drawings of the left mandible and dentition of Capacikala gradatus, JODA 621, John Day Fossil Beds, Oregon, in labial (4.2), and lingual (4.3) view. 4.3) dentition, p4-m3 sinister, in occlusal view (anterior is to the right). Abbreviations: as – angular shelf (masseter crest of Freye, 1959; linobl – linea obliquea; pf – pterygoid fossa. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

TABLE 1 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

TABLE 1. — Dental measurements of the specimens of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997. Abbreviations: C/c, upper/lower canines; P/p, premolars; L, length; M/m, molars; Tal., talonid; Trg, trigonid; W, width. Measurements expressed in millimeters.<table><tbody><tr><th>Specimen</th><th></th><th>C</th><th>P2</th><th>P3</th><th></th><th>M1</th><th>M2</th><th>M3</th><th>M4</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>VPPLT 1612 (right)</th><td>L</td><td>20.63</td><td>3.47</td><td>6.46</td><td></td><td>12.3</td><td>13.22</td><td>12.99</td><td>3.99</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>6.74</td><td>1.88</td><td>4.42</td><td></td><td>6.97</td><td>8.83</td><td>10.2</td><td>10.8</td></tr><tr><th>VPPLT 1612 (left)</th><td>L</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>6.41</td><td></td><td>12.5</td><td>c. 12.60</td><td>c. 13.18</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>?</td><td>c. 2.60</td><td>2.56</td><td></td><td>6.45</td><td>8.67</td><td>10.3</td><td>c. 10.70</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>c</td><td>p2</td><td>p3</td><td></td><td>m1</td><td>m2</td><td>m3</td><td>m4</td></tr><tr><th>IGM 184247 (right)</th><td>L</td><td>?</td><td>c. 6.00</td><td>c. 7.20</td><td></td><td>c. 9.50</td><td>11.45</td><td>13.6</td><td>13.4</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>?</td><td>c. 3.00</td><td>c. 3.30</td><td>Trg</td><td>c. 4.45</td><td>5.25</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Tal.</td><td>c. 4.00</td><td>4.75</td><td>5.05</td><td>1.75</td></tr><tr><th>IGM 184247 (left)</th><td>L</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td></td><td>?</td><td>11.3</td><td>13.6</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Trg</td><td>?</td><td>5</td><td>5.8</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Tal.</td><td>?</td><td>4.45</td><td>5.1</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th>VPPLT 1612 (right)</th><td>L</td><td>?</td><td>c. 4.25</td><td>c. 6.70</td><td></td><td>9.38</td><td>11.81</td><td>13.38</td><td>13.6</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td></td><td>c. 2.26</td><td>c. 3.91</td><td>Trg</td><td>4.25</td><td>5.6</td><td>6.59</td><td>6.73</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Tal.</td><td>3.6</td><td>4.85</td><td>5.41</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><th>VPPLT 1612 (left)</th><td>L</td><td>8.94</td><td>3.39</td><td>6.7</td><td></td><td>9.24</td><td>c. 12.05</td><td>c. 13.35</td><td>c. 14.00</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>W</td><td>5.32</td><td>1.76</td><td>2.5</td><td>Trg</td><td>3.88</td><td>5.29</td><td>c. 6.46</td><td>6.23</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Tal.</td><td>c. 3.20</td><td>4.55</td><td>c. 5.62</td><td>2.5</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

TABLE 2 in A sabre-tooth predator from the Neotropics: Cranial morphology of Anachlysictis gracilis Goin, 1997 (Metatheria, Thylacosmilidae), based on new specimens from La Venta (Middle Miocene, Colombia)

