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195 results for “Dinoflagellates”
Fig. 3 in Dinoflagellate Cysts Stratigraphy And Palynofacies Of Oligocene Sequences In The Northern Eastern Carpathians
Fig. 3 Spores and pollen taxa from the studied section (scale bar 30 µm). a. Laevigatosporites gracilis (P180); b. Laevigatisporites nutidus (P180); c. Extrapunctatosporis sp. (P183); d. Pityosporites labdacus (P183); e. Ephedripites sp. (P183); f. Pityosporites alatus (P183); g. Pityosporites microalatus (P183); h. Pityosporites scopulipites (P185); i. Inaperturopollenites concedipites (P180); j. Inaperturopollenites hiatus (P180); k. Cupressacites bockwitzensis (P180); l. Podocarpidites libellus (P183); m. Monocolpopollenites tranquillus (P180); n. Caryapollenites simplex (P183); o. Arecipites sp. (P183); p. Faguspollenites cf. subtilis (P176); q. Tricolporopollenites microhenrici (P180); r. Cyrillaceaepollenites megaexactus (P176); s. Myricipites bituitus (P183); t. Ilexpollenites sp. (P183); u. Coryluspollenites sp. (P183).
Figure 6 in Toxicity effects of copper on two species of marine diatoms microalgae and two species of dinoflagellates
Figure 6. Dynamics of organic carbon content, C (a), the Fv/Fm value (b) and the relative electronic transport rate, rETR on 3-ed day (c) in L. fissa at different copper ions concentrations: 1 – control, 2 – 3 µg·L-1, 3 – 5 µg·L-1, 4 – 10 µg·L-1, 5 – 50 µg·L-1, 6 – 100 µg·L-1, 7 – 200 µg· L-1. The average values of ± standard deviation are presented.
Figure 4 in Toxicity effects of copper on two species of marine diatoms microalgae and two species of dinoflagellates
Figure 4. Dynamics of organic carbon content, C (a, b), Fv/Fm (c) and relative electron transport rate, rETR on 3-ed day (d) in C. pelagica culture at different copper ions concentrations in small celled culture (a, c, d): 1 – control, 2 – 10 µg·L-1, 3 – 100 µg·L-1, 4 – 200 µg.L-1, 5 – 400 µg.L-1, 6 – 600 µg.L-1 and in large cell culture (b): 1 – control, 2 – 1 µg·L-1, 3 – 3 µg·L-1, 4 – 5 µg·L-1, 5 – 10 µg·L-1, 6 – 50 µg·L-1. The average values of ± standard deviation are presented.
Figure 2 in Toxicity effects of copper on two species of marine diatoms microalgae and two species of dinoflagellates
Figure 2. Relationship between microalgae optical density and organic carbon content (mg C· L-1) at a wavelength of 750 nm (OD750) in cultures: a – P. tricornutum, b – C. pelagica, c – P. nanum, d – L. fissa.
Figure 1 in Toxicity effects of copper on two species of marine diatoms microalgae and two species of dinoflagellates
Figure 1. View of microalgae cells under a light microscope: a – C. pelagica, b – P. tricornutum, c – L. fissa, d – P. nanum. The total magnification of the system is 400 times.
Figure 3 in Toxicity effects of copper on two species of marine diatoms microalgae and two species of dinoflagellates
Figure 3. Dynamics of organic carbon content, C (a, b), Fv/Fm (c, d) and the relative electronic transport rate, rETR on the 3rd day (e, f) in P. tricornutum at different copper ions concentrations: 1 – control, 2 – 1 µg·L-1, 3 – 5 µg·L-1, 4 – 10 µg·L-1, 5 – 50 µg·L-1, 6 – 100 µg·L-1, 7 – 200 µg·L-1; a, c, e – initial biomass of the culture is 0.2 mg C L-1, b, d, f – 1.0 mg C·L-1. The average values of ± standard deviation are presented.
Figure 5 in Toxicity effects of copper on two species of marine diatoms microalgae and two species of dinoflagellates
Figure 5. Dynamics of organic carbon content, C (a, b), Fv/Fm value (c, d) and relative electronic transport rate, rETR on 3-ed day (e, f) in P. nanum with an initial biomass of 0.5 mg C·L-1 (a, c, e) at copper ions concentrations: 1 – control, 2 – 1 µg·L-1, 3 – 3 µg·L-1, 4 – 5 µg·L-1, 5 – 10 µg·L-1, 6 – 50 µg· L-1, 7 – 100 µg·L-1 and with an initial biomass of 1.5 mg C.L-1 (b, d, f) at copper concentrations: 1 – control, 2 – 10 µg·L-1, 3 – 40 µg·L-1, 4 – 60 µg·L-1, 5 – 100 µg·L-1, 6 – 200 µg·L-1. The average values of ± standard deviation are presented.
FIGURE 2. Dinoflagellate cysts. 2.1 in New palynological evidence for the age of the Beda Formation, Sirte Basin, Libya
FIGURE 2. Dinoflagellate cysts. 2.1. cf. Cyclonephelium sp. (6854' 8", slide 1: 97.2 x 23). Size: 41x31 µm. 2.2. Canningia sp. (6854' 8", slide 2: 95 x 37.7). Size: 28x17 µm. 2.3. Spiniferites ramosus group (6854' 8", slide 2: 95 x 37.7). Cyst diameter 19 µm; and process length 3-4.5 µm. 2.4. Batiacasphaera compta (6871' 4", Slide 1: 91.5x33.4). Cyst diameter 32x27 µm. 2.5. Homotryblium floripes (6871, slide 1: 95.9x32.1) Cyst diameter 38µm; and process length 12-15 µm. 2.6. Spiniferites ramosus group (6863, slide 2: 97.8 x 33). Cyst diameter 27 µm; and process length 5 µm. 2.7. Polysphaeridium subtile (6863, slide 2: 104.8 x 38). Cyst diameter 13 µm; process length 2-3 µm. 2.8. Operculodinium centrocarpum (6863, slide 1: 100 x 38.8). Cyst diameter 28x24µm; and process length 4-5 µm. 2.9. Fibrocysta cf. bipolaris (6871' 4", slide 1: 96.5x30.5). Cyst diameter 42x34 µm; process length 12-18 µm. 2.10. Homotryblium floripes (6871' 4", slide 1: 94.7x28.2). Cyst diameter 42x31 µm; process length 12-15 µm.
Deciphering interactions between the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima and the fungus Aspergillus pseudoglaucus
<p>The comprehension of microbial interactions is one of the key challenges in marine microbial ecology. This study focused on exploring chemical interactions between the toxic dinoflagellate <em>Prorocentrum lima</em> and a filamentous fungal species, <em>Aspergillus pseudoglaucus</em>, which has been isolated from the microalgal culture. Such interspecies interactions are expected to occur even though they were rarely studied. Here, a co-culture system was designed in a dedicated microscale marine-like condition. This system allowed to explore microalgal-fungal physical and metabolic interactions in presence and absence of the bacterial consortium. Microscopic observation showed an unusual physical contact between the fungal mycelium and dinoflagellate cells. To delineate specialized metabolome alterations during microalgal-fungal co-culture metabolomes were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. In-depth multivariate statistical analysis using dedicated approaches highlighted (1) the metabolic alterations associated with microalgal-fungal co-culture, and (2) the impact of associated bacteria in microalgal metabolome response to fungal interaction. Unfortunately, only a very low number of highlighted features were fully characterised. However, an up-regulation of the dinoflagellate toxins okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin 1 was observed during co-culture in supernatants. Such results highlight the importance to consider microalgal-fungal interactions in the study of parameters regulating toxin production.</p>
FIG. 3 in Chemical communication in the symbiotic interaction between the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (ex Aiptasia pallida) Rapp and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp.
FIG. 3. — Iron (A), Manganese (B), Magnesium (C), Copper (D), Zinc (E) mean contents in bleached Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp samples. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n ≥ 3). Abbreviations: C, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to an empty dialysis tube (control group); E, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing the holobionts; S, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing Symbiodinium cells.
FIG. 2 in Chemical communication in the symbiotic interaction between the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (ex Aiptasia pallida) Rapp and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp.
FIG. 2. — Carbon (A), Nitrogen (B), Phosphorus (C), Sulphur (D) mean contents in bleached Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp samples. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n ≥ 3). Abbreviations: C, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to an empty dialysis tube (control group); E, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing the holobionts; S, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing Symbiodinium cells.
FIG. 1 in Chemical communication in the symbiotic interaction between the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (ex Aiptasia pallida) Rapp and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp.
FIG. 1. — Organic composition in bleached Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp samples. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n ≥ 3). Abbreviations: C, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to an empty dialysis tube (control group); E, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing the holobionts; S, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing Symbiodinium cells.
FIG. 2 in Distribution of potentially toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates in Saint Martin Island (Caribbean Sea, Lesser Antilles)
FIG. 2. — Distribution of potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates abundances (cells g–1): A, Florideophyceae; B, Phaeophyceae; C, Ulvophyceae; D, seagrasses in Saint Martin Island.
