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157 results for “Evolutionary Studies”
The Community Coevolution Model with application to the study of evolutionary relationships between genes based on phylogenetic profiles
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Arabidopsis Phenologyunder: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Herbivory of Arabidopsis: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Lespedeza herbivory: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study:Arabidopsis thaliana, Bromus inermis phenotypic selection analysis
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study:Arabidopsis thaliana, Bromus inermis phenotypic selection analyses standardized across trtmnts
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Phenology, growth, and fitness of Arabidopsis under ambient and elevated CO2 and in the presence/absence of competitors: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Arabidopsis Tolerance to herbivory: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Phenology, growth, and fitness of Arabidopsis under ambient and elevated CO2: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Lespedeza herbivory census: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
A multi-tiered sequence capture strategy spanning broad evolutionary scales: application for phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies of orchids
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>With over 25,000 species, the drivers of diversity in the Orchidaceae remain to be fully understood. Here we outline a multi-tiered sequence capture strategy aimed at capturing 100's of loci to enable phylogenetic resolution from subtribe to subspecific levels in orchids of the tribe Diurideae. For the probe design, we mined subsets of 18 transcriptomes, to give five target sequence sets aimed at the tribe (Sets 1 & 2), subtribe (Set 3), and within subtribe levels (Sets 4 & 5). Analysis included alternative <i>de novo </i>and reference-guided assembly, before target sequence extraction, annotation and alignment, and application of a homology-aware <i>k-mer</i> block phylogenomic approach, prior to phylogenetic inference using maximum-likelihood. Our evaluation considered 87 taxa in two test datasets: 67 samples spanning the tribe, and 72samples involving 24 closely related <i>Caladenia</i> species. The tiered design achieved high target loci recovery (>89%), with the median number of recovered loci in Sets 1–5 as follows: 212, 219, 816, 1024, and 1009, respectively. Interestingly, as a first test of the homologous <i>k</i>-mer approach for targeted sequence capture data, our study revealed its potential for enabling robust phylogenetic species tree inferences. Specifically, we found matching, and in one case improved phylogenetic resolution within species complexes, compared to conventional phylogenetic analysis involving target gene extraction. Our findings indicate that a customised multi-tiered sequence capture strategy, in combination with promising yet under-utilized phylogenomic approaches, will be effective for groups where interspecific divergence is recent, but information on deeper phylogenetic relationships is also required.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Using time series analysis to characterize evolutionary and plastic responses to environmental change: a case study of a shift toward earlier migration date in sockeye salmon
Environmental change can shift the phenotype of an organism through either evolutionary or nongenetic processes. Despite abundant evidence of phenotypic change in response to recent climate change, we typically lack sufficient genetic data to identify the role of evolution. We present a method of using phenotypic data to characterize the hypothesized role of natural selection and environmentally driven phenotypic shifts (plasticity). We modeled historical selection and environmental predictors of interannual variation in mean population phenotype using a multivariate state-space model framework. Through model comparisons, we assessed the extent to which an estimated selection differential explained observed variation better than environmental factors alone. We applied the method to a 60-year trend toward earlier migration in Columbia River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, producing estimates of annual selection differentials, average realized heritability, and relative cumulative effects of selection and plasticity. We found that an evolutionary response to thermal selection was capable of explaining up to two-thirds of the phenotypic trend. Adaptive plastic responses to June river flow explain most of the remainder. This method is applicable to other populations with time series data if selection differentials are available or can be reconstructed. This method thus augments our toolbox for predicting responses to environmental change.
Data from: First plastid phylogenomic study reveals potential cyto-nuclear discordance in the evolutionary history of Ficus L. (Moraceae)
Standard Sanger chloroplast markers provide limited information to resolve species level relationships within plants, in particular within large genera. Figs (Ficus L., Moraceae) compose one of the 50 largest genera of angiosperms with ∼750 species occurring in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. Figs, in addition to being a keystone food resource in rainforests, are well-known for the mutualistic interactions with their pollinating wasps. It is regarded as a model system for understanding co-evolution dating back more than 75 million years. However, despite significant taxon sampling, combinations of low copy nuclear, nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast regions have not been able to confidently resolve relationships among major groups of figs. Using a high throughput sequencing approach we attempted to resolve the major lineages of Ficus based on plastome data. In this study, we show that the use of a de novo assembled plastome from within the genus provides less ambiguity and higher coverage across the 59 Ficus and 6 outgroup plastome assemblies compared to using the nearest available reference plastome outside the genus resulting in improved resolution and higher support of the phylogenetic relationships within Ficus inferred from plastome data. Chloroplast genome data confidently resolved relationships among major groups of figs and largely support current understanding based on nuclear sequence data including passively pollinated Neotropical section Pharmacosycea as sister lineage to all other Ficus. However, conflicts between the new plastome topology and previous nuclear studies are observed for both individual species as well as relationships among some sections at deeper levels. Conflicts could be caused by lack of resolution in the nuclear data or may indicate potential cyto-nuclear discordance as previously observed in an African lineage of Ficus.
Data from: The role of hybridisation in the origin and evolutionary persistence of vertebrate parthenogens: a case study of Darevskia lizards
Obligate parthenogenesis is found in only 0.1% of vertebrate species, is thought to be relatively short lived and is typically of hybrid origin. However, neither the evolutionary persistence of asexuality in vertebrates, nor the conditions that allow the generation of new parthenogenetic lineages are currently well understood. It has been proposed that vertebrate parthenogenetic lineages arise from hybridisation between two divergent taxa within a specific range of phylogenetic distances (the "Balance Hypothesis"). Moreover, parthenogenetic species often maintain a certain level of hybridisation with their closest sexual relatives, potentially generating new polyploid hybrid lineages. Here we address the role of hybridisation in the origin and evolutionary lifespan of vertebrate parthenogens. We use a set of microsatellite markers to characterize the origins of parthenogens in the lizard genus Darevskia to study the distinctiveness of sexual and asexual taxa currently in sympatry, and to analyse the evolutionary consequences of interspecific hybridisation between asexual females and sexual males. We find that parthenogens result from multiple past hybridisation events between species from specific lineages over a range of phylogenetic distances. This suggests that the Balance Hypothesis needs to make allowance for lineage-specific effects, as envisaged in the "Phylogenetic Constraint Hypothesis". Our results show recurrent backcrossing between sexual and parthenogenetic Darevskia but neither gene flow nor formation of new asexual lineages is found. We suggest that, along with their demographic advantage, parthenogens gain additional leverage to outcompete sexuals in nature when the retention of sexual reproductive machinery allows backcrossing with their sexual ancestors.
Data from: Mosaic heterochrony and evolutionary modularity: the trilobite genus Zacanthopsis as a case study
Logical connections exist between evolutionary modularity and heterochrony, two unifying and structuring themes in the expanding field of evolutionary developmental biology. The former sees complex phenotypes as being made up of semi-independent units of evolutionary transformation; the latter requires such a modular organization of phenotypes to occur in a localized or mosaic fashion. This conceptual relationship is illustrated here by analyzing the evolutionary changes in the cranidial ontogeny of two related species of Cambrian trilobites. With arguments from comparative developmental genetics and functional morphology, we delineate putative evolutionary modules within the cranidium and examine patterns of evolutionary changes in ontogeny at both global and local scales. Results support a case of mosaic heterochrony, i.e. a combination of local heterochronies affecting the different parts individuated in the cranidium, leading to the complex pattern of allometric repatterning observed at the global scale. Through this example, we show that recasting morphological analyses of complex phenotypes with a priori knowledge or hypotheses about their organizational and variational properties can significantly improve our interpretation and understanding of evolutionary changes among related taxa, fossil and extant. Such considerations open avenues to investigate the large-scale dynamics of modularity and its role in phenotypic evolution.
Analyzing evolutionary game theory in epidemic management: A study on social distancing and mask-wearing strategies
<p>When combating a respiratory disease outbreak, the effectiveness of protective measures hinges on spontaneous shifts in human behavior driven by risk perception and careful cost-benefit analysis. In this study, a novel concept has been introduced, integrating social distancing and mask-wearing strategies into a unified framework that combines evolutionary game theory with an extended classical epidemic model. To yield deeper insights into human decision-making during COVID-19, we integrate both the prevalent dilemma faced at the epidemic's onset regarding mask-wearing and social distancing practices, along with a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. We explore the often-overlooked aspect of effective mask adoption among undetected infectious individuals to evaluate the significance of source control. Both undetected and detected infectious individuals can significantly reduce the risk of infection for non-masked individuals by wearing effective facemasks. When the economic burden of mask usage becomes unsustainable in the community, promoting affordable and safe social distancing becomes vital in slowing the epidemic's progress, allowing crucial time for public health preparedness. In contrast, as the indirect expenses associated with safe social distancing escalate, affordable and effective facemask usage could be a feasible option. In our analysis, it was observed that during periods of heightened infection risk, there is a noticeable surge in public interest and dedication to complying with social distancing measures. However, its impact diminishes beyond a certain disease transmission threshold, as this strategy cannot completely eliminate the disease burden in the community. Maximum public compliance with social distancing and mask-wearing strategies can be achieved when they are affordable for the community. While implementing both strategies together could ultimately reduce the epidemic's effective reproduction number (Re) to below one, countries still have the flexibility to prioritize either of them, easing strictness on the other based on their socio-economic conditions.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Plastid phylogenomic study of grape species and its implications for evolutionary study and conservation of Vitis
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree of Vitis based on large single copy region inferred from maximum likelihood (ML) analysis based on IQTREE website. Purple branches represent species from North America, yellow branch represent species from Europe, and green branches represent species from Asia. Value of ultrafast bootstrap approximation are indicated on the branches.
FIGURE 2 in Plastid phylogenomic study of grape species and its implications for evolutionary study and conservation of Vitis
FIGURE 2. Sliding window analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of 13 Vitis taxa (window length: 600 bp, step size: 50 bp). X- axis: position of the midpoint of a window, Y-axis: nucleotide diversity of each window.
Figure 1 in Evaluating evolutionary pressures and phylogenetic signal in earthworms: a case study - the number of typhlosole lamellae in Hormogastridae (Annelida, Oligochaeta)
Figure 1. An example of the variability in body size and number of lamellae in Hormogastridae: (A) Hormogaster castillana Qiu & Bouche, 1998 (21 lamellae); (B) Hormogaster pretiosa Michaelsen, 1889 from Segariu (13 lamellae); (C) Hormogaster joseantonioi Marchan et al., 2014 (nine lamellae); (D) Hormogaster redii Rosa, 1887 (seven lamellae); (E) Hormogaster elisae Alvarez, 1977 (five lamellae); (F) Ailoscolex lacteospumosus Bouche, 1969 (three lamellae). To the right the diagrams show how the typhlosole is located in the digestive tract, with different degrees of convolution shown.
Figure 2 in Evaluating evolutionary pressures and phylogenetic signal in earthworms: a case study - the number of typhlosole lamellae in Hormogastridae (Annelida, Oligochaeta)
Figure 2. Ultrametric tree used as the phylogenetic input for the phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) analysis. Number of typhlosole lamellae and average weight are shown as red and green bars for taxa with available information. The colour code for the branches show the main Hormogastridae clades (for details, see Appendix S4).
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