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170 results for “Heat tolerance”
Data from: Heat tolerance in ectotherms scales predictably with body size
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Drought stress and high heat tolerance in domesticated Phaseolus beans
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Hypoxia inducible factor-1α knockout does not impair acute thermal tolerance or heat hardening in zebrafish
The rapid increase in critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in fish (or other animals), previously exposed to critically high temperature is termed 'heat hardening', which likely represents a key strategy to cope with increasingly extreme environments. The physiological mechanisms that determine acute thermal tolerance, and the underlying pathways facilitating heat hardening, remain debated. It has been posited, however, that exposure to high temperature is associated with tissue hypoxia and may be associated with increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (Hif-1). We studied acute thermal tolerance in zebrafish lacking functional Hif-1α paralogs (Hif-1aa and Hif-1ab double knockout; Hif-1α-/-), which are known to exhibit markedly reduced hypoxia tolerance. We hypothesised that Hif-1α-/- zebrafish would suffer reduced acute thermal tolerance relative to wild-types and that the heat hardening ability would be lost. On the contrary, we observed that Hif-1α-/- and wild-type fish did not differ in CTmax, and both genotypes exhibited heat hardening of a similar degree when CTmax was re-tested 48 h later. Despite exhibiting impaired hypoxia tolerance (based on loss of equilibrium experiments), Hif-1α-/- zebrafish display unaltered thermal tolerance, suggesting that these traits are not necessarily functionally associated. Hif-1α is accordingly not required for short-term acclimation in the form of heat hardening.
Data from : Environmental predictability drives adaptive within- and transgenerational plasticity of heat tolerance across life stages and climatic regions
<p>Although environmental variability and predictability have been proposed as the underlying ecological context in which transgenerational plasticity (<i>TGP</i>) arises, the adaptive significance and interaction with within-generation plasticity (<i>WGP</i>) in such scenarios is still poorly understood. In order to investigate these questions, we considered the tolerance to upper thermal limits of larvae and adults of the desert endemic <i>Drosophila mojavensis </i>adapted to different climatic regions (Desert vs Mediterranean climate). Thermal plasticity was investigated by acclimating parents and offspring at 36°C (versus at 25°C). We then used historical temperature variation data from both regions to perform individual-based simulations by modeling expected components of adaptive plasticity in multiple life stages. Thermal response to ramping heat shocks was more pronounced in larvae, where acclimation treatments in parents and offspring increased their heat-shock performance, while heat knockdown in adults was only increased by offspring acclimation of adults. The relative contribution of <i>WGP</i> and <i>TGP</i> was greater for the population from the more thermally variable Sonoran Desert. Similarly, individual-based simulations of evolving maternal effects indicated that variation in tolerance to upper thermal limits across life stages and climates is expected from its adaptive significance in response to environmental predictability. Our approach offers a new perspective and interpretation of adaptive plasticity, demonstrating that environmental predictability can drive thermal responses across generations and life stages in a scenario with regional climate variability.</p>
Data from: Heat tolerance in Drosophila subobscura along a latitudinal gradient: contrasting patterns between plastic and genetic responses
Susceptibility to global warming relies on how thermal tolerances respond to increasing temperatures through plasticity or evolution. Climatic adaptation can be assessed examining the geographic variation in thermal-related traits. We studied latitudinal patterns in heat tolerance in Drosophila subobscura reared at two temperatures. We used four static stressful temperatures to estimate the thermal death time curves (TDT), and two ramping assays with fast and slow heating rates. TDT curves allow estimating the critical thermal maximum CTmax, by extrapolating to the temperature that would knockdown the flies almost 'instantaneously', and the thermal sensitivity to increasing stressful temperatures. We found a positive latitudinal cline for CTmax, but no clinal pattern for knockdown temperatures estimated from the ramping assays. Although high-latitude populations were more tolerant to an acute heat stress, they were also more sensitive to prolonged exposure to less stressful temperatures, supporting a trade-off between acute and chronic heat tolerances. Conversely, developmental plasticity did not affect CTmax but increased the tolerance to chronic heat exposition. The patterns observed from the TDT curves help to understand why the relationship between heat tolerance and latitude depends on the methodology used and, therefore, these curves provide a more complete and reliable measurement of heat tolerance.
