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468 results for “Daphnia”
Daphnia magna trade-off safety from UV radiation for food
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Dataset and scripts from: Dietary sterol availability modulates heat tolerance of Daphnia
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A field experiment reveals seasonal variation in the Daphnia gut microbiome
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Data for fitness analyses used in: Environmentally-induced DNA methylation is inherited across generations in water fleas (Daphnia magna)
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Fitness cost from fluctuating ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna
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Data for: Bi-modal response strategy in Daphnia to ambush predation risk
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Data from: A test for microbiome-mediated rescue via host phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia
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Mysterious microsporidians: springtime outbreaks of disease in Daphnia communities in shallow pond ecosystems
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Density of Acanthocyclops vernalis, Leptodiaptomus tyrelli and Daphnia pulicaria in Hidden Lake (Banff, AB, Canada) from 2014 to 2020
This data file is the combination of two data sets of two different methodology (The Derry lab and Fisher lab; see method section for differences). The density of three dominant species were assessed every summer during the same week from 2014 to 2020 by the Fisher lab in Hidden Lake, Banff National Park, Canada: the cyclopoid Acanthocyclops vernalis, the calanoid Leptodiaptomus tyrelli and the cladocera Daphnia pulicaria. An extra sampling effort was done by the Derry lab around the rotenone treatments. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of two rotenone application (in summer 2018 and 2019) on zooplankton populations.
Insights into the genetic basis of predator-induced response in Daphnia galeata
<p>Phenotypic plastic responses allow organisms to rapidly adjust when facing environmental challenges - these responses comprise morphological, behavioral but also life-history changes. Alteration of life-history traits when exposed to predation risk have been reported often in the ecological and genomic model organism <i>Daphnia</i>. However, the molecular basis of this response is not well understood, especially in the context of fish predation. Here, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of two <i>Daphnia galeata</i> clonal lines with opposed life histories when exposed to fish kairomones. First, we conducted a differential gene expression, identifying a total of 125 candidate transcripts involved in the predator-induced response, uncovering substantial intra-specific variation. Second, we applied a gene co-expression network analysis to find clusters of tightly linked transcripts revealing the functional relations of transcripts underlying the predator-induced response. Our results showed that transcripts involved in remodeling of the cuticle, growth and digestion correlated with the response to environmental change in <i>D. galeata</i>. Furthermore, we used an orthology-based approach to gain functional information for transcripts lacking gene ontology (GO) information, as well as insights into the evolutionary conservation of transcripts. We could show that our candidate transcripts have orthologs in other <i>Daphnia</i> species but almost none in other arthropods. The unique combination of methods allowed us to identify candidate transcripts, their putative functions and evolutionary history associated with predator-induced responses in <i>Daphnia</i>. Our study opens up to the question as to whether the same molecular signature is associated with fish kairomones-mediated life-history changes in other <i>Daphnia</i> species.</p>
Ecology directs host-parasite coevolutionary trajectories across Daphnia-microparasite populations
<p>Host-parasite interactions often fuel coevolutionary change. However, parasitism is one of a myriad of possible ecological interactions in nature. Biotic (<i>e.g., </i>predation) and abiotic (<i>e.g., </i>temperature) variation can amplify or dilute parasitism as a selective force on hosts and parasites, driving population variation in (co)evolutionary trajectories. We dissected the relationships between wider ecology and coevolutionary trajectory using 16 ecologically complex <i>Daphnia magna-Pasteuria ramosa</i> ponds seeded with an identical starting host (<i>Daphnia</i>) and parasite (<i>Pasteuria</i>) population. We show, using a time-shift experiment and outdoor population data, how multivariate biotic and abiotic ecological differences between ponds caused coevolutionary divergence. Wider ecology drove variation in host evolution of resistance, but not parasite infectivity; parasites subsequently coevolved in response to the changing complement of host genotypes, such that parasites adapted to historically resistant host genotypes. Parasitism was a stronger interaction for the parasite than for its host, likely because the host is the principal environment and selective force, whereas for hosts, parasite-mediated selection is one of many sources of selection. Our findings reveal the mechanisms through which wider ecology creates coevolutionary hotspots and coldspots in biologically realistic arenas of host-parasite interaction, and sheds light on how the ecological theatre can affect the (co)evolutionary play.</p>
Data from: Haemoglobin-mediated response to hyper-thermal stress in the keystone species Daphnia magna
Anthropogenic global warming has become a major geological and environmental force driving drastic changes in natural ecosystems. Due to the high thermal conductivity of water and the effects of temperature on metabolic processes, freshwater ecosystems are among the most impacted by these changes. The ability to tolerate changes in temperature may determine species long-term survival and fitness. Therefore, it is critical to identify coping mechanisms to thermal and hyper-thermal stress in aquatic organisms. A central regulatory element compensating for changes in oxygen supply and ambient temperature is the respiratory protein haemoglobin (Hb). Here, we quantify haemoglobin (Hb) plastic and evolutionary response in D. magna (sub)populations resurrected from the sedimentary archive of a lake with known history of increase in average temperature and recurrence of heat waves. By measuring constitutive changes in crude Hb protein content among (sub)populations we assessed evolution of the haemoglobin gene family in response to temperature increase. To quantify the contribution of plasticity in the response of this gene family to hyper-thermal stress, we quantified changes in Hb content in all (sub)populations under hyper-thermal stress as compared to non-stressful temperature. Further, we tested competitive abilities of genotypes as a function of their Hb content, constitutive and induced. We found that haemoglobin (Hb)-rich genotypes have superior competitive abilities as compared to Hb-poor genotypes under hyper-thermal stress after a period of acclimation. These findings suggest that whereas long-term adjustment to higher occurrence of heat waves may require a combination of plasticity and genetic adaptation, plasticity is most likely the coping mechanism to hyper-thermal stress in the short term. Our study suggests that with higher occurrence of heat waves Hb-rich genotypes may be favoured with potential long-term impact on population genetic diversity
The evolution of reproductive isolation in Daphnia
Background <p>The process by which populations evolve to become new species involves the emergence of various reproductive isolating barriers (RIB). Despite major advancements in understanding this complex process, very little is known about the order in which RIBs evolve or their relative contribution to the total restriction of gene flow during various stages of speciation. This is mainly due to the difficulties of studying reproductive isolation during the early stages of species formation. This study examines ecological and non-ecological RIB within and between <i>Daphnia pulex</i> and <i>Daphnia pulicaria,</i> two recently diverged species that inhabit distinct habitats and exhibit an unusual level of intraspecific genetic subdivision.</p> Results <p>We find that while ecological prezygotic barriers are close to completion, none of the non-ecological barriers can restrict gene flow between <i>D. pulex</i> and <i>D. pulicaria</i> completely when acting alone. Surprisingly, we also identified high levels of postzygotic reproductive isolation in 'conspecific' interpopulation crosses of <i>D. pulex</i>.</p> Conclusions <p>While the ecological prezygotic barriers are prevalent during the mature stages of speciation, non-ecological barriers likely dominated the early stages of speciation. This finding indicates the importance of studying the very early stages of speciation and suggests the contribution of postzygotic isolation in initiating the process of speciation.</p>
Acclimation capacity and rate change through life in the zooplankton Daphnia
<p>When a change in the environment occurs, organisms can maintain an optimal phenotypic state via plastic, reversible changes to their phenotypes. These adjustments, when occurring within a generation, are described as the process of acclimation. Whilst acclimation has been studied for more than half a century, global environmental change has stimulated renewed interest in quantifying variation in the rate and capacity with which this process occurs, particularly among ectothermic organisms. Yet, despite the likely ecological importance of acclimation capacity and rate, how these traits change throughout life among members of the same species is largely unstudied. Here we investigate these relationships by measuring acute heat tolerance of the clonally reproducing zooplankter <i>Daphnia magna</i> of different size/age and acclimation status. The heat tolerance of individuals completely acclimated to relatively warm (28°C) or cool (17°C) temperatures diverged during development, indicating that older, larger individuals had a greater capacity to increase heat tolerance. However, when cool acclimated individuals were briefly exposed to the warm temperature (i.e. were 'heat-hardened'), it was younger, smaller animals with less capacity to acclimate that were able to do so more rapidly because they obtained or came closer to obtaining complete acclimation of heat tolerance. Our results illustrate that within a species, individuals can differ substantially in how rapidly and by how much they can respond to environmental change. We urge greater investigation of the intraspecific relationship between acclimation and development along with further consideration of the factors that might contribute to these enigmatic patterns of phenotypic variation.</p>
The morphological and life-history data of two Daphnia species under different fish kairomone concentrations
<p><em>Daphnia</em> species can avoid predation by sensing fish kairomones and producing inducible defenses by altering the phenotype. However, the inducible response mechanisms of different <em>Daphnia</em> species to fish kairomones remain unclear. In this study, the morphological and life history strategy of two <em>Daphnia</em> species (<em>Daphnia pulex</em> and <em>Daphnia sinensis</em>) exposed to <em>Aristichthys nobilis</em> kairomones were studied. In the presence of fish kairomones, the two <em>Daphnia</em> species exhibited significantly smaller body length at maturity, smaller body length of offspring at the 10<sup>th</sup> instar, and longer relative tail spine of offspring. Nevertheless, other morphological and life history traits of the two <em>Daphnia</em> species differed. <em>D. pulex</em> showed a significantly longer relative tail spine length and shorter age at maturity after exposure to fish kairomones. The total offspring number of <em>D. sinensis </em>exposed to fish kairomones was significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas that of <em>D. pulex</em> was significantly lower. These results suggest that the inducible mechanisms (e.g., relative tail spine length, age at maturity, and total offspring number) of the two <em>Daphnia </em>species exposed to fish kairomones differ significantly and that the maternal morphological traits can be transferred to the offspring such that they can avoid predation.</p>
