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656 results for “Darwin”
Ecological Survey of Central Arizona: a survey of key ecological indicators in parcels of residential areas in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area, ongoing since 2010 (Reformatted to a Darwin Core Archive)
This data package is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, event core). For more information on Darwin Core see https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/. This Level 2 data package was derived from the Level 1 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/edi/115/2, which was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-cap/653/2. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: The Ecological Survey of Central Arizona (ESCA) is an extensive field survey and integrated inventory designed to capture key ecological indicators of the CAP LTER study area consisting of the urbanized, suburbanized, and agricultural areas of metropolitan Phoenix, and the surrounding Sonoran desert. The survey is conducted every five years at approximately 200 sample plots (30m x 30m) that were located randomly using a tessellation-stratified dual-density sampling design. Study plots cover habitats throughout the CAP LTER study area ranging from native Sonoran desert sites to residential yards to an airport tarmac. In 2010, the survey was expanded to include an assessment of residential parcels overlapping the survey plot at sites in residential areas. Many of the same variables that are measured in the 30m x 30m survey plot are measured in the parcel, including an inventory of perennial plants, and the biovolume of trees. In addition, a detailed assessment of characteristics of the parcel is performed. Investigators interested in data from the broader Ecological Survey of Central Arizona that includes all survey plots should should search the data catalog for 'ecological survey of central arizona' or 'survey 200' to locate those and other data related to the CAP LTER's ESCA.
Ecological Survey of Central Arizona: a survey of key ecological indicators in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area and surrounding Sonoran desert, ongoing since 1999 (Reformatted to a Darwin Core Archive)
This data package is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, event core). For more information on Darwin Core see https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/. This Level 2 data package was derived from the Level 1 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/edi/247/3, which was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-cap/652/3. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: The Ecological Survey of Central Arizona (ESCA) is an extensive field survey and integrated inventory designed to capture key ecological indicators of the CAP LTER study area consisting of the urbanized, suburbanized, and agricultural areas of metropolitan Phoenix, and the surrounding Sonoran desert. The survey, formerly known as the survey 200 and renamed to ESCA in 2015, is conducted every five years at approximately 200 sample plots (30m x 30m) that were located randomly using a tessellation-stratified dual-density sampling design. Study plots cover habitats throughout the CAP LTER study area ranging from native Sonoran desert sites to residential yards to an airport tarmac. Measurements include an inventory of all plants (identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit, typically species), plant biovolume, soil coring for physicochemical properties, arthropod sweep-net sampling, photo documentation, and a visual survey of site and area characteristics. The objectives of the survey are to (1) characterize patches in terms of key biotic, physical, and chemical variables, and (2) examine relationships among land use, general plant diversity, native plant diversity, plant biovolume, soil nutrient status, and social-economic indices along an indirect urban gradient. A pilot survey was conducted in 1999, and the first full ESCA was conducted in 2000. The maiden survey in 2000 featured a suite of measurements that were not assessed in later surveys, including data fr
Long-term trends in abundance of Lepidoptera larvae at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and three additional northern hardwood forest sites, 1986-2018 (Reformatted to a Darwin Core Archive)
This data package is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, event core). For more information on Darwin Core see https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/. This Level 2 data package was derived from the Level 1 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/edi/349/2, which was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-hbr/82/8. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: Numbers and lengths of Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars, all species) were censused on shrub level foliage at biweekly intervals from late May/early June through late July/early August each year. Measurements were conducted on the Main bird plot in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and on three additional plots within the White Mountain National Forest from 1986-1997.. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Long-term fish abundance data for Wisconsin Lakes Department of Natural Resources and North Temperate Lakes LTER 1944 - 2012 (Reformatted to a Darwin Core Archive)
This data package is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, event core). For more information on Darwin Core see https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/. This Level 2 data package was derived from the Level 1 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-ntl/346/6, which was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-ntl/356/3. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: This dataset describes long-term (1944-2012) variations in the relative abundance of fish populations representing nine species in Wisconsin lakes. Data were collected by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resource fisheries biologists as part of routine lake fisheries assessments. Individual survey methodologies varied over space and time and are described in more detail by Rypel, A. et al., 2016. Seventy-Year Retrospective on Size-Structure Changes in the Recreational Fisheries of Wisconsin. Fisheries, 41, pp.230-243. Available at: http://afs.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03632415.2016.1160894