TABLE 2. — Body mass estimations. Abbreviations: Log, common logarithm (with base 10); ln, natural logarithm (with base e); M2A, second upper molar area; M2L, second upper molar length; m2A, second lower molar area; m3L, third lower molar length; %PE, percent prediction error; R2, ratio estimate; SE, smearing estimate correction factor; X, selected variable. Body mass expressed in kilograms. Equation source references: 1, Myers 2001, ‘All species’ data-set; 2, Myers 2001, Dasyuromorphian data set; 3, Zimicz 2012.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Body</th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><td>Equation</td><td>X</td><td>%PE</td><td>R2</td><td>SE</td><td>mass</td><td>Ref.</td></tr><tr><th>“ A. gracilis (IGM 184247)”</th><td>log(y) = 1.005 + 1.857 log(x)</td><td>m2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.951</td><td>1.119</td><td>22.77</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>log(y) = 0.567 + 3.400 log(x)</td><td>m3L</td><td>12.00</td><td>0.945</td><td>1.035</td><td>27.29</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.76 + 3.17 ln(x)</td><td>m3L</td><td>12.08</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.110</td><td>25.29</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>“ A. gracilis (VPPLT 1612)”</th><td>log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td><td>M2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.029</td><td>22.15</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>log(y) = 1.005 + 1.857 log(x)</td><td>m2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.951</td><td>1.119</td><td>27.19</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td><td>M2L</td><td>7.03</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.160</td><td>25.47</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>log(y) = 0.567 + 3.400 log(x)</td><td>m3L</td><td>12.00</td><td>0.945</td><td>1.035</td><td>25.82</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.76 + 3.17 ln(x)</td><td>m3L</td><td>12.08</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.110</td><td>24.02</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>“ P. goini (MLP 07-VII-1-1)”</th><td>log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td><td>M2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.029</td><td>25.93</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td><td>M2L</td><td>7.03</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.160</td><td>19.79</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>“ T. atrox (P14531)”</th><td>log(y) = 0.426 + 1.890 log(x)</td><td>M2A</td><td>7.00</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.029</td><td>42.50</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>ln(y) = 1.89 + 3.14 ln(x)</td><td>M2L</td><td>7.03</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.160</td><td>41.12</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/99b3b009-f006-4146-b335-cbfdc2fcd60b">https://bionomia.net/dataset/99b3b009-f006-4146-b335-cbfdc2fcd60b</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/99b3b009-f006-4146-b335-cbfdc2fcd60b">https://gbif.org/dataset/99b3b009-f006-4146-b335-cbfdc2fcd60b</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Fig. 8 in Redescription of the Cranial Morphology of Mariliasuchus amarali, and Its Phylogenetic Affinities (Crocodyliformes, Notosuchia)

Fig. 8. Mandible of MZSP-PV 50 in left lateral view. Scale bar 5 1 cm. Anatomical abbreviations are listed in appendix 1.

Fig. 2 in Redescription of the Cranial Morphology of Mariliasuchus amarali, and Its Phylogenetic Affinities (Crocodyliformes, Notosuchia)

Fig. 2. Columnar section of the studied outcrop, Araçatuba Formation, 18 km southwest from Marília (coordinates: 49°569450W, 22°209320S).

Fig. 1. A in Redescription of the Cranial Morphology of Mariliasuchus amarali, and Its Phylogenetic Affinities (Crocodyliformes, Notosuchia)

Fig. 1. A. Location of the Mariliasuchus occurrence in the Bauru Basin (after Riccomini 1997, modified): 1, Precambrian basement rocks; 2, Paraná Basin (Ordovician to Triassic); 3, Serra Geral Formation (Early Cretaceous); 4, Bauru Basin (Late Cretaceous). B. Stratigraphic relationships of the Bauru Group in the southeastern part of the Bauru Basin: 1, basaltic rocks; 2, cross-bedded sansdstone; 3, massive to slightly stratified sandstone; 4, massive to slightly stratified sandstone interlayered with mudstones; 5, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone; 6, sandstone and mudstone; 7, sandstone and conglomerate with limestone cement; 8, position of Mariliasuchus remains.

