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90 results for “Graptolites”
Fig. 12 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 12. Comparison of simply organized colonies of a monograptid graptolite (A) and a cheilostomate bryozoan (B). In both instances colonies originated from an oozooid (sicula or ancestrula) and display a primary zone of astogenetic change (morphological gradient present), followed by a zone of primary astogenetic repetition (no morphological gradient). Colonies end with a terminal growing tip (A) or growth zone (B). A, original, B, modified from Boardman and Cheetham (1973).
Fig. 3 in Evolution of retiolitid graptolites-a synopsis
Fig. 3. Diagrams showing: lengths of rhabdosomes (A) and lengths of siculae (B) in common retiolitid genera.
Fig. 2 in Evolution of retiolitid graptolites-a synopsis
Fig. 2. Examples of the most reduced retiolitid rhabdosomes. A. Sokolovograptus polonicus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995. B. Paraplectograptus eiseli Manck, 1917, ZPAL G.34/12, Bartoszyce borehole, 1690.6 m, C. lundgreni/T. testis Biozone. C. Cometograptus kirki Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2001. D. Semiplectograptus urbaneki Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995. E. Holoretiolites helenaewitoldi sp. nov., holotype ZPAL G.34/2. F. Plectodinemagraptus gracilis Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995. Figures modified from: A, D, F, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (1995); C, Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (2001); B, E, originals. Not to scale.
Fig. 5 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 5. Diagram illustrating the introduction and spread of new thecal characters in monograptid colonies (A, B, D, E) with attempted biological interpretation of evolutionary changes involved (C, F). A, B. Proximal introduction and distalward spreading (as indicated by an arrow) of a phylogenetic novelty, interpreted (in C) as a result of increasing activity of a morphogen produced by the oozooid (siculozoooid) and acting as a stimulator of a given character, either due to increase of its amount (change from continuous oblique into broken oblique line) at the stable threshold level of the reactivity of the tissue, or due to increase of reactivity of tissues (lowering of the threshold level from t1 to t2) at the stable amount of morphogen produced. D, E. Distal introduction and spreading toward the proximal end (as indicated by an arrow) of a phylogenetic novelty, explained in F as a result of decreasing activity of a morphogen acting in this case as an inhibitor of a given character, either in result of its decreasing amount (change from continuous to broken oblique line) at the stable level of the reactivity of tissues (t1) or by the rise of the threshold level (t2) and decrease of their reactivity at the stable of morphogen produced by the oozooid. Note that the expressivity is indicated by the intensity of shading, while penetrance by numbers of zooids affected to any degree. From Urbanek (1960, 1973).
Fig. 7 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 7. Diagram showing two patterns of regeneration in fragmented graptoloid colonies. A. Primary rhabdosome subject to fragmentation (as indicated by wavy line) into the proximal and distal portions. B. Regeneration from the proximal fragment of the primary rhabdosome resulting in a unipolar regenerative morphosis (single arrow), with a distal regenerative portion showing an abrupt increase in the size of zooidal tubes (thecae). C. Regeneration from the distal fragment of the primary rhabdosome resulting in a bipolarly growing morphosis (two arrows) due to formation of the regenerative proximal portion growing (solid arrow) simultaneously with the preserved distal tip of the primary rhabdosome (broken arrow); S, scar or traces of fracture, regenerated portions obliquely hatched.
Fig. 1 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 1. Astogeny in Graptolithoidea. A–C. Early development of a rhabdopleurid pterobranch and a tuboid graptolite colony. A. Encapsulated larva after metamorphosis (A1) and primary zooid in Rhabdopleura compacta Hincks (A2). B, C. Comparison of sicular portions in Recent Rhabdopleura compacta (B) and in Ordovician tuboid graptolite Epigraptus Eisenack (C). D. Sicula (D1) and thecae with underlying stolon system (D2) of an Ordovician dendroid graptolite Dendrograptus sp. E. Zooidal tubes and internal stolon system in Recent Rhabdopleura normani Allman. Not to scale. A, B, from Stebbing (1970), C–E, from Kozłowski (1949, 1970).