Regional and fine-scale local adaptation in salinity tolerance in Daphnia inhabiting contrasting clusters of inland saline waters
<p>Freshwater salinisation is an important threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and the provision of ecosystem services. Therefore, understanding the capacity of species to adapt to salinity gradients is crucial. Clusters of naturally saline habitats represent ideal test cases to study the extent and scale of local adaptation to salinisation. We studied local genetic adaptation of the water flea Daphnia magna, a key component of pond food webs, to salinity in two contrasting landscapes - a dense cluster of sodic bomb crater ponds and a larger-scale cluster of soda pans. We show regional differentiation in salinity tolerance reflecting the higher salinity levels of soda pans versus bomb crater ponds. We found local adaptation to differences in salinity levels at the scale of tens of metres among bomb crater pond populations but not among geographically more distant soda pan populations. The population-level salinity tolerance range was reduced in more saline bomb crater ponds through an upward shift of the minimum salt tolerance observed across clones and a consequent gradual loss of less tolerant clones in a nested pattern. Our results show genetic adaptation to salinity gradients at different spatial scales and fine-tuned local adaptation in neighbouring habitat patches in a natural landscape.</p>
Different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote the maintenance of genetic diversity via the storage effect in Daphnia pulex
<p>Understanding mechanisms that promote the maintenance of biodiversity (genetic and species diversity) has been a central topic in evolution and ecology. Previous studies have revealed that dormancy can contribute to coexistence of competing genotypes or species in fluctuating environments via the storage effect. However, they tended to focus on differences in reproductive success (e.g., seed yield) and diapause termination (e.g., germination) timing. Here we tested whether different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote coexistence of two parthenogenetic (asexual) genotypes of <em>Daphnia pulex </em>in Lake Fukami-ike, Japan. Through laboratory experiments, we confirmed that short day length and low food availability induced the production of diapausing eggs. Furthermore, we found that one genotype tended to produce diapausing eggs in broader environmental conditions than the other. Terminating parthenogenetic reproduction earlier decreases total clonal production, but the early-diapausing genotype becomes advantageous by assuring reproduction in "short" years where winter arrival is earlier than usual. Empirically parameterized theoretical analyses suggested that different photoperiodic responses can promote coexistence via the storage effect with fluctuations of the growing season length. Therefore, timing of diapause induction may be as important as diapause termination timing for promoting the maintenance of genetic diversity in fluctuating environments.</p>
Inhibition of gut digestive proteases by cyanobacterial diets decreases infection in a Daphnia host-parasite system
<p>Secondary metabolites produced by primary producers have a wide range of functions as well as indirect effects outside the scope of their direct target. Research suggests that protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria influence grazing by herbivores and may also protect against parasites of cyanobacteria. In this study we asked whether those same protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria also can influence interactions of herbivores with their parasites. </p> <p>We used the <em>Daphnia-Metschnikowia</em> zooplankton host-fungal parasite system to address this question because it is well-documented that cyanobacteria protease inhibitors suppress trypsin and chymotrypsin in the gut of <em>Daphnia</em>, and because it is known that <em>Metschnikowia</em> infects via the gut. We tested the hypothesis that <em>Daphnia</em> gut proteases are necessary for <em>Metschnikowia</em> spores to be released from their asci. We then also tested whether diets that decrease trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the guts of <em>Daphnia</em> lead to lower levels of infection.</p> <p>Our results show that chymotrypsin promotes release of the fungal spores from their asci. Moreover, a diet that strongly inhibited chymotrypsin activity in <em>Daphnia</em> decreased infection levels, particularly in the most susceptible <em>Daphnia</em> clones.</p> <p>Our results support the growing literature that cyanobacterial diets can be beneficial to zooplankton hosts when challenged by parasites and uncover a mechanism that contributes to the protective effect of cyanobacterial diets. Specifically, we demonstrate that host chymotrypsin enzymes promote dehiscence of <em>Metschnikowia</em> spores; when cyanobacteria inhibit activity of chymotrypsin in hosts, this most likely traps the spore inside the ascus, preventing the parasite from puncturing the gut and beginning the infection process, and reduced the proportion of <em>Daphnia</em> infected.</p> <p>This study illustrates how secondary metabolites of phytoplankton can protect herbivores against their own enemies.</p>
Fig. 3. FCAanalysisoftheallozymedataacrosspopulationsof Daphniaatkinsoni and D in Allozyme-Based Genetic Variability Of The Daphnia Atkinsoni-Bolivari Species Complex (Cladocera: Daphniidae) In The Hungarian Great Plain
Fig. 3. FCAanalysisoftheallozymedataacrosspopulationsof Daphniaatkinsoni and D. bolivari.
Hybridization dynamics and extensive introgression in the Daphnia longispina species complex: new insights from a high-quality Daphnia galeata reference genome
<p>Supplementary data for the Genome Biology and Evolution paper <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab267">10.1093/gbe/evab267</a></p>
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