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Fig. 3 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 3. CT rendering of the mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China. A. Left mandible in medial view (stereopairs). B. Right mandible in tilted dorsal view (B1, stereopairs), p1 is lost but the p1 position is indicated by plugged alveoli; arrow indicates the retro-molar space; and medial view (B2, stereopairs).

Fig. 2 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 2. CT rendering of the mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China. A. Right mandible in lateral view (stereopairs); solid triangle indicates the retro-molar space. B. Left mandible in lateral B1, stereopairs) and ventral (B2, stereopairs) views.

Fig. 11 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 11. Comparison of the mandible of Hadrocodium with the mandibular growth stages of Morganucodon and Docodon. A. The mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China (arrow indicates the retro-molar space and feature of adult). B, C. Mandibular growth stages of the morganucodontan Morganucodon watsoni Kühne, 1949 (= "Eozostrodon parvus") from the Lower Jurassic fissure fills of Wales (Parrington 1971); adult (B) and the oldest-known adult (C) (respectively specimens D60 and D120 in Parrington 1971: fig. 3). D–F. Mandibular growth stages of the docodontan Docodon victor Schultz, Bhullar, and Luo, 2019, from the Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic of Wyoming, USA. D. YPM 23748, juvenile. E. YPM 11823, adult. F. YPM 11826, the oldest-known adult. In H. wui, the ultimate molar is positioned in front of the coronoid process base. This is an adult feature well documented in the successively older (or the oldest-known) adult individuals in the growth series of other mammaliaforms. Morganucodon watsoni shows such a growth pattern: a positional shift of the ultimate molar (m4) anteriorly to the base of coronoid process in successively older individuals; the ultimate molar has a single alveolus for its fused or confluent root(s) in most cases (Parrington 1971; Pamela Gill, personal communication 2021). Docodon victor shows a similar growth pattern of a shift of the coronoid process relative to the last molar(s) of the toothrow. The youngest-available individual D. victor (YMP23748) shows the last molar (m5) is medial to the coronoid process. In the adult (YPM11823) the last molar (m7) is shifted more anteriorly. In the oldest-available individual (YPM11826), the ultimate molar (m8) is shifted to the anterior, as the coronoid process is shifted posteriorly relative to the toothrow (Schultz et al. 2019). The placement of the ultimate molar with a retro-molar space anterior to the base of the coronoid in the oldest-available adult specimen of D. victor is similar to that of H. wui. D–F, stylistic illustrations based on CT visualizations by Schultz et al. (2019).

Fig. 4 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 4. CT rendering of the mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China. A. Mandibles and upper teeth (as preserved) in ventral view. B. Mandibles in association with upper teeth in dorsal view. The upper teeth are more inclined (as preserved) and are oblique to the lower teeth. Post-mortem distortion caused the upper postcanines to shift relative to lower teeth, by half a cusp length.

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Fig. 1 in Molar morphology and occlusion of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Erythrotherium parringtoni

Fig. 1. Upper and lower molar comparison of morganucodontan mammaliaforms Megazostrodon rudnerae (Crompton and Jenkins, 1968), NHMUK PV M26407; Early Jurassic, Lesotho, Red Bed Series (A), Erythrotherium parringtoni (Crompton, 1964) SAM-PK-K00359; Late Triassic, South Africa, Mafeteng locality, Upper Red Beds (B), and Morganucodon watsoni (Kühne, 1949) UMZC Eo.CR.1; Early Jurassic, United Kingdom, Glamorgan fissure systems, Pontalun 3 (C). M1 and M2 in occlusal (A1, B1, C1), lingual (A2, B2, C2), and buccal (A3, B3, C3) views. m2 and m3 in occlusal (A4, B4, C4), buccal (A5, B5, C5), and lingual (A6, B6, C6) views.

Fig. 7 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 7. Early Jurassic palaeogeographical distribution of the Zygopleuralike species listed in Table 1. Map simplified from the late Sinemurian map of Dercourt et al. (2000). Abbreviations: 1, Zygopleura vinosimonensis; 2, Melania theodori; 3, Zygopleura subnodosa; 4,Chemnitzia tatia; 5, Chemnitzia polyplecta; 6, Chemnitzia moorei; 7, Chemnitzia veturia; 8, Chemnitzia catacyclus; 9,Chemnitzia appenninica; 10, Chemnitzia paradisi.

Fig. 3 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 3. Zygopleurid? gastropod Ederazyga fanchini gen. et sp. nov.; upper Rhaetian, Villa Edera (Lombardy, northern Italy). A. Holotype MSNVI 042/049, inner mould in apertural (A1), basal (A2), and dorsal (A3) views; external mould in general view (A4), rubber cast of the dorsal view (A5), detail of the apical spire (A6), and detail of the penultimate and last whorls (A7). B. Plaster cast replica of MSNVI 042/049a, inner mould in apertural (B1), basal (B2), and dorsal (B3) views.

Fig. 2 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 2. Comparison between the holotype of zygopleurid? gastropod Cerithium? lateplicatum Klipstein, 1843 and the specimens illustrated by Bandel 1995), here ascribed to a tofanellid Camponaxis bandeli sp. nov.; lower Carnian, eastern Dolomites (Southern Alps, northern Italy). A. Fragmentary type specimen (NHMUK PI OR 35701) of Cerithium? lateplicatum, original illustration from Klipstein (1843: pl. 11: 35). B, C. Camponaxis bandeli sp. nov. B. Holotype, adult shell (RGM 219 039), from Bandel (1995: pl. 14: 5). C. Paratype, juvenile shell (RGM 219 040), from Bandel (1995: pl. 14: 3). Reproduced accordingly to CCBY 4.0 license.

Fig. 5 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 5. Palaeogeographical distribution of Ederazyga during the Late Triassic. Map modified from the late Norian maps of Dercourt et al. (2000) and Barrier and Vrielinck (2008).

Fig. 6 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 6. Original illustrations of the Early Jurassic Zygopleuralike species probably closely related to Ederazyga. A, B. Chemnitzia moorei Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 6: 4, 5), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy). C. Chemnitzia tatia Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 6: 1–3), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy), in apertural view (C1), detail showing the spiral ornament (C2), and dorsal view (C3). D. Chemnitzia polyplecta Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 6: 7, 8), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy), in apertural (D1) and dorsal (D2) views. E. Chemnitzia catacyclus Di Stefano, 1887 (pl. 2: 7b), Sinemurian, Taormina (eastern Sicily, southern Italy). F, G. Specimens figured by Dubar (1948: pl. 7: 11a, 12) as Zygopleura paradisi (Böhm, 1884), lower Pliensbachian (F) and lower Toarcian (G), Djebel BouDahar, (High Atlas, Morocco). H, I. Chemnitzia appenninica Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 9: 1, 2), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy). J. Chemnitzia veturia Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 6: 6), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy). K. Specimen figured by Fucini (1895: pl. 12: 5, 5a) as Zygopleura polyplecta (Gemmellaro, 1878), Sinemurian, Monte Pisano (Tuscany, central Italy). L. Zygopleura subnodosa (d'Orbigny, 1850), holotype figured by Fischer and Weber (1997: pl. 1: 8), upper Pliensbachian, Calvados (northern France), in dorsal (K1) and apertural (K2) views. M, N. Zygopleura vinosimonensis Fischer and Weber, 1997, syntypes figured by Cossmann (1902: pl. 4: 2, 4) as Zygopleura subnodosa, Hettangian, Vendée (western France).

Fig. 4 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 4. Zygopleurid? gastropod Ederazyga lateplicata (Klipstein, 1843); lower Carnian, eastern Dolomites (Southern Alps, northern Italy). A. Holotype NHMUK PI OR 35701, incomplete shell, in apertural (A1), dorsal (A2), and subdorsal (A3) views, detail of the ornament (A4). B. Original labels of the holotype (the label at the top shows an incorrect inventory number). C. Illustration of a specimen classified by Kittl (1894: pl. 4: 28) as Katosira? lateplicata. D. Original illustration of the specimen MRZ3711, ascribed by Zardini (1978: pl. 28: 8a, b) to Katosira seelandica var. alta, incomplete shell, in apertural (D1) and dorsal (D2) views, reproduced with permission Tipografia Ghedina Snc.

Fig. 4 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 4. Limb bones and pelvic girdle of the plesiosaur Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of São Pedro de Moel (Leiria, Portugal). Right femur (A), humerus (B), and radius (C), in proximal, dorsal, anterior, ventral, posterior, and distal views, respectively. D. Phalanx in dorsal, anteroporterior, and ventral views, respectively. Right ischium (E) and pubis (F), in ventral and dorsal views, respectively. G. Right ilium in distal, proximal, dorsal, posterior, ventral, and anterior views, respectively. The dashed lines in G2 highlight the curvature of the iliac blade. Photographs (A1–G1) and explanatory drawings (A2–G2). H. Anatomical reconstruction of the right side and mirrored left side of the pelvic girdle in dorsal view. Drawings by SM. Abbreviations: ace, acetabulum; adr, adductor rugosity; apis, anteromedial process of the ischium; cap, capitulum; cor, anterolateral cornu; epf, epipodial foramen; fif, fibular facet; gr, groove; huf, humeral facet; il, ilium; ilbl, iliac blade; ilf, iliac articular facet; ilsh, iliac shaft; is, ischium; isf, ischial articular facet; issh, ischial shaft; is sym, ischial symphysis; mebl, medial blade of the ischium; no, notch; pb, pelvic bar; pppu, posteromedial process of the pubis; pu, pubis; puf, pubic articular facet; pu sym, pubic symphysis; pvf, pelvic fenestra; raf, radial facet; radf, radiale facet; rug, rugosity; tif, tibial facet; tr, trochanter; trc, trochanteric crest; tub, tuberosity; ulf, ulnar facet.

Fig. 3 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 3. Axial bones of the plesisaur Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of São Pedro de Moel (Leiria, Portugal). A. Last cervical vertebra (Fig. 2A: 1). B. First pectoral vertebra (Fig. 2A: 2). C. Second pectoral vertebra (Fig. 2A: 3). D. Third pectoral vertebra Fig. 2A: 4). E. Fourth pectoral vertebra (Fig. 2A: 5). F. Dorsal vertebra (Fig. 2A: 9). G. Last dorsal vertebra (Fig. 2A: 22). In anterior, lateral, posterior, dorsal, and ventral views, respectively. H. Anterior or posterior dorsal rib in proximal (in H2), dorsal, anteroposterior, and ventral views, respectively. I. Middle dorsal rib in anteroposterior view. J, K. Lateral gastralia in anteroposterior and dorsoventral views, and cross section (in J2), respectively. Photographs A1–C1, D, E1–K1) and explanatory drawings (A2–C2, E2–K2); drawings by SM. Abbreviations: c, centrum; fs, foramina subcentralia; nc, neural canal; ncs, neurocentral suture; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophyses; prz, prezygapophyses; rf, rib facet; tp, transverse process; vmr, ventromedial ridge.

Fig. 2 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 2. Bone mapping and reconstruction of the skeleton of Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of São Pedro de Moel (Leiria, Portugal). A. Bones distribution map of the three original extracted blocks (1, 2 and 3) containing ML2302. Arrows with question marks represent that the joining relationship between the blocks is unknown. B. Photographs of the five sub-blocks (1A, 1B, 2C, 2D, and 3E) after preparation works. C. Skeleton reconstruction with the preserved bones of ML2302. D. Archival photographs of how blocks 2 and 3 were found before their preparation. Drawings by SM.

Fig. 1 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological settings of Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) from the Lower Jurassic of São Pedro de Moel (Leiria, Portugal). Geological map of the Iberian Peninsula (A) and the Jurassic outcrops in the Lusitanian Basin (B) with study area indicated (asterisks). Geological mapping of the outcropping rock units in the São Pedro de Moel region (C) with location of the ML2302 site (asterisk). Synthetic stratigraphic column of the Coimbra Formation (D) recorded in the area of Praia Velha and Praia da Concha. Panoramic views of the outcrops and units of the Coimbra Formation in Praia da Concha (E) and Praia Velha (F). UA–UG, informal units of the Coimbra Formation. Modified from Duarte et al. (2008, 2014a, b).

Fig. 6 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiosauria by "New Technology Search" method in TNT, depicting the position of Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) based on the matrix of Madzia and Cau ( 2020). Strict consensus tree of 237 most parsimonious cladograms with 1971 evolutionary steps. Numbers of each node indicate the Bremer support and the bootstrap frequencies over 50%.

Fig. 5 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiosauria by traditional search method in TNT, depicting the position of Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) based on the matrix of Madzia and Cau (2020). Strict consensus tree of 950 000 most parsimonious cladograms with 1971 evolutionary steps. Numbers of each node indicate the Bremer support and the bootstrap frequencies over 50%.

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Fig. 15 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 15. Interpretation of voids and pores in fertile specimens of dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse, and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov.; colours as in Fig. 5. A. Axial view (general axial section). B. Tangential oblique section, based on specimen in Fig. 7D, LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.19, n. 095. C. Oblique section showing structures interpreted as reproductive organs, not all whorls display gametophores (see arrow); based on the specimen in Fig. 14, LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.b, n. 045. D. Tangential oblique section, based on specimen in Fig. 7E, LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.14, n. 040.

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Fig. 14 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 14. Dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse, and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov., upper Sinemurian (Lotharingian), Canders, 2.4 km E of Fontcaude (S France). LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.b, n. 045 (lost specimen), oblique section showing the presence of reproductive structures (see arrows).