Dawidziuk, 2002, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, Arctic Canada. 28. Spinograptus spinosus Wood, 1900, L. nilssoni Biozone, EEP, Poland. 29. Spinograptus latespinosus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1997. 30. Spinograptus munchi Eisenack, 1951, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, EEP, Poland. 31. Papiliograptus papilio Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2002, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, Arctic Canada. 32. Plectograptus? karlsteinensis Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, Lenz, and Štorch, 2001, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, Barrandian. 33. Neogothograptus thorsteinssoni Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2004, L. progenitor Biozone, Arctic Canada. 34. Neogothograptus alatiformis Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2004, L. progenitor Biozone, Arctic Canada. 35. Neogothograptus purus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, EEP, Poland. 36. Holoretiolites mancki (Münch, 1931). 37. Holoretiolites helenaewitoldi sp. nov., L. progenitor Biozone, EEP, Poland. 38. Plectograptus wimani Eisenack, 1951, N. nilssoni Biozone, Baltic erratic boulder, Poland. 39. Plectograptus robustus Obut and Zaslavskaya, 1983, L. nilssoni Biozone, EEP, Kaliningrad. 40. Plectograptus macilentus Törnquist, 1887, L. scanicus Biozone, Baltic erratic boulder, Poland. 41. Semiplectograptus urbaneki Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, Cucullograptus hemiaversus/C. aversus Biozone, EEP, Poland. 42. Plectodinemagraptus gracilis Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, Cucullograptus hemiaversus/C. aversus Biozone, EEP, Poland. Figures adapted from: 1, Melchin (1999); 2, 4–5, Bouček and Münch (1944); 3, holotype photographed by A. Lenz; 6, 9, Bates and Kirk (1992); 7, Bates and Kirk (1997); 8, Štorch (1994); 10–15, 38, 40–42, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (1995); 16, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (2001); 17–21, Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (2001); 22, 25, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (1990); 23, 35, photo taken by author; 24, 32, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk et al. (2001); 26, 27, 31, Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (2002a); 28, 35, photo taken by author; 29, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (1997); 30, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 2002; 36, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk and Lenz (2001); 37, this paper; 39, Obut and Zaslavskaya (1983). Not to scale. Abbreviations: RD, Rhuddanian; SHEIN, Sheinwoodian; GORST, Gorstian; LUDF, Ludfordian. Biozonal scheme after Koren' et al. 1996; Geological time scale by International Commission on Stratigraphy, International Union of Geological Sciences 2004 (www.stratigraphy.org) in Evolution of retiolitid graptolites-a synopsis
Dawidziuk, 2002, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, Arctic Canada. 28. Spinograptus spinosus Wood, 1900, L. nilssoni Biozone, EEP, Poland. 29. Spinograptus latespinosus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1997. 30. Spinograptus munchi Eisenack, 1951, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, EEP, Poland. 31. Papiliograptus papilio Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2002, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, Arctic Canada. 32. Plectograptus? karlsteinensis Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, Lenz, and Štorch, 2001, C. praedubeli/C. deubeli Biozone, Barrandian. 33. Neogothograptus thorsteinssoni Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2004, L. progenitor Biozone, Arctic Canada. 34. Neogothograptus alatiformis Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2004, L. progenitor Biozone, Arctic Canada. 35. Neogothograptus purus Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, EEP, Poland. 36. Holoretiolites mancki (Münch, 1931). 37. Holoretiolites helenaewitoldi sp. nov., L. progenitor Biozone, EEP, Poland. 38. Plectograptus wimani Eisenack, 1951, N. nilssoni Biozone, Baltic erratic boulder, Poland. 39. Plectograptus robustus Obut and Zaslavskaya, 1983, L. nilssoni Biozone, EEP, Kaliningrad. 40. Plectograptus macilentus Törnquist, 1887, L. scanicus Biozone, Baltic erratic boulder, Poland. 41. Semiplectograptus urbaneki Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, Cucullograptus hemiaversus/C. aversus Biozone, EEP, Poland. 