Darwin's naturalization conundrum can be explained by spatial scale: R replication code
<p>1) Code for extracting climatic data:<br> 1_extract_env.R<br> 2_extract_env_county.R<br> 3_relatePlotCounty.R</p> <p>2) Code for generating composite phylogenies:<br> 1_making_sunplin_trees.R</p> <p>3) Code for relatedness analyses:<br> DNH_calculations_PHY_obs.cluster.R<br> DNH_calculations_PHY_random.cluster.R<br> DNH_calculations_TAX.cluster_obs.R<br> DNH_calculations_TAX.cluster_random.R</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Gene flow, ancient polymorphism, and ecological adaptation shape the genomic landscape of divergence among Darwin's finches
Genomic comparisons of closely related species have identified "islands" of locally elevated sequence divergence. Genomic islands may contain functional variants involved in local adaptation or reproductive isolation and may therefore play an important role in the speciation process. However, genomic islands can also arise through evolutionary processes unrelated to speciation, and examination of their properties can illuminate how new species evolve. Here, we performed scans for regions of high relative divergence (FST) in 12 species pairs of Darwin's finches at different genetic distances. In each pair, we identify genomic islands that are, on average, elevated in both relative divergence (FST) and absolute divergence (dXY). This signal indicates that haplotypes within these genomic regions became isolated from each other earlier than the rest of the genome. Interestingly, similar numbers of genomic islands of elevated dXY are observed in sympatric and allopatric species pairs, suggesting that recent gene flow is not a major factor in their formation. We find that two of the most pronounced genomic islands contain the ALX1 and HMGA2 loci, which are associated with variation in beak shape and size, respectively, suggesting that they are involved in ecological adaptation. A subset of genomic island regions, including these loci, appears to represent anciently diverged haplotypes that evolved early during the radiation of Darwin's finches. Comparative genomics data indicate that these loci, and genomic islands in general, have exceptionally low recombination rates, which may play a role in their establishment.
Individual-based simulation model of annual movement paths for the Darwin's frog (R code and data)
<p>Desprition of the R code</p> <p>I constructed an individual-based simulation model that describes the movement path of an individual<em> Rhinoderma darwinii</em> through 3-month displacement steps. This model was primarily developed to evaluate the age-specific movement behaviour of Darwin's frogs, however, I also used it to provide better estimates (i.e. alleviating for movement censoring) of age-specific annual displacements in the species. I developed several variations of this model through a combination of different random walk sub-models for juveniles and adults: uncorrelated non-stationary random walks (NRW), correlated non-stationary random walks (CRW), and stationary random walks (SRW). The NRW and CRW were modelled as a first-order Markovian process where the location of an individual <em>i</em> in time<em> t</em> depends on its spatial location in <em>t </em>- 1. The NRW is unbiased, i.e., there is no preferred direction in each movement step. In contrast, the CRW includes persistence in the directionality of movement, so there is a correlation between successive step orientations. Finally, the SRW assumes that individuals have an activity centre to which all their spatial locations are related.</p> <p>Related data are provided (y.txt, x.txt and age.txt)</p>
Figs 21-24 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Kintrishi National Park, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of six new species
Figs 21-24: Picrostigeus longicauda RIEDEL nov.sp. HT: (21) habitus, (22) basal flagellomeres, (23) face, (24) head from dorsal.
Figs 17-20 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Kintrishi National Park, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of six new species
Figs 17-20: Olesicampe flavoclypeata RIEDEL nov.sp. HT: (17) face, (18) head from dorsal, (19) enlarged hind trochantellus and hind femur, (20) 1st tergite from lateral.
Figs 11-14 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Kintrishi National Park, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of six new species
Figs 11-14: Homaspis impressus RIEDEL nov.sp. HT: (11) face, (12) head from dorsal, (13) propodeum from dorsal, (14) 1st tergite from dorsal.
Figs 3-7 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Kintrishi National Park, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of six new species
Figs 3-7: Casinaria georgiana RIEDEL nov.sp. HT: (3) face, (4) head from dorsal, (5) mesosoma from lateral, (6) propodeum from dorsal, (7) metasoma from dorsal.
Figs. 8-10 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Kintrishi National Park, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of six new species
Figs. 8-10: Cosmoconus (Alpicosmos) caucasicus RIEDEL nov.sp. HT: (8) habitus, (9) head from frontal, (10) head from dorsal.
Figs 1-2 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Kintrishi National Park, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of six new species
Figs 1-2: Collection sites in Kintrishi National Park: (1) near trap 4 at 1264 m asl., (2) near trap 15 at 2280 m asl.
FIG. 4 in Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade
FIG. 4. — Views of the Çorakyerler hominine: A, palatal; B, lateral; C, medial; D, frontal. Scale bar: 1cm.