Data from: Evolution of thermal tolerance and its fitness consequences: parallel and non-parallel responses to urban heat islands across three cities
The question of parallel evolution—what causes it, and how common it is—has long captured the interest of evolutionary biologists. Widespread urban development over the last century has driven rapid evolutionary responses on contemporary timescales, presenting a unique opportunity to test the predictability and parallelism of evolutionary change. Here we examine rapid urban evolution in an acorn-dwelling ant species, focusing on the urban heat island signal and the ant's tolerance of these altered urban temperature regimes. Using a common-garden experimental design with acorn ant colonies collected from urban and rural populations in three cities and reared under five temperature treatments in the laboratory, we assessed plastic and evolutionary shifts in the heat and cold tolerance of F1 offspring worker ants. In two of three cities, we found evolved losses of cold tolerance, and compression of thermal tolerance breadth. Results for heat tolerance were more complex: in one city, we found evidence of simple evolved shifts in heat tolerance in urban populations, though in another, the difference in urban and rural population heat tolerance depended on laboratory rearing temperature, and only became weakly apparent at the warmest rearing temperatures. The shifts in tolerance appeared to be adaptive, as our analysis of the fitness consequences of warming revealed that while urban populations produced more sexual reproductives under warmer laboratory rearing temperatures, rural populations produced fewer. Patterns of natural selection on thermal tolerances supported our findings of fitness tradeoffs and local adaptation across urban and rural acorn ant populations, as selection on thermal tolerance acted in opposite directions between the warmest and coldest rearing temperatures. Our study provides mixed support for parallel evolution of thermal tolerance under urban temperature rise.
Data from: Heat shock protein expression enhances heat tolerance of reptile and bird embryos
The role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in heat tolerance has been demonstrated in cultured cells and animal tissues, but rarely in whole organisms because of methodological difficulties associated with gene manipulation. By comparing HSP70 expression patterns among representative species of reptiles and birds, and by determining the effect of HSP70 overexpression on embryonic development and hatchling traits, we have identified the role of HSP70 in the heat tolerance of amniote embryos. Consistent with their thermal environment, and high incubation temperatures and heat tolerance, the embryos of birds have higher onset and maximum temperatures for induced HSP70 than do reptiles, and turtles have higher onset and maximum temperatures than do lizards. Interestingly, the trade-off between benefits and costs of HSP70 overexpression occurred between life-history stages: when turtle embryos developed at extreme high temperatures, HSP70 overexpression generated benefits by enhancing embryo heat tolerance and hatching success, but subsequently imposed costs by decreasing heat tolerance of surviving hatchlings. Taken together, the correlative and causal links between HSP70 and heat tolerance provide, to our knowledge, the first unequivocal evidence that HSP70 promotes thermal tolerance of embryos in oviparous amniotes.
Data from: Higher incubation temperatures produce long-lasting upward shifts in cold tolerance, but not heat tolerance, of hatchling geckos
Heatwaves are a regular occurrence in Australia, and are predicted to increase in intensity and duration in the future. These changes may elevate temperatures inside lizard nests, shortening the incubation period, so that hatchlings are more likely to emerge during heatwaves. Potentially, developmental plasticity or heat hardening could buffer hatchings from future warming. For example, higher incubation temperatures could shift critical thermal maxima upwards, enabling lizards to withstand higher temperatures. To investigate whether developmental plasticity affects hatchling thermal tolerance, we incubated eggs of the velvet gecko Amalosia lesueurii under two fluctuating incubation treatments to mimic current warm (mean = 24.3°C, range 18.4 - 31.1°C) and future hot (mean = 28.9°C, range 19.1 - 38.1°C) nest temperatures. We maintained the hatchlings under identical conditions, and measured their thermal tolerance (CTmax) at age 14 d and 42 d. We then released hatchlings at field sites, and recaptured individually marked lizards at age six months, to determine whether incubation induced shifts in thermal tolerance were transitory or long-lasting. We found that at age 14 d, hatchlings from the future hot temperature incubation treatment had higher CTmax (mean = 39.96 ± 0.25°C) than hatchlings from the current warm incubation treatment (mean = 39.70 ± 0.36°C). Hatchlings from the warm-incubation treatment also had significantly higher heat hardening capacity (mean = 0.79 ± 0.37°C) than hatchlings from hot-temperature incubation treatment (mean = 0.47 ± 0.17°C). However, both of these incubation-induced effects did not persist into later life. By contrast, incubation treatment had significant and long-lasting effects on the cold tolerance of hatchlings. At age 14 d, warm-incubated hatchlings tolerated colder temperatures (CTmin = 11.24 ± 0.41°C) than hot-incubated hatchlings (CTmin = 14.11 ± 0.25°C). This significant difference in cold tolerance persisted into the juvenile life stage, and was present in 6 month old lizards that we recaptured from field sites. This finding indicates that upward shifts in cold tolerance caused by higher nest temperatures might impact negatively on overwinter survival of lizards, but field studies linking fitness to thermal tolerance are necessary to test this idea. Overall, our results suggest that developmental plasticity for heat tolerance is unlikely to buffer lizard populations from increasing temperatures.
