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277 results for “Heliconius”
Data from: Transcriptome analysis reveals novel patterning and pigmentation genes underlying Heliconius butterfly wing pattern variation
BACKGROUND: Heliconius butterfly wing pattern diversity offers a unique opportunity to investigate how natural genetic variation can drive the evolution of complex adaptive phenotypes. Positional cloning and candidate gene studies have identified a handful of regulatory and pigmentation genes implicated in Heliconius wing pattern variation, but little is known about the greater developmental networks within which these genes interact to pattern a wing. Here we took a large-scale transcriptomic approach to identify the network of genes involved in Heliconius wing pattern development and variation. This included applying over 140 transcriptome microarrays to assay gene expression in dissected wing pattern elements across a range of developmental stages and wing pattern morphs of Heliconius erato. RESULTS: We identified a number of putative early prepattern genes with color-pattern related expression domains. We also identified 51 genes differentially expressed in association with natural color pattern variation. Of these, the previously identified color pattern "switch gene" optix was recovered as the first transcript to show color-specific differential expression. Most differentially expressed genes were transcribed late in pupal development and have roles in cuticle formation or pigment synthesis. These include previously undescribed transporter genes associated with ommochrome pigmentation. Furthermore, we observed upregulation of melanin-repressing genes such as ebony and Dat1 in non-melanic patterns. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies many new genes implicated in butterfly wing pattern development and provides a glimpse into the number and types of genes affected by variation in genes that drive color pattern evolution.
Data from: Major improvements to the Heliconius melpomene genome assembly used to confirm 10 chromosome fusion events in 6 million years of butterfly evolution
The Heliconius butterflies are a widely studied adaptive radiation of 46 species spread across Central and South America, several of which are known to hybridize in the wild. Here, we present a substantially improved assembly of the Heliconius melpomene genome, developed using novel methods that should be applicable to improving other genome assemblies produced using short read sequencing. First, we whole-genome-sequenced a pedigree to produce a linkage map incorporating 99% of the genome. Second, we incorporated haplotype scaffolds extensively to produce a more complete haploid version of the draft genome. Third, we incorporated ∼20x coverage of Pacific Biosciences sequencing, and scaffolded the haploid genome using an assembly of this long-read sequence. These improvements result in a genome of 795 scaffolds, 275 Mb in length, with an N50 length of 2.1 Mb, an N50 number of 34, and with 99% of the genome placed, and 84% anchored on chromosomes. We use the new genome assembly to confirm that the Heliconius genome underwent 10 chromosome fusions since the split with its sister genus Eueides, over a period of about 6 million yr.
FIGURE 172 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 172. Hybrid #160 (dorsal, ventral). Mexico: Oaxaca, Valle Nacional, 1200 m. 1987 leg. T. Porion. Neukirchen coll. (FLMNH). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as an H. hortense (Fig. 173) x H. hecalesia octavia (Fig. 174) F1 hybrid. That identity of the specimen seems entirely plausible. However, the "collector," Thierry Porion, is a French insect dealer. As with many of the Neukirchen specimens, this one's authenticity as a "wild-caught hybrid" is cast into doubt by its commercial origin.
FIGURE 175 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 175. Hybrid #161 (dorsal, ventral). Costa Rica: Cartago, Jicotea, Turrialba, 1100m, 1995, leg. G. Vega, A. Valerio (MNCR). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) to be a H. clysonymus montanus (Fig. 177) x H. hecalesia formosus (Fig. 176) F1. Although superficially similar to Hybrid #160 (Fig. 172), this specimen differs notably in the absence of white submarginal spots on the HW, and in the shape of the tawny HWD region, which is intermediate between that of H. hecalesia octavia (Fig. 174) and H. hecalesia formosus. The suffusion of pale scales in the subcostal area of the HWV is suggestive of that seen in H. clysonymus, but also of the HWV of H. hecalesia octavia. Since the specimen exhibits no features unequivocally derived from H. clysonymus, it could be a melanic aberration of H. hecalesia.
FIGURE 167 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 167. Hybrid #158 (dorsal, ventral). Mexico: Oaxaca, Sierra Juarez, Chiltepec [San Juan Quiotepec?], 1970, leg. A. Díaz Francés (UNAM). Originally hypothesized to be an aberrant H. erato by de la Maza (1991), Mallet et al. (2007) interpreted this specimen as an H. erato petiverana (Fig. 168) H. charithonia vasquezae (fig. 169) F1 or backcross to H. erato. Based on wing shape (particularly the acute apex of the HW), the specimen is clearly not an H. erato, and there is little else to suggest that it has any genetic contribution from that species. It appears to be an aberrant H. charithonia. Note also the absence of basal red spots on the HWV, which are present in both putative parentsperhaps indicative of developmental anomalies. A recently posted image (Fig. 170) shows a H. sara with a genetically modified (knockout) WntA gene, whose phenotype exhibits the loss of a large area of black pigment on the forewing. This suggests that the enlarged yellow forewing patch (or absence of black pigment) of the above hybrid could be the result of a mutation.
FIGURE 181 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 181. Reliable interspecific hybridization events, plotted on a parsimony consensus topology for Heliconius (modified from Brower & Garzón-Orduña 2018). H. melpomene - H. cydno clade indicated in blue; silvaniform clade in orange. Hybridization events are shown by the arrows. Fractional numbers indicate the number of hybrids at a 75% (numerator) or 50% (denominator) reliability cutoff (see text).
