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523 results for “Evolution analysis”
Data and reproducible analysis files from: Latitudinal clines in floral display associated with adaptive evolution during a biological invasion
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Data for beta diversity analysis of insect herbivory evolution
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Data from: A brain-wide analysis maps structural evolution to distinct anatomical modules
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Data from: Phylogenomic analysis of Wolbachia strains reveals patterns of genome evolution and recombination
<p><i>Wolbachia</i> are widespread intracellular bacteria that mediate many important biological processes in arthropod species. In this study, we identified 210 conserved single-copy genes in 33 genome-sequenced <i>Wolbachia</i> strains in the A, B, C, D, E and F supergroups. Phylogenomic analysis with these core genes indicate that all 33 <i>Wolbachia</i> strains maintain the supergroup relationship classified previously based on the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genes. Using an interclade recombination screening method, 14 inter-supergroup recombination events were discovered in six genes (2.9%) among 210 single copy orthologs. This finding suggests a relatively low frequency of intergroup recombination. Interestingly, they have occurred not only between A and B supergroups (9 events), but also between A and E supergroups (5 events). Maintenance of such transfers suggests possible roles in <i>Wolbachia</i> infection related functions. Comparisons of strain divergence using the five genes of the MLST system show a high correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.98) between MLST and whole genome divergences, indicating that MLST is a reliable method for identifying related strains when whole genome data are not available. The phylogenomic analysis and the identified core gene set in our study will serve as a valuable foundation for strain identification and the investigation of recombination and genome evolution in <i>Wolbachia</i>.</p>
Data from: Reticulate evolution within a spruce (Picea) species complex revealed by population genomic analysis
The role of reticulation in the rapid diversification of organisms is attracting greater attention in evolutionary biology. Here, we report a population genomics approach to test the role of hybridization and introgression in the evolution of the Picea likiangensis species complex. Based on 84,793 SNPs detected in transcriptomes of 82 trees collected from 35 localities, we identified 18 hybrids (including backcrosses) distributed within the range boundaries of the four taxa. Coalescent simulations, for each pair of taxa and for all taxa taken together, rejected several tree-like divergence models and supported instead a reticulate evolution model with secondary contacts occurring during Pleistocene glacial cycles after initial divergence in the late Pliocene. Significant gene flow occurred among some taxa after secondary contact according to an analysis based on modified ABBA-BABA statistics that accommodated a rapid diversification scenario. A novel finding was that introgression between certain taxa can contribute to increasing divergence (and possibly reproductive isolation) between those taxa and other taxa within a complex at some loci. These results illuminate the reticulate nature of evolution within the P. likiangensis complex and highlight the value of population genomic data in detecting the effects of introgression in the rapid diversification of related taxa.
Model, configuration, data, and analysis scripts for The Evolution of Cooperation by the Hankshaw Effect
<p>Computational model, configuration files, result data, and analysis scripts for The Evolution of Cooperation by the Hankshaw Effect as published in Evolution (doi: 10.1111/evo.12928)</p>
Additional materials used in the paper "Towards Continuous Scientific Data Analysis and Hypothesis Evolution" on the Proceedings of the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-17)
<p>This bundle contains a web page describing the materials used in the evaluation of the paper, along with references to the software and datasets, provenance metadata and workflows used. All the scripts and descriptions are included as well.</p>
Data from: Pan-genome analysis highlights the role of structural variation in the evolution and environmental adaptation of Asian honeybees
<p>The <em>Asian honeybee</em>, <em>Apis cerana</em>, is an ecologically and economically important pollinator. Mapping its genetic variation is key to understanding population-level health, histories, and potential capacities to respond to environmental changes. However, most efforts to date were focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on a single reference genome, thereby ignoring larger-scale genomic variation. We employed long-read sequencing technologies to generate a chromosome-scale reference genome for the ancestral group of<em> A. cerana</em>. Integrating this with 525 resequencing datasets, we constructed the first pan-genome of <em>A. cerana</em>, encompassing almost the entire gene content. We found that 31.32% of genes in the pan-genome were variably present across populations, providing a broad gene pool for environmental adaptation. We identified and characterized structural variations (SVs) and found that they were not closely linked with SNP distributions, however, the formation of SVs was closely associated with transposable elements. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis using SVs revealed a novel <em>A. cerana</em> ecological group not recoverable from the SNP data. Performing environmental association analysis identified a total of 44 SVs likely to be associated with environmental adaptation. Verification and analysis of one of these, a 330 bp deletion in the Atpalpha gene, indicated that this SV may promote the cold adaptation of <em>A. cerana</em> by altering gene expression. Taken together, our study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of applying pan-genome approaches to map and explore genetic feature variations of honeybee populations, and in particular to examine the role of SVs in the evolution and environmental adaptation of <em>A. cerana</em>.</p>
Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome illuminates the mechanisms and evolution of lignocellulose degradation in mangrove herbivorous crabs
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p> <p>Sesarmid crabs dominate mangrove habitat as the major primary consumers, which facilitates the trophic link and nutrient recycling in the ecosystem. Therefore, the adaptations and mechanisms of sesarmid crabs to herbivory is not only crucial to terrestrialization and its evolutionary success, but also to the healthy functioning of mangrove forest ecosystems. Although endogenous cellulases expressions were reported in crab species, it remains unknown if the endogenous enzymes alone can complete the whole lignocellulolytic pathway, or they also depend on the contribution from their intestinal microbiome. We attempt to investigate the role of gut symbiotic microbes of mangrove-feeding sesarmid crabs in plant digestion using a comparative metagenomic approach.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong></p> <p>Metagenomics analyses on 43 crab gut samples from 23 species of mangrove crabs revealed a wide coverage of 127 CAZy families and nine KOs targeting lignocellulose and their derivatives in all species analyzed, including predominantly carnivorous species, suggesting the crab species gut microbiome have lignocellulolytic capacity regardless of dietary preference. Microbial cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase genes in herbivorous and detritivorous crabs were differentially more abundant when compared to omnivorous and carnivorous crabs, indicating the importance of gut symbionts in lignocellulose degradation in mangrove crabs and the enrichment of lignocellulolytic microbes in response to diet with higher lignocellulose content. The herbivorous and detritivorous crabs showed highly similar CAZyme composition compared to dissimilarities observed in taxonomic profiles observed in both groups, suggesting a stronger selection force to gut microbiota by its functional capacity than by taxonomy. The gut microbiota in herbivorous sesarmid crabs were also enriched with nitrogen reduction and fixation genes, implying possible roles of the gut microbiota in supplementing nitrogen that is deficient in plant diet.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong></p> <p>Endosymbiotic cellulolytic microbes play an important role in lignocellulose degradation in most crab species but their abundance is strongly correlated with dietary preference, and they are highly enriched in herbivorous sesarmids, thus enhancing their capacity for digestion of mangrove leaves. Dietary preference is a stronger driver in determining the microbial CAZyme composition and taxonomic profile in mangrove crab microbiome, resulting in functional redundancy of endosymbiotic microbes. Our results showed that crabs implement a mixed mode of digestion utilizing both endogenous and microbial enzymes in lignocellulose degradation, as observed in most of the more advanced herbivorous invertebrate species.</p>
Comparative analysis of phenotypic plasticity sheds light on the evolution and molecular underpinnings of locust phase polyphenism
<p>Locusts exhibit one of nature's most spectacular examples of complex phenotypic plasticity, in which changes in density cause solitary and cryptic individuals to transform into gregarious and conspicuous locusts forming large migrating swarms. We investigated how these coordinated alternative phenotypes might have evolved by studying the Central American locust and three closely related non-swarming grasshoppers in a comparative framework. By experimentally isolating and crowding during nymphal development, we induced density-dependent phenotypic plasticity and quantified the resulting behavioural, morphological, and molecular reaction norms. All four species exhibited clear plasticity, but the individual reaction norms varied among species and showed different magnitudes. Transcriptomic responses were species-specific, but density-responsive genes were functionally similar across species. There were modules of co-expressed genes that were highly correlated with plastic reaction norms, revealing a potential molecular basis of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity. These findings collectively highlight the importance of studying multiple reaction norms from a comparative perspective.</p>