Oxygen supply limits the heat tolerance of avian embryos
<p>Physiologists have primarily focused on two potential explanations for heat stress in animals—the classic model of molecular stability and a more recent model of oxygen limitation. Although the classic model has widespread support, the oxygen-supply model applies to many aquatic animals and some terrestrial ones. In particular, the embryonic stage of terrestrial animals seems most susceptible to oxygen limitation because embryos acquire oxygen from the atmosphere by diffusion rather than ventilation. We report experiments confirming the two conditions of the oxygen-supply model in Japanese quail embryos, Coturnix coturnix. Hypoxia (12% O2) greatly reduced the chance of survival at 47.5°C, and hyperoxia greatly improved the chance of survival at 48.5°C. This finding expands the scope of the oxygen-supply model to a terrestrial, endothermic species, suggesting that oxygen supply generally limits the heat tolerance of embryos.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary potential of thermal preference and heat tolerance in Drosophila subobscura
Evolutionary change of thermal traits (i.e. heat tolerance and behavioral thermoregulation) is one of the most important mechanisms exhibited by organisms to respond to global warming. However, the evolutionary potential of heat tolerance, estimated as narrow-sense heritability, depends on the methodology employed. An alternative adaptive mechanism to buffer extreme temperatures is behavioral thermoregulation, although the association between heat tolerance and thermal preference is not clearly understood. We suspect that methodological effects associated with the duration of heat stress during thermal tolerance assays are responsible for missing this genetic association. To test this hypothesis, we estimated the heritabilities and genetic correlations for thermal traits in Drosophila subobscura, using high-temperature static and slow ramping assays. We found that heritability for heat tolerance was higher in static assays (h2 = 0.134) than in slow ramping assays (h2 = 0.084), suggesting that fast assays may provide a more precise estimation of the genetic variation of heat tolerance. In addition, thermal preference exhibited a low heritability (h2 = 0.066), suggesting a reduced evolutionary response for this trait. We also found that the different estimates of heat tolerance and thermal preference were not genetically correlated, regardless of how heat tolerance was estimated. In conclusion, our data suggest that these thermal traits can evolve independently in this species. In agreement with previous evidence, these results indicate that methodology may have an important impact on genetic estimates of heat tolerance and that fast assays are more likely to detect the genetic component of heat tolerance.
Data from: Microhabitat and body size effects on heat tolerance: implications for responses to climate change (army ants: Formicidae, Ecitoninae)
1. Models that predict organismal and population responses to climate change may be improved by considering ecological factors that affect species thermal tolerance. Species differences in microhabitat use can expose animals to diverse thermal selective environments at a given site and may cause sympatric species to evolve different thermal tolerances. 2. We tested the hypothesis that species differences in body size and microhabitat use (above- vs. below-ground activity) would correspond to differences in thermal tolerance (maximum critical temperatures: CTmax). Thermal buffering effects of soil can reduce exposure to extreme high temperatures for below-ground active species. We predicted larger-bodied individuals and species would have higher CTmax and that species mean CTmax would covary positively with degree of above-ground activity. We used Neotropical army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) as models. Army ants vary in microhabitat use from largely subterranean to largely above-ground active species and are highly size polymorphic. 3. We collected data on above- and below-ground temperatures in habitats used by army ants to test for microhabitat temperature differences, and we conducted CTmax assays for army ant species with varying degrees of surface activity and with different body sizes within and between species. We then tested whether microhabitat use was associated with species differences in CTmax and whether microhabitat was a better predictor of CTmax than body size for species that overlapped in size. 4. Microhabitat use was a highly significant predictor of species' upper thermal tolerance limits, both for raw data and after accounting for the effects of phylogeny. Below-ground species were more thermally sensitive, with lower maximum critical temperatures (CTmax). The smallest workers within each species were the least heat tolerant, but the magnitude of CTmax change with body size was greater in below-ground species. Species-typical microhabitat was a stronger predictor of CTmax than body size for species that overlapped in size. Compared to the soil surface, 10-cm subsoil was a significantly moderated thermal environment for below-ground army ants, while maximum surface raid temperatures sometimes exceeded CTmax for the most thermally sensitive army ant castes. 5. We conclude sympatric species differences in thermal physiology correspond to microhabitat use. These patterns should be accounted for in models of species and community responses to thermal variation and climate change.
Data from: Genomic determinants of coral heat tolerance across latitudes
As global warming continues, reef-building corals could avoid local population declines through "genetic rescue" involving exchange of heat-tolerant genotypes across latitudes, but only if latitudinal variation in thermal tolerance is heritable. Here, we show an up–to–10-fold increase in odds of survival of coral larvae under heat stress when their parents come from a warmer lower-latitude location. Elevated thermal tolerance was associated with heritable differences in expression of oxidative, extracellular, transport, and mitochondrial functions that indicated a lack of prior stress. Moreover, two genomic regions strongly responded to selection for thermal tolerance in interlatitudinal crosses. These results demonstrate that variation in coral thermal tolerance across latitudes has a strong genetic basis and could serve as raw material for natural selection.
Data on heat tolerance for D latus from: Does plasticity in thermal tolerance trade off with inherent tolerance? The influence of setal tracheal gills on thermal tolerance and its plasticity in a group of European diving beetles
<h3>Dataset on heat tolerance used in the study by Verberk et al., (2018).</h3><h3>Method description</h3><p>We assessed the impact of mode of respiration on heat tolerance under different oxygen conditions in one of the 15 species: <i>D. latus</i>, the most tolerant species in our comparison, using previously described methods (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191017302044#b0170">Verberk and Calosi, 2012</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191017302044#b0185">Verberk and Bilton, 2015</a>). Briefly, individuals were placed in flow-through chambers, whose water supply could be heated. For one group of animals, we used chambers where the animals were completely submerged and had no access to air, while for a second group of animals chambers were used with a small head space holding a layer of air, meaning that these animals could obtain oxygen either from the air compartment by surfacing or from the water with oxygen diffusing directly into their tracheal system <i>via</i> the setae or oxygen diffusing into their subelytral air reservoir <i>via</i> their physical gill. Individuals were left to settle for 1 h at the equilibration temperature of 10 °C, after which the temperature was ramped up at 0.25 °C min−1. The CTmax was defined as the point at which animals lost coordinated swimming, hence losing their ability to escape from the conditions that will lead to their death (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191017302044#b0095">Lutterschmidt and Hutchison, 1997</a>). The heating rate, endpoint and starting temperature all therefore differed from the methodology described above, meaning that the critical thermal temperatures from both methods cannot be compared directly. CTmax was assessed under <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/normoxia">normoxia</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/hypoxemia">hypoxia</a> and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/hyperoxia">hyperoxia</a> conditions (5, 20, 60 kPa O2 respectively) and adults were assessed with and without access to air. Oxygen tension of both the water and the air in the headspace was altered to produce hypoxia and hyperoxia, as described by <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191017302044#b0185">Verberk and Bilton (2015)</a>.</p>
Data on heat tolerance from: Field and laboratory studies reveal interacting effects of stream oxygenation and warming on aquatic ectotherms
<p>Heat tolerance data on two widespread Eurasian mayflies, <i>Ephemera danica</i>, Müller 1764 and <i>Serratella ignita</i> (Poda 1761).</p><p>Methods thermal tolerance experiments</p><p>Mayfly nymphs for laboratory experiments were collected in spring (early May) from Torrington River, Devon, UK, ranging in fresh weight between 15 and 128 mg (<i>E. danica</i>) and between 2.0 and 11.6 mg (<i>S. ignita</i>). Nymphs were maintained in the laboratory at 10 ± 1 °C in a 12 L:12 D regime in aquaria containing artificial pond water, buffered and diluted to reflect the pH and conductivity of the field site. Before recording critical temperatures, all species were acclimated for at least 7 days to laboratory conditions.</p><p>To assess critical thermal maxima (<i>CT</i>max), we employed previously described methods (Verberk & Bilton, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.13240#gcb13240-bib-0051">2011</a>; Verberk & Calosi, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.13240#gcb13240-bib-0054">2012</a>). Individual nymphs (<i>n</i> = 18 for <i>E. danica</i> and <i>n</i> = 27 for <i>S. ignita</i>) were placed in flow-through chambers and water was supplied to these chambers from a header tank after having passed through a tubular counter-current heat exchanger. Water in the header tank was of the same composition as that used to maintain animals and was bubbled with a mixture of 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen, obtained using a gas-mixing pump (Wösthoff, Bochum, Germany). Individuals were left resting for 1 h at the equilibration temperature of 10 °C, after which temperature in the experimental chambers was increased by 0.25 °C min−1, using a Grant R5 water bath with a GP200 pump unit (Grant Instrument Ltd, Cambridge, UK), connected to the heat exchanger. Temperatures were logged using a HH806AU digital thermometer (Omega Engineering Inc., Stamford, CT, USA). Different sized flow-through chambers were used for each species. <i>E. danica</i> was placed in larger chambers (70 × 70 × 30 mm) and provided with sand as burrowing substrate, which they readily used. <i>S. ignita</i> was placed in smaller cylindrical chambers (6 mm in diameter, 20 mm long) and their behaviour was observed under a magnifying glass. The amount of water passing through these flow-through chambers was matched to their size. For the larger chambers containing <i>E. danica</i>, water was supplied to five chambers (total volume of 0.735 l) at a flow rates of 0.031–0.033 l per second, resulting in a refresh rate of 22–24 s. For the smaller chambers with <i>S. ignita</i>, water was supplied to each chamber individually at 0.21–0.22 ml per second, resulting in a refresh rate of 10–11 s.</p><p><i>CT</i>max is defined as the point at which an animal loses its ability to escape from conditions that will lead to its death (Lutterschmidt & Hutchison, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.13240#gcb13240-bib-0027">1997</a>). During progressive warming, nymphs of <i>E. danica</i> first emerged from their burrowed position and began swimming (at about 6 °C below <i>CT</i>max). Loss of equilibrium occurred next as nymphs fell upon their backs, which was followed by the onset of spasms. After that, gill movement was no longer coordinated and faltered and this endpoint could be most reliably determined and is here taken as <i>CT</i>max. Similarly<i>, S. ignita</i> stopped ventilation and movement at <i>CT</i>max. Below <i>CT</i>max, larvae were inactive, until near the end of the trials, when they began to crawl, lose equilibrium and gill beating became intermittent shortly before stopping altogether at <i>CT</i>max.</p><p><i>CT</i>max was assessed at hypoxic (5 kPa), normoxic (20 kPa) and hyperoxic (60 kPa) conditions. Different levels of oxygenation were achieved by changing the oxygen–nitrogen gas mixture obtained using the gas-mixing pump (Wösthoff). The gas mixture was adjusted 10 min after placing the animals in the small flow-through chambers, to allow for gradual exposure to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions during the 1 h resting period. To prevent equilibration with the atmosphere, the header tank was sealed using an 18 mm thick expanded polystyrene sheeting and other openings were closed off with plastic material. During the 1 h resting period, oxygen levels in the outflow water from the chambers were measured approximately every 15 min, to verify that the oxygen levels had stabilized to hypoxic, normoxic and hyperoxic conditions at the onset of warming. Because some equilibration with the atmosphere could not be prevented, nominal output values from the gas mixer were slightly more extreme (3 kPa for hypoxia and 65 kPa for hyperoxia) in order to achieve the desired oxygen conditions in the test chambers.</p>
Genomic data from: Are you ready for the heat? Phenotypic plasticity vs adaptation of heat tolerance in three-spined stickleback
<p>Heat waves constitute a challenge for aquatic ectotherms. However, the thermal tolerance of animals and their individual phenotypic plasticity to respond to heat waves may be influenced by thermal history. We tested these hypotheses by comparing the upper thermal tolerance and the individual capacities of three-spined sticklebacks from populations with different thermal histories to respond to heat waves. Two populations originated from thermally polluted nuclear power plant (NPP) habitats, while four locations represented geographically adjacent control areas. To disentangle the genetic adaptation from the phenotypic plastic response, we measured the individual upper thermal tolerance and the responses at molecular level in common garden conditions before and after a laboratory-mimicked heat wave. We found that the sticklebacks exhibit considerable phenotypic plasticity in thermal tolerance since the heat wave increased fish upper thermal tolerance significantly. The individual plasticity to respond to the heat wave was also negatively correlated to initial thermal tolerance. On the other hand, neither the thermal tolerance nor the plastic responses differed between NPP and control sites despite detection of significant but low genome-wide divergence in 10 out of 15 pairwise comparisons. Our results suggest that five decades of nuclear power plant activity with warmer water has not resulted in a detectable evolutionary change in either the upper thermal tolerance or its plasticity in three-spined sticklebacks potentially rendering them sensitive to frequent heat waves.</p>
Genome-wide association mapping for component traits of drought and heat tolerance in wheat
<p>The study material in GWAS panel with 282 advanced breeding line of bread wheat genotypes from IARI stress breeding program was selected to map the genomic regions responsible for Drought and heat tolerance component traits.</p> <p>Phenotypic data:</p> <p>The GWAS panel was evaluated at multiple locations namely, IARI, New Delhi - DL (28.6550° N, 77.1888° E, MSL 228.61 m), ARI, Pune - PUNE (18.5204° N, 73.8567° E, MSL 560m), IIWBR, Karnal - IIWBR (29.6857° N, 76.9905°E, MSL 243m), IARI, Jharkhand - JR (24.1929° N, 85.3756° E, MSL 580m) and IARI RS, Indore - IND (22.7196° N, 75.8577° E, MSL 553 m) with augmented RCBD design. Three tratments viz, IR (Irrigated), RI (Restricted irrigated) and LS (Late sown) were imposed for control, drought and heat stress, respectively. Data was collected on traits like Days to heading (DH), Days to maturity (DM), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at anthesis and grain filling stage, chlorophyll content (SPAD) of flag leaf at post anthesis stage, Plant height (PH), Canopy temperature (CT), Grain weight per spike (GWPS), Thousand Grain weight (TGW), Plot Yield (PLTY) and Biomass.</p> <p>Genotypic data:</p> <p>Genomic DNA of the GWAS panel was extracted from the leaves of seedlings by Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) method. The panel was genotyped using Axiom Wheat Breeder's Genotyping Array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, United States) having 35,143 genome-wide SNPs. The monomorphic, markers with minor allele frequency (MAF) of <5%, missing data of >20%, and heterozygote frequency >25% were removed from the analysis. The remaining set of 10546 high-quality SNPs was used in GWAS analysis.</p> <p>The detailed information of the methods and software used, data analysis and GWAS is provided at doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.943033</p>
Dataset and R-script for Article: Increased heat tolerance of geothermal plants at the cost of reduced performance under cooler conditions
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Data and code for: Heat tolerance and its plasticity in freshwater and marine fishes are linked to their thermal regimes (v0.1).
<p>Data and code for: Heat tolerance and its plasticity in freshwater and marine fishes are linked to their thermal regimes (v0.1).</p>
Seasonal and between-population variation in heat tolerance and cooling efficiency in a Mediterranean songbird
<p><strong>Data collection</strong></p> <p>This database contains physiological data on thermoregulation in response to heat -- heat tolerance limit (HTL), body temperature (Tb), resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL) and evaporative cooling efficiency (EHL/MHP) -- collected during winter and summer in two populations on Great tits <em>Parus major </em>submitted to different thermal environments (one from a montane, more thermally stable site; and the other from a lowland, warmer and more thermally heterogeneous site) in southwestern Iberia. Physiological data were collected by using open flow through respirometry (see Material and Methods for detailed protocols). </p> <p><strong>Statistical analyses </strong></p> <p>We evaluated seasonal and between population differences to asses the degree of phenotypical flexibility in those physiological thermoregulatory traits both above and below thermoneutrlaity. See detailed analyses below: </p> <p><span>We conducted all statistical analyses in R 4.1.2 (R Core Team, 2021)</span><span><span>. We used the <em>segmented</em> package (Muggeo, 2009) to determine inflection points in Tb, RMR, EWL, and </span></span><span><span>EHL/MHP</span></span><span><span> for each site and season. Then, the data were split based on inflection points for subsequent analyses below and above thermoneutrality (as in Whitfield et al., 2015).<span> </span>Linear and linear mixed-effects models were fitted to the data by using the <em>lme4</em> package (Bates et al., 2015). We used the <em>emmeans</em> package (Lenth, 2022) to perform <em>post-hoc</em> pairwise contrasts between groups, and visually checked model assumptions in model residuals.</span></span></p> <p><span>First, to assess seasonal and between-population variation in heat tolerance, we fitted a linear model with HTL (<em>please see Heat Tolerance Limits sheet on dataset</em>) as response variable and body mass, site, season, and the site×season interaction as predictors. Then, we fitted linear models to each thermoregulatory trait (namely Tb, RMR, EWL and EHL/MHP; <em>please see Physiological Data sheet on dataset</em>), using a single Tair stage per individual within (Tair <span>~</span> 30 ºC) and above thermoneutral zone (Tair <span>~ 37 ºC) of Great tits (as inflection points of all variables were below this last Tair stage)</span>, including body mass, site, season, and the site×season interaction as predictor variables. </span></p> <p><span>Second, for summer measurements, we fitted linear mixed-effects models to evaluate population variation in the slopes of Tb, RMR, EWL and EHL/MHP </span><span><span>against Tair above thermoneutrality, as we could obtain several measurements per individual above inflection points for each trait during this season. Initial models included Tair, body mass, site, and the Tair×site interaction as predictor variables, with ring as a random effect<span>. </span>When site emerged as a significant predictor, we additionally fitted separate population-specific models to calculate the slopes and y-intercepts of each thermoregulatory trait in response to Tair.</span></span></p>
Arboreality drives heat tolerance while elevation drives cold tolerance in tropical rainforest ants
<p>Determining how species thermal limits correlate with climate is important for understanding biogeographic patterns and assessing vulnerability to climate change. Such analyses need to consider thermal gradients at multiple spatial scales. Here we relate thermal traits of rainforest ants to microclimate conditions from ground to canopy (microgeographic scale) along an elevation gradient (mesogeographic scale) and calculate warming tolerance in the Australian Wet Tropics Bioregion. We test the thermal adaptation and thermal niche asymmetry hypotheses to explain interspecific patterns of thermal tolerance at these two spatial scales. We tested CT<sub>min</sub>, CT<sub>max</sub>, and calculated CT<sub>range</sub> using ramping assays for 74 colonies of 40 ant species collected from terrestrial and arboreal habitats at lowland and upland elevation sites and recorded microclimatic conditions for one year. Within sites, arboreal ants were exposed to hotter microclimates and on average had a 4.2°C (95% CI: 2.7 – 5.6°C) higher CT<sub>max</sub>, and 5.3°C (95% CI: 3.5 – 7°C) broader CT<sub>range</sub> than ground-dwelling ants. This pattern was consistent across the elevation gradient, whether it be the hotter lowlands or the cooler uplands. Across elevation, upland ants had significantly lower CT<sub>min </sub>than lowland ants, whereas the change in CT<sub>max</sub> was less pronounced, and CT<sub>range</sub> did not change over elevation. Differential exposure to microclimates, due to localised niche preferences, drives divergence in CT<sub>max</sub> while environmental temperatures along the elevation gradient drive divergence in CT<sub>min</sub>. Our results suggest that both processes of thermal adaptation and thermal niche asymmetry are at play depending on the spatial scale of observation, and we discuss potential mechanisms underlying these patterns. Despite the broad thermal tolerance range of arboreal rainforest ants, lowland arboreal ants had the lowest warming tolerance and may be most vulnerable to climate change.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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