42. Plectodinemagraptus gracilis Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 1995, Cucullograptus hemiaversus/C. aversus Biozone, EEP, Poland. Figures adapted from: 1, Melchin (1999); 2, 4–5, Bouček and Münch (1944); 3, holotype photographed by A. Lenz; 6, 9, Bates and Kirk (1992); 7, Bates and Kirk (1997); 8, Štorch (1994); 10–15, 38, 40–42, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (1995); 16, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (2001); 17–21, Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (2001); 22, 25, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (1990); 23, 35, photo taken by author; 24, 32, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk et al. (2001); 26, 27, 31, Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (2002a); 28, 35, photo taken by author; 29, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk (1997); 30, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 2002; 36, Kozłowska−Dawidziuk and Lenz (2001); 37, this paper; 39, Obut and Zaslavskaya (1983). Not to scale. Abbreviations: RD, Rhuddanian; SHEIN, Sheinwoodian; GORST, Gorstian; LUDF, Ludfordian. Biozonal scheme after Koren' et al. 1996; Geological time scale by International Commission on Stratigraphy, International Union of Geological Sciences 2004 (www.stratigraphy.org)
Fig. 13 in Morphogenetic gradients in graptolites and bryozoans
Fig. 13. Diagram of astogeny in the cheilostomate bryozoan Bugula Oken showing a regular succession of events, namely a primary zone of astogenetic change and a primary zone of astogenetic repetition as well as the secondary zone of astogenetic change on a separate branch which is concurrent with ongoing primary zone of astogenetic repetition on the main sequence. Astogeny includes here a change from uniserial to biserial budding, while subsequent zone of change is not concomitant but sectorial. Modified from Boardman, Cheetham, and Cook (1970).
Fig. 6 in Evolution of retiolitid graptolites-a synopsis
Fig. 6. Rhabdosome of the holotype Holoretiolites helenaewitoldi sp. nov. with the sicula reconstructed and hypothetical lophophores; the rest of soft body is omitted. The hypothetical lophophores are modified after Melchin and DeMont 1995.
Fig. 23. Reticulograptus thomasi n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 23. Reticulograptus thomasi n.sp., AM F114756, holotype, BF28. Scale bar 1 mm.
Fig. 2 in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 2. Dendroid graptolite localities on the Bridge Creek sections.
Fig. 1 in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 1. Location map of the Bridge Creek area of southeastern Australia.
Data from: Locomotory and morphological evolution of the earliest Silurian graptolite (Demirastrites) selected by hydrodynamics
<p>Interpretation of the locomotion for biostratigraphic important graptolite taxa is rare and rendered problematic due to their lack of close modern analogues and soft tissues. In this study, based on well-preserved specimens of the early Silurian low-helical spiral <em>Demirastrites</em> Eisel, we reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) Demirastrites models and simulated their locomotion by using computational fluid dynamics. Hydrodynamic properties (outer-wall pressure fields and velocity fields) were obtained and used to test the prevailing hypothesis that the Silurian low helical spiral graptolite <em>Demirastrites</em> could rotate in seawater. The <em>Demirastrites</em> models kept rotating at different velocities in the simulation field, which helped to counteract the impact of the water current and achieve stability. During rotation, higher velocity fields could be observed near the thecal apertures, which meant better access to more nutrient particles in the sea water. Our simulation thus confirmed the rotating locomotory pattern of the Silurian low conical graptolite <em>Demirastrites</em> for the purpose of better feeding efficiency and turbarium stability. Moreover, we analysed how the evolution of structural innovations, such as the density and width of thecae and the curvature angle of the rhabdosome within the recovered geological lineages of <em>Demirastrites</em>, were influenced and selected by hydrodynamics. The results showed that <em>Demirastrites</em> lineages evolved towards increased stability and higher rotation velocity. Our study highlights the importance of hydrodynamic constraints serving as hidden abiotic factors shaping the evolution of planktonic graptolites. </p>
Data from: Locomotory and morphological evolution of the earliest Silurian graptolite (Demirastrites) selected by hydrodynamics
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An Ordovician to Silurian graptolite specimen image dataset for global correlation and shale gas exploration
<p>A unique high-resolution image dataset consists of key graptolite species used for dating rocks, global correlation, and “gold caliper” for locating shale gas favourable exploration beds (FEBs) in China.</p> <p>All images were taken from 1,550 carefully curated graptolite specimens, taxonomically belong to 113 graptolite species or subspecies. These specimens were collected from 154 representative geological sections of the Ordovician to Silurian sediments of China and published in 1958-2020. All specimens are housed at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (NIGP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Detailed scientific information of every piece of fossil specimen is given in the attached spreadsheet file.</p> <p>My working group spent over two years to complete photographing every specimen using a single-lens reflex camera Nikon D800E with Nikkor 60 mm macro-lens and Leica M125 and M205C microscopes equipped with Leica cameras. Every image is well focused and better shows the morphology of graptolite bodies.</p> <p>In total, we took 40,597 images, including 20,644 camera photos (each with a resolution of 4,912 × 7,360) and 19,953 microscope photos (each with a resolution of 2,720 × 2,048). Photos of low contrast or bad focus were removed from the whole collection. We only kept and selected the photos that show the visual morphology of every specimen and the diagnostic character of each graptolite species that the specimens represent. We selected one image for each specimen as the present final dataset, uploaded to and stored in our cloud server.</p> <p>We incorporated revision suggestions from distinguished palaeontologists to generate the ground-truth labels, providing a taxonomical authority of the dataset. The dataset potentially contributes to a range of scientific activities and provides 1) easy access to high-resolution images of 2951 specimens of 113 graptolite species for teaching and training in palaeontology and geologic survey; 2) Global bio-stratigraphic correlation using graptolites, especially with those bio-zone species; 3) A standard fossil specimen image dataset used in shale gas industry to improve exploration efficiency, and 4) The potential aid of developing image-based automated classification model.</p> <p>Every specimen has two photos, one is original, another shows specimen with a scale bar. Occasionally in some large image the scale bar is embedded and beside the fossil specimen. Example: The file name: ‘9721Cardiograptus_amplus_S.jpg’, ‘9721’ is the specimens number, ‘Cardiograptus_amplus’ means species name is ‘Cardiograptus amplus’, with ‘_S’ means it is a photo with scale bar. In all scale bar, the minimum unit is millimeter.</p> <p>Author and contact:</p> <p>Hong-He Xu</p> <p>Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</p> <p>39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008</p> <p>China</p> <p>E-mail: hhxu@nigpas.ac.cn</p>
Fig. 19. A,B, Stelechocladia praeattenuata n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 19. A,B, Stelechocladia praeattenuata n.sp.: A, AM F114743, holotype, and B, AM F114744, both BF18; C, Acanthograptus praedeckeri praedeckeri n.sp., AM F114629a, F14. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 15. A,B, Callograptus bridgecreekensis n in Dendroid and Tuboid Graptolites from the Llandovery (Silurian) of the Four Mile Creek Area, New South Wales
Fig. 15. A,B, Callograptus bridgecreekensis n.sp.: A, AM F114569a, holotype, F14; B, paratype AM F114569b, F14. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 7. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus
Fig. 7. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A. Small autothecal stolon in triad of stolotheca of Fig. 6A. Scale bar 10 µm. B, C. Autothecal stolon in triad on main stem (ZPAL G.30/16). Scale bars: B, 10 µm; C, 50 µm. D, F. Crassal lining of portion of stolotheca, with fractured diaphragm (arrowed),aneedlepreparationfromZPALG.30/10.Scalebars 10 µm. E. Crassal lining of portion of stolotheca, a needle preparation from ZPAL G.30/12. Scale bar 20 µm.
Fig. 5 in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus
Fig. 5. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. Diagram showing internal structure of stem with thecal triads and thecal base. Not to scale.
Fig. 6. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus
Fig. 6. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A. Stereopair of triad of stolotheca; diaphragm of stolon leading to thecal base arrowed (ZPAL G. 30/15). Scale bar 10 µm. B. Stolonal triad on main stem, close to thecal base. Lower canal leads to the next section of the stem; upper canal (arrowed) leads to the thecal base, a needle preparation from ZPAL G. 30/10. Scale bar 50 µm. C. Stereopair of stolonal triad in thecal base, including occluded autotheca (arrowed), looking proximally (ZPAL G. 30/15). Scale bar 10 µm.
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