Dataset of ""Statistical atlases and automatic labelling strategies to accelerate the analysis of social insect brain evolution"
<p>Dataset of <em>Statistical atlases and automatic labelling strategies to accelerate the analysis of social insect brain evolution</em> by Sara Arganda, Ignacio Arganda-Carreras, Darcy G. Gordon, Andrew P. Hoadley, Alfonso Pérez-Escudero, Martin Giurfa and James F. A. Traniello.</p> <p>In this dataset, we are presenting:</p> <ul> <li>10 confocal brain images from <em>Pheidole spadonia </em>minors (in the original confocal TIFF format and in the open NRRD format), with manually segmented labels of 8 subregions (Optic Lobes, OL; Antennal Lobes, AL; Mushroom Body Medial Calyx, MB-MC; Mushroom Body Lateral Calyx, MB-LC; Mushroom Body Peduncle, MB-P; Central Complex, CX; Subesophageal zone, SEZ; and Rest of Central Brain, ROCB – in NRRD format) from one expert annotator.</li> <li>12 confocal brain images from <em>P. spadonia</em>, <em>P. rhea</em>, <em>P. tepicana</em> and <em>P. obtusospinosa</em> minors, with manually segmented labels of the same 8 subregions (OL; AL; MB-MC; MB-LC; MB-P; CX; SEZ; and ROCB) from one expert annotator.</li> <li>5 confocal brain images from <em>Pheidole spadonia </em>minors (“test brains”), with five sets of manually segmented labels of the same 8 subregions (OL; AL; MB-MC; MB-LC; MB-P; CX; SEZ; and ROCB) from three expert annotators (one set from annotator 1, one set from annotator 2 and three sets from annotator 3, to evaluate inter and intra person differences).</li> <li>1 group-wise template generated from the 10 confocal brain images from <em>Pheidole spadonia </em>minors, with three sets of manually segmented labels of the same 8 subregions (OL; AL; MB-MC; MB-LC; MB-P; CX; SEZ; and ROCB).</li> <li>5 group-wise templates generated from the 9 confocal brain images from <em>Pheidole spadonia </em>minors, with consensus labels of the same 8 subregions (OL; AL; MB-MC; MB-LC; MB-P; CX; SEZ; and ROCB).</li> <li>1 group-wise template generated from 12 confocal brain images from <em>P. spadonia</em>, <em>P. rhea</em>, <em>P. tepicana</em> and <em>P. obtusospinosa</em> minors, with consensus labels of the same 8 subregions (OL; AL; MB-MC; MB-LC; MB-P; CX; SEZ; and ROCB).</li> <li>7 sets of automatic labels for the 5 “test brains”: 3 sets of “Direct Labels”, 3 sets of “Consensus Labels”, 1 set of “Multispecies Template Labels”.</li> </ul> <p>Brain of minor workers were dissected from the ant head capsule in ice cold HEPES-buffered saline and were fixed and immunohistochemically stained using SYNORF1 (a monoclonal <em>Drosophila</em> synapsin I antibody obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, catalog 3C11) and secondarily stained using Alexa Fluor 488 for visualization of neuropil (slightly modified from Ott, 2008). Later, brains were mounted in methyl salicylate and imaged on an Olympus Fluoview BX50 laser scanning confocal microscope with a ×20 objective at a resolution of ~0.7 × 0.7 × 5µm/voxel. All brain tissue manipulation, staining and recording was performed by Darcy G. Gordon. Brain images were obtained in TIFF format by the confocal microscope and then opened and saved as Amira Mesh (.am) stack images in Amira (version 6.0). Manual segmentation of each brain was done using Amira (version 6.0 or 2019.2). Labels were traced on eight compartments in only one brain hemisphere, except for the CX, SEZ and ROCB, which lack a clear subdivision between hemispheres. Brain grey image stacks and labels were transformed to NRRD format for template construction using the Fiji plugin SaveAsGzipNrrd<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a>. Volume and volume similarity of labels were calculated using the Fiji toolbox MorphoLibJ<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a>.</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements: </strong>We thank Ming Huang (from Dr. Diana Wheeler’s laboratory) who kindly provided access to colonies from four species of the hyperdiverse ant genus <em>Pheidole</em> (<em>P. spadonia</em>, <em>P. rhea</em>, <em>P. tepicana </em>and <em>P. obtusospinosa</em>). This research was supported by National Science Foundation grants IOS 1354291 and IOS 1953393 to JT, a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship BrainiAnts-660976 and Ayudas destinadas a la atracción de talento investigador a la Comunidad de Madrid en centros de I+D. This work is supported in part by the University of the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/basque-country">Basque Country</a> UPV/EHU grant GIU19/027.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> https://github.com/iarganda/tefor</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> https://imagej.net/plugins/morpholibj</p>
Data from: Computed tomographic analysis of dental system of three Jurassic ceratopsians: implications for the evolution of the tooth replacement pattern and diet in early-diverging ceratopsians
<p><span>T</span><span>he </span><span>dental system of ceratops</span><span>ids is among the most specialized structure in Dinosauria</span><span>, and includes high angled wear surfaces, split tooth roots, and multiple teeth in each tooth family. However, the early evolution of this unique dental system is generally poorly understood due to a lack of knowledge of the dental morphology and development in early-diverging ceratopsians.</span><span> Here we study the dental system of </span><span>three</span><span> of the earliest-diverging Chinese ceratopsians</span><span>: </span><em><span>Yinlong</span></em><span> and <em>Hualianceratops</em> from the early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang</span><span>,</span><span> and <em>Chaoyangsaurus</em> from the Late Jurassic of Liaoning. By using micro-computed tomographic analyses, our study has revealed significant new information regarding the dental system of these early ceratopsians, including </span><span>no</span><span> more than five replacement teeth in each jaw quadrant; at most one generation of replacement teeth in each alveolus; nearly full resorption of the functional tooth root during tooth replacement; and occlusion with low-angled, concave wear facets that differs significantly from the shearing occlusal system seen in ceratopsids. <em>Yinlong</em> displays an increase in the number of maxillary tooth alveoli and a decrease in the number of replacement teeth during ontogeny as well as the retention of remnants of functional teeth in the largest individual.</span> <span>Early-diverging ceratopsians thus display a relatively slow tooth replacement rate compared to late-diverging ceratopsians.</span> <span>Combined with paleobotany and palaeoenvironment data, <em>Yinlong</em> likely uses gastroliths to triturate foodstuffs, and t</span><span>he difference in diet strategy might have influenced the pattern of tooth replacement in later-diverging ceratopsians.</span></p>
Woodpecker drum evolution: an analysis of covariation in elements of a multicomponent acoustic display among and within species
<p>Multicomponent signals are found throughout the animal kingdom, but how these elaborate displays evolve and diversify is still unclear. Here, we explore the evolution of the woodpecker drum display. Two components of this territorial, sexually selected signal, drum speed and drum length, are used by territory holders to assess the threat level of an intruding drummer. We explore the coevolution of these display components both among and within species. Among species, we find evidence for strong coevolution of drum speed and length. Within species, we find that drum speed and length vary largely independent of each other. However, in some species, there is evidence of covariation in certain portions of the drum length distribution. The observed differences in component covariation at the macro- and microevolutionary scales highlights the importance of studying signal structure both among and within species. In all cases of covariation at both evolutionary scales, the relationship between drum speed and length is positive, indicating mutual elaboration of display components, and not a performance trade-off.</p>
Supplementary Materials from the article Characterization and molecular evolution analysis of Periploca forrestii inferred from its complete chloroplast genome sequence
<p>Table S1. Base composition of chloroplast genome in <em>P. forrestii</em>, Table S2. The lengths of introns and exons for the splitting genes, Table S3. The GC content of the codons from <em>P. forrestii </em>chloroplast genome, Table S4. Preferred codons in chloroplast genome of <em>P. forrestii</em>, Table S5. Long repeat sequences in the <em>P. forrestii </em>chloroplast genome, Figure S1. Codon bias analysis of P. forrestii chloroplast genome. (A) Neutrality plot analysis; (B) Analysis of PR2 bias plot; (C) Analysis on ENC and GC3 relationship.</p>
Morphometric analysis of lungfish endocasts elucidates early dipnoan palaeoneurological evolution
<p>Lungfish (Dipnoi) are lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) that have persisted for over 400 million years from the Devonian Period to present day. They are the extant sister group to tetrapods and thus have the ability to provide unique insight into the condition of the earliest tetrapods as well as their own evolutionary history. The evolution of their dermal skull and dentition is relatively well understood, but this is not the case for the central nervous system. While the brain itself has very poor preservation potential and is not currently known in any fossil lungfish, substantial indirect information about it and associated structures such as the inner ears can be obtained from the cranial endocast. However, before the recent development of X-ray tomography as a palaeontological tool, these endocasts could not be studied non-destructively, and few detailed studies were undertaken. Here we describe and illustrate the endocasts of six Palaeozoic lungfish (<em>Iowad ipterus halli, Gogodipterus paddyensis, Pillararhynchus longi, Griphognathus whitei, Orlovichthys limnatis, </em>and<em> Rhinodipterus ulrichi</em>) from tomographic scans. We combine these with six previously described digital lungfish endocasts (4 fossil and 2 recent taxa) into a 12-taxon data set for multivariate morphometric analysis using 17 variables. We find that the olfactory region appears to be more highly plastic than the hindbrain, and undergoes significant elongation in several taxa. Further, while the semicircular canals covary as an integrated module, the utriculus and sacculus of the inner ear instead vary independently of each other. Functional interpretation suggests that olfaction has remained a dominant sense throughout lungfish evolution, and that changes seen in the labyrinth system may potentially reflect a change from a nektonic niche in older marine lungfish to more near-shore environments over time. Phylogenetic implications propose that endocranial form fails to support the monophyly of the 'chirodipterids'. Those with elongated crania similarly fail to form a distinct clade, suggesting that these are two paraphyletic groups that have converged either towards head elongation or truncation driven by constraints other than phylogeny.</p>
Correlation-based Analysis of the Influence of Bound Constraint Handling Methods on Population Dynamics in Differential Evolution
<p>The dataset is based on the average values collected over 5 independent runs, considering the largest common number of<br>iterations for LSHADE algorithm coupled with ’sat’, ’midT’, ’midB’, ’unif’, ’beta’, ’mir’, ’tor’, ’expC_R’, ’expC_T’, ’expC_B’, ’vectR’, ’vectT’, ’vectB’, ’mahalanobis’ correction methods, on BBOB function f3, 4, 5, 16, 23, instance 1</p> <p>Plots for the averaged values are included for measures 'pop_size', 'best', 'error', 'prob_infeas', 'genMutatedComponent', 'genSuccessMutants','meanImprovements', 'varPop', 'avgF', 'avgCR', 'extension', 'shape', 'eccentricity', 'kl_unif'</p>
Hard edges, soft edges, and species range evolution: A genomic analysis of the Cumberland Plateau salamander
<p>Aim: Gene flow from central to edge populations is thought to limit population growth at range edges by constraining local adaptation. In this study, we explore the thesis that range edges can differ in their dynamics and be either "hard" (e.g. a river) or "soft" (e.g. ecological gradients). We hypothesize that soft edge populations will have smaller effective population sizes than central populations and that gene flow will be greater from the center to the edge than vice versa. Conversely, we hypothesize that hard edge populations should have similar effective population sizes to central populations and that gene flow will be equal between the two.</p> <p>Location: Kentucky, West Virginia, and Virginia, USA. Taxon: <em>Plethodon kentucki </em>(Caudata: Plethodontidae).</p> <p>Methods: We evaluated landscape suitability using an ecological niche model, then we compared gene flow and effective population sizes between edge and central populations and quantified gene flow between populations. Finally, we characterized landscape genetic variation, testing for isolation by distance and isolation by environment. Results: We found continuously decreasing habitat quality along soft edges, with hard edges more variable. Additionally, we found that soft edges had lower effective population sizes than central populations and that gene flow was greater from the center of the range to the soft edges than the reverse. In hard edges, by contrast, we found effective population sizes in edge populations were similar to central populations, with relatively equal gene flow in both directions.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Understanding why species have range limits is central to investigations of the structure of biodiversity, yet the evolutionary dynamics of range edges remain poorly understood. We show that within a single species with a small range, the evolutionary dynamics operating at range boundaries may depend on the nature of the boundary.</p>
FIGURE 1 in The Integrated Plant Record (IPR) analysis: Methodological advances and new insights into the evolution of European Palaeogene/Neogene vegetation
FIGURE 1. Zelkova zelkovifolia is a representative of the broad-leaved deciduous component.
Evolution of neocortical folding: A phylogenetic comparative analysis of MRI from 34 primate species
<p>Dorsal view of the reconstructed cerebral hemispheres of 34 different primate species.</p> <p>This figure is from our open access paper:</p> <p>Heuer, K., Gulban, O. F., Bazin, P.-L., Osoianu, A., Valabregue, R., Santin, M., Herbin, M., & Toro, R. (2018). Evolution of neocortical folding: A phylogenetic comparative analysis of MRI from 33 primate species. bioRxiv. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/379750">https://doi.org/10.1101/379750</a>. </p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>We present a comparative analysis of cerebral size and neocortical folding. Magnetic resonance imaging data was collected from 66 individuals belonging to 34 different primate species. We measured several neocortical folding parameters and studied their evolution using phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results suggest that the most likely model is one where phenotypical differences vary randomly through evolution (the Brownian Motion model). We present estimations of the ancestral primate phenotypes as well as estimations of the rates of phenotypic change.</p> <p> </p>
FIGURE 1 in Chromosome analysis in Saccodon wagneri (Characiformes) and insights into the karyotype evolution of Parodontidae
FIGURE 1 | Map of Ecuador, highlighting the sampling site of Saccodon wagneri.
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