FIG. 1 in Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade
FIG. 1. — Comparisons between Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà, KÖhler, Alba, Casanovas-Villar & Galindo, 2004 and D. fontani Lartet, 1856: A, Pierolapithecus I1; B, La Grive I1, NMB g. a. 9; C, Pierolapithecus M3, NMB; D, la Grive M3; E, left M from Can Vila; F, left M 3 3 from D. fontani. Images of the Pierolapithecus specimens are modified from Moyà-Solà et al. (2004). Scale bars: 1 cm.
FIG. 3 in Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade
FIG. 3. — Views of IPS 18000 from Can Llobateres: A, frontal view of the periorbital region with the right side reconstructed based on a mirror image of the better preserved left side; B, view from below of the interorbital space of IPS 18000 showing the extensive frontal sinus, outlined on the right side; C, lateral view of the frontal fragment showing the frontal's joint surface of the frontozygomatic suture; D, view from superiorly and medially showing the zygomatic's joint surface of the frontozygomatic suture. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 2 in Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade
FIG. 2. — Cladograms depicting alternative hypotheses discussed in the text. Modified from Begun et al. (1997) and Begun (2001, 2002, 2007). Griphopithecus alpani Tekkaya, 1974 and Kenyapithecus kizili Kelley, Andrews & Alpagut, 2008 are thickly enameled middle Miocene hominoids from Paşalar (Turkey). Griphopithecus darwini Abel, 1902 is the type species, from Dĕvínská Nová Ves (Slovakia). Neopithecus brancoi Schlosser, 1901 is an isolated M3 that is most similar to Rudapithecus Kretzoi, 1969 but with insufficient anatomy preserved to justify synonomy. Other taxa are discussed in the text. In A, Ouranopithecus is a hominin; in B, it is a dryopithecin.
Figs 1–5 in New for the Russian fauna Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin Island
Figs 1–5. Brachyzapus striatus Humala, sp. n., ♀, holotype. 1 – habitus, lateral view, scale bar 1.0 mm; 2 – head, dorsal view, scale bar 0.2 mm; 3 – head, frontal view, scale bar 0.2 mm; 4 – head, mesosoma and first tergite, lateral view, scale bar 1.0 mm; 5 – propodeum and basal tergites, dorsal view, scale bar 0.5 mm.
Climatic mass balance of the Cordillera Darwin Icefield (2000-2023), Tierra del Fuego, Chile
<p>This dataset contains the annual averages of the climatological input and the modelled climatic mass balance of the Cordillera Darwin Icefield, Tierra del Fuego. The climatological input is calculated by statistically downscaling ERA5 reanalysis data to weather stations across the Cordillera Darwin via Quantile Mapping. The precipitation is simulated with an orographic precipitation model. Global radiation is simulated with a radiation model. The applied climatic mass balance model is the coupled snowpack and ice surface energy and mass balance model (COSIPY).</p>
Data from: Floral evolution and pollinator diversification in Hedychium: revisiting Darwin's predictions using an integrative taxonomic approach
<p>Hedychium J.Koenig (Zingiberaceae) is endemic to the Indo-Malayan Realm and is known for its vibrant and fragrant flowers. Historically, two different pollination syndromes characterize Hedychium: diurnal or bird pollination and nocturnal or moth pollination. In this study we aim to understand the evolution of nocturnal and diurnal flowers, and to test its putative association with lineage diversification in Hedychium.</p> <p>A molecular tree of Hedychium was used as a scaffold upon which we estimated ancestral character-states, phylogenetic signals, and correlations for certain categorical and continuous floral traits. Further, we employed phylomorphospace and trait-dependent diversification rate estimation analyses to understand phenotypic evolution and associated lineage diversification in Hedychium.</p> <p>Although floral color and size lacked any association with specific pollinators, white or pale flowers were most common in the early branching clades, when compared to bright-colored flowers which were more widely represented in the most derived clade IV. Five categorical and two continuous characters were identified to have informative evolutionary patterns which also emphasized that ecology may have played a critical role in the diversification of Hedychium.</p> <p><span>From our phylogenetic analyses and ecological observations, we conclude that specializations in pollinator interactions are rare in the hyperdiverse clade IV, thus challenging the role of both moth-specialization and bird-specialization as central factors in the diversification of Hedychium. However, our results also suggest that clade III (predominantly island clade) may show specializations, and future studies should investigate ecological and pollinator interactions, along with inclusion of new traits such as floral fragrance and anthesis time.</span></p>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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