Fig. 5 in Redescription of the Cranial Morphology of Mariliasuchus amarali, and Its Phylogenetic Affinities (Crocodyliformes, Notosuchia)

Fig. 5. Skull of MZSP-PV 50 in left lateral view. Scale bar 5 1 cm. Anatomical abbreviations are listed in appendix 1.

FIG. 37. Tapirus indicus AMNH M-77875 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 37. Tapirus indicus AMNH M-77875, juvenile specimen. Left caudal cranium in oblique A, ventral and B, dorsal views, on facing pages with accompanying stereopairs. In B, endocranial sulcus (1) rostral to carotid incisure resembles that of Equus, which houses cavernous sinus and S-shaped loop of cerebral carotid before latter pierces dura mater (Bradley, 1923, p. 145; see also fig. 5); a second vascular sulcus (2) is situated where

FIG. 40 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 40. Transverse segments comparing vascular routes in mastoid region in Equus caballus AMNH M-204155 (A–E) and Tetramerorhinus lucarius AMNH VP-9245 (F–I) on this and facing page, each series in caudorostral order. Equus series: In A–C, sulcus for arteria diploetica magna/caudal meningeal artery (single asterisk) crosses lateral face of petrosal mastoid in a deep sulcus covered by overlying squamosal (thus forming posttemporal foramen, so-called mastoid foramen of equine anatomies). Artery's trackway is located below, but converges with, sulcus for temporal sinus in separate compartment. In D, at transverse level of external acoustic meatus, sulcus for artery enters short canal (canal Y) that penetrates dorsal surface of petro-

FIG. 35. Rhinoceros unicornis AMNH M-274636, perinatal specimen. A in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 35. Rhinoceros unicornis AMNH M-274636, perinatal specimen. A, general view of caudal cranium, ventral aspect; B, right auditory region, oblique ventrolateral view (stereopair); C, right auditory region, oblique dorsolateral view (skull cap removed, cut edge indicated by hachure); D, aspect as in C, but viewed from slightly different vantage point in order to view entotympanic sulci (stereopair). In ventral views (A, B), note deep grooves on medial and lateral sides of ventral process of entotympanic for accommodation of internal carotid artery (1) and mandibular nerve (2), as well as incisures (3) on alisphenoid's ventral margin (facing basicapsular fenestra). Route of internal carotid is best described as extratympanic, because it grooves rather than tunnels through entotympanic and does not actually touch promontorium. In dorsal views C and D, plane of slice passes through sulci for posttemporal and temporal vasculature, obscuring their relationship. Note entotympanic's dorsal process (4) projecting between squamosal and petrosal, to form a small part of

FIG. 29 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 29. Toxodon sp., selected basicranial features. A, MCL 5192 (adult), caudal cranium in ventral aspect, with undivided rostral (piriform) portion of basicapsular fenestra; B, MACN Pv 16615 (juvenile), right auditory region in ventral aspect, with divided fenestra (C, closeup of area in box in B). Key: 1, vascular sulcus crossing tympanic tympanic floor externally; 2, medial portion of rostral basicapsular fenestra, transmitting internal carotid; 3, vascular sulcus crossing entoglenoid region, presumably conducting tributaries of basicranial venous plexuses; 4, auditory bulla; 5, vascular sulcus between jugular area and hypoglossal canal,?for anastomosis between ventral petrosal sinus and condylar emissary vein; 6, squamoectotympanic suture. Van Kampen (1905: 615) reasonably assumed that feature 1, seen crossing external surface of bulla in A, was a