Dinoflagellate cysts and benthic foraminifera from surface sediments of Svalbard fjords and shelves as paleoenvironmental indicators
<p>Supplementary Table 1. Seasonally averaged sea-ice cover, SST and SSS data used for the multivariate statistical analysis.</p> <p>Supplementary Table 2. Relative abundances of individual dinoflagellate cyst taxa, total cyst concentration [cysts g<sup>-1</sup>], and relative abundance of auto- and heterotrophic cysts at each station.</p> <p>Supplementary Table 3. Relative abundances of individual benthic foraminifera taxa, total benthic foraminifera concentration [forams g<sup>-1</sup>], and relative abundance of calcareous and agglutinated benthic foraminifera at each station.</p>
Data from: Unexpected shift from cyanobacterial to dinoflagellate dominance due to a summer drought
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C:N:P in dinoflagellates
<p>Data on C:N:P of lab-cultured marine dinoflagellates were identified by searching in the ISI Web of Science using keywords such as elemental composition, elemental stoichiometry, elemental ratios, C:N, C:P or C:N combined with the word dinoflagellate. These studies and suitable studies cited within these sources were evaluated for data collection. Experimental conditions were recorded along with the elemental composition data including culturing methods, the media used, culture temperature and salinity. Cell volume and growth rate data were collected when available. Species were then assigned the following traits: 1. thecate or athecate; 2. non-toxic or the potential to produce C-rich or N-rich toxins; and 3. small, medium or large cell volume.</p>
Revisiting the burglar-alarm hypothesis: a behavioral cascade mediated by dinoflagellate bioluminescence
<p>Bioluminescence is widespread among marine organisms and has evolved independently multiple times. While its specific adaptive value is diverse, bioluminescence in most cases mediates fundamental interactions between individuals (predator, prey, mates) and thus impacts ecosystem processes. One hypothesized value of bioluminescence in dinoflagellates is through the 'burglar alarm': grazers of phytoplankton will make the ambient water 'glow' as they swim, thereby attracting visual predators of the grazer, thus indirectly protecting the dinoflagellates.</p> <p>However, the most important grazers of dinoflagellates, copepods, are generally too small to elicit dinoflagellates to glow. Only individual cells captured by a copepod will flash, which in turn elicits a powerful escape response in the copepod. Here, we test a variant of this hypothesis that may work for copepods. The behavioral response of the grazer to the flashing of a captured dinoflagellate, rather than the flashing itself, attracts the attention of the grazer's flow-sensing predators.</p> <p>We demonstrate that bioluminescence in three dinoflagellates reduces the clearance- and ingestion rate of nauplii of the copepod <em>Temora longicornis</em>. The presence of bioluminescent cells also elicited an increased frequency of high-speed jumps of the grazers. The increased jump frequency elevated the detectability of the grazers to a flow-sensing predator, the copepod <em>Centropages typicus</em>, consequently leading to increased predation mortality of <em>T. longicornis</em> nauplii. The consequent behavioral cascade mediated by bioluminescence works for small grazers that cause only single cells to flash, unlike the traditional description of the burglar alarm.</p>
the supplementary of Novel plastid genome characteristics in Fugacium kawagutii and accelerated evolution of plastid proteins in dinoflagellates
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Figure 72 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean
Figure 72: Distribution map of Alexandrium species from this study in the Mexican Pacific.
Data from: Investigation of heterotrophs reveals new insights in dinoflagellate evolution
<p>Dinoflagellates are diverse and ecologically important protists characterized by many morphological and molecular traits that set them apart from other eukaryotes. These features include, but are not limited to, massive genomes organized using bacterially-derived histone-like proteins (HLPs) and dinoflagellate viral nucleoproteins (DVNP) rather than histones, and a complex history of photobiology with many independent losses of photosynthesis, numerous cases of serial secondary and tertiary plastid gains, and the presence of horizontally acquired bacterial rhodopsins and type II RuBisCo. Elucidating how this all evolved depends on knowing the phylogenetic relationships between dinoflagellate lineages. Half of these species are heterotrophic, but existing molecular data is strongly biased toward the photosynthetic dinoflagellates due to their amenability to cultivation and prevalence in culture collections. These biases make it impossible to interpret the evolution of photosynthesis, but may also affect phylogenetic inferences that impact our understanding of character evolution. Here, we address this problem by isolating individual cells from the Salish Sea and using single cell, culture-free transcriptomics to expand molecular data for dinoflagellates to include 27 more heterotrophic taxa, resulting in a roughly balanced representation. Using these data, we performed a comprehensive search for proteins involved in chromatin packaging, plastid function, and photoactivity across all dinoflagellates. These searches reveal that 1) photosynthesis was lost at least 21 times, 2) two known types of HLP were horizontally acquired around the same time rather than sequentially as previously thought; 3) multiple rhodopsins are present across the dinoflagellates, acquired multiple times from different donors; 4) kleptoplastic species have nucleus-encoded genes for proteins targeted to their temporary plastids and they are derived from multiple lineages, and 5) warnowiids are the only heterotrophs that retain a whole photosystem, although some photosynthesis-related electron transport genes are widely retained in heterotrophs, likely as part of the iron-sulfur cluster pathway that persists in non-photosynthetic plastids.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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