FIGURE 166. H. erato lativitta Butler, 1877 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 166. H. erato lativitta Butler, 1877 (dorsal, ventral). Peru: Loreto, Iquitos, Río Momon, Oct.–Dec. 1986. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/erato%20lativitta.html)
FIGURE 180. H. melpomene amaryllis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 180. H. melpomene amaryllis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 (dorsal, ventral). Peru: San Martín, Satipo. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/melpomene%20amaryllis.html).
FIGURE 174. H. hecalesia octavia Bates, 1866 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 174. H. hecalesia octavia Bates, 1866 (dorsal, ventral). Mexico: Oaxac, Metates, 1400m, leg. Y. Lever. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/hecalesia%20octavia.html)
FIGURE 162 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 162. Hybrid #153 (dorsal). Peru: San Martín, Rodriguez de Mendoza, 1500m. Nov. 1984, leg. F. König, König collection (NMW). Austrian Fritz König (d. 2102) lived and collected in Peru from 1954-1980's(?), and his collection was donated to Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien after his death. König (1986) reported this specimen as an intraspecific hybrid (viewing H. himera as a race of H. erato). Mallet et al. (2007) interpret it as an H. erato favorinus (Fig. 161) x H. himera (Fig. 157) F1. Given the locality and what is known about inheritance of the various wing pattern elements in these hybrids (Jiggins et al. 1996), this interpretation seems plausible.
FIGURE 161. Heliconius erato favorinus Hopffer, 1874 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 161. Heliconius erato favorinus Hopffer, 1874 (dorsal, ventral). Peru: Huanuco, Tingo Maria. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/erato%20favorinus.html)
FIGURE 160 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 160. Hybrid #117(dorsal, ventral). H erato cyrbia (Fig. 156) x H. himera (Fig. 157) backcross to H. erato. Ecuador: El Oro, Guayquichuma site 4, 1993. leg. S. Attal (Neukirchen collection, FLMNH). Both H. himera's red HW band and the yellow HWV stripe of H. erato cyrbia are expressed in this individual.
FIGURE 169. H in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 169. H. charithonia vasquezae Comstock & Brown, 1950 (dorsal, ventral). Guatemala: Monte Rico, Santa Rosa. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/charithonia%20vazquezae.html)
FIGURE 177. H. clysonymus montanus Salvin, 1871 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 177. H. clysonymus montanus Salvin, 1871 (dorsal, ventral). Costa Rica: Chirripo. (image source: https:// cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/clysonymus%20montana).
FIGURE 159 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 159. Hybrid #110 (dorsal, ventral). H erato cyrbia (Fig. 156) x H. himera (Fig. 157) backcross to H. himera. Ecuador: El Oro, Guayquichuma site 4, 1993. leg. S. Attal (Neukirchen collection, FLMNH). There is a faint pinkish edge on the distal margin of the yellow forewing band.
FIGURE 157. H. himera Hewitson, 1867 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 157. H. himera Hewitson, 1867 (dorsal, ventral). Peru: Amazonas, Bagua, 500–1000m. (image source: https:// cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/himera.html).
FIGURE 155 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 155. Hybrid #100 (dorsal, ventral). Costa Rica: Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, 17 July 2002, leg. K. Kronforst. Mallet et al. (2007) interpreted this specimen as another hybrid backcross between a H. pachinus (Fig. 152) x H. cydno galanthus (Fig. 54) F1 and H. cydno galanthus. The atypical features are the reduced anterior brown "forceps" in the HW, and the reduction of the white hourglass-shaped pattern element in the apex of the FW discal cell.
FIGURE 154 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 154. Hybrid #99 (ventral). Mallet et al. (2007) misleadingly implied that this is a wild hybrid specimen from Rio Sarapiquí, Costa Rica, and count it as such in their Table 1. The figure legends in the database (and Gilbert 2003, plate 14.5, where the image is reproduced) indicate to the contrary, that the specimen is a lab -reared H. cydno galanthus x H. pachinus backcross of indeterminate pedigree from the "synthetic hybrid zone" in Larry Gilbert's greenhouse at UT Austin.
FIGURE 171. H. peruvianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 171. H. peruvianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859 (dorsal). Ecuador: "Esmeraldas, Lita, Chuchuví" (locality data erroneous—K. Willmott pers. comm.). (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/peruvianus.html). This taxon, elevated from subspecific status by Jiggins & Davies (1998), is a dry-forest segregate from western Ecuador like H. himera.
FIGURE 153 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 153. Hybrid # 98 (ventral). Costa Rica. The specimen was collected on the slopes of Turrialba volcano (Volcán Irazu?), on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, (USNM type no. 16782) and bears Schaus' label "H. galanthus var. subrufescens. However, the published description (Schaus, 1913) categorizes the specimen as an aberration: thus, the name is infrasubspecific and unavailable (ICZN Art. 45.6.2). Gilbert (2003, plate 14.5) illustrated the specimen, incorrectly stating that "this Costa Rican specimen of H. cydno was described as a new species by Schaus (1913)" and observed that it is similar to one of the F2 phenotypes arising from a H. cydno x H. pachinus cross (see Hybrid #99). Mallet et al. (2007) erroneously reported that the specimen is housed in Vienna (it is in the USNM). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) to be a backcross between a H. cydno galanthus x H. pachinus F1 and H. cydno galanthus, based on the large brown oval on the HWV, which is not typical of H. cydno galanthus (although there appears to be substantial individual variation in the expression of the brown patterns of the HWV of that subspecies). The specimen exhibits no features indicative of H. pachinus.
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