FIG. 41. Equus asinus AMNH M-204141 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 41. Equus asinus AMNH M-204141, isolated left petrosal in oblique caudodorsal aspect, showing osteological (top) and inferred vascular (bottom) features based on known anatomy of domestic horse. Arteries (red): Sulci for occipital artery and arteria diploetica magna (= caudal meningeal artery of equine anatomies) are continuous; small vessel leaving occipital trunk is meant to suggest muscular branches to m. obliquus capitis cranialis (Ellenberger and Baum, 1908: 672), which leave no trace osteologically. As in figure 40, sulcus for arteria diploetica magna passes dorsally over tympanic roof, then diverges medially along a somewhat narrower trackway that runs through a short tube, canal Y. Trackway reemerges, crosses (asterisk) petrosal's mediodorsal face, then continues into middle cranial fossa to join or become cranioorbital artery. Veins (blue): In equines there is no equivalent of vena diploetica magna closely accompanying arteria diploetica magna. Small vein (dashed blue line) within canal Y is included for purposes of illustration only; no such vein is found in the horse, but its presence (as vena diploetica magna) would be generally expected in other taxa possessing arteria diploetica magna. Although hard to appreciate from this aspect, transverse sinus, temporal sinus, and vein of temporal meatus are individually situated at higher horizontal positions than trackway for arteria diploetica magna (cf. figs. 39A, 40). Temporal sinus enters canal that partly parallels sulcus for arteria diploetica magna, but continues rostrally to leave skull as retroarticular vein via retroarticular incisure (fig. 40).

FIG. 39. Equus caballus AMNH M-204155 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 39. Equus caballus AMNH M-204155, left caudal cranium in A, lateral and B, ventral aspects, with C, ventral stereopair of auditory region. Key: 1, incisura carotidis; 2, incisura ovalis; 3, incisura spinosa. In A, planes corresponding to approximate location of segments illustrated in figure 40A–E are indicated on lower right. In B, white asterisks, impressions for?tributaries of basicranial plexuses and retroarticular emissary vein; black asterisk, impression for?craniooccipital vein or emissarium from ventral petrosal sinus (see fig. 6). Even though this a young animal, suture line between ectotympanic and entotympanic is already obliterated (see Maier et al., 2013).

FIG. 26 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 26. Trigonostylops wortmani AMNH VP-28700. A, B, basicranium in rostroventral aspect, with interpretative diagram based on updated version of Simpson's (1933a) figure 5, drawn in similar orientation; C, left auditory region (stereopair) in oblique rostroventral aspect, to reveal matrix-filled rostral (piriform) part of basicapsular fenestra; and D, left auditory region (stereopair) in oblique caudoventral aspect, to reveal close proximity of tympanic cavity and aditus of extratympanic sinus. In A, contour lines on basicranium rostral to ectotympanic (not in original illustration) approximate extent of matrix-filled basicapsular fenestra (see C). Labeling conforms to identifications and nomenclature used in this paper. Key: 1, caudal carotid incisure in ectotympanic; 2, Simpson's "foramen lacerum medium & Eustachian canal," actually medial limit of matrix-

FIG. 31. Digital 3D in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 31. Digital 3D reconstructions of left osseous labyrinths of Trigonostylops wortmani AMNH VP-28700 and Astrapotherium magnum MACN A 3208 in lateral, ventral, and dorsal views. Both specimens are damaged (area of fenestra vestibuli in AMNH VP-28700; fenestra cochleae in MACN A 3208: arrow).

FIG. 25 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 25. Trigonostylops wortmani AMNH VP-28700, right orbital and infratemporal regions. A, oblique right lateral aspect (stereopair), B, interpretative diagram (on page opposite), based on Simpson's (1933a) original figure 2 but relabeled to conform with identifications and nomenclature used in this paper. Zygomatic arch shown in section (hachure). Conspicuous groove running dorsorostrally from cranioorbital foramen is probably vascular; in some mammals (e.g., rodents, many eulipotyphlans) a similarly positioned trackway carries retained orbital branch of stapedial ramus superior (Bugge, 1974). Multiple infraorbital foramina are more obvious in figure 24. Single asterisk, small aperture, possibly but not certainly a foramen. Double asterisks, groove for lesser palatine neurovascular bundle, passing around caudal end of maxillary tuberosity.