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990 results for “Hippocampus”
Supplementary material 1 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924
Genetic distance analysis (uncorrected p distances) of COI sequence data from H. nalu, H. bargibanti, H. denise, H. japapigu, and H. pontohi
Data from quantitative real-time PCR of corticotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of rats subjected to midline fluid percussion injury or control sham surgery.
<p>These files contain all data from quantitative real-time PCR of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) measured in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of male and female rats. Rats were randomly assigned to a treatment group before the initiation of the study. Rats received a control sham surgery or were subjected to midline fluid percussion injury to induce a diffuse traumatic brain injury. Tissue biopsies were collected at 7 days post-injury and analyzed via quantitative real-time PCR. </p> <p> </p>
Activation of astrocytes in hippocampus decreases fear memory through adenosine A1 receptors
<p>Astrocytes respond to and regulate neuronal activity, yet their role in mammalian behavior remains incompletely understood. Especially unclear is whether, and if so how, astrocyte activity regulates contextual fear memory, the dysregulation of which leads to pathological fear-related disorders. We generated <i>GFAP-ChR2-EYFP</i> rats to allow the specific activation of astrocytes in vivo by optogenetics. We found that after memory acquisition within a temporal window, astrocyte activation disrupted memory consolidation and persistently decreased contextual but not cued fear memory accompanied by reduced fear-related anxiety behavior. In vivo microdialysis experiments showed astrocyte photoactivation increased extracellular ATP and adenosine concentrations. Intracerebral blockade of adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptors (A<sub>1</sub>Rs) reversed the attenuation of fear memory. Furthermore, intracerebral or intraperitoneal injection of A<sub>1</sub>R agonist mimicked the effects of astrocyte activation. Therefore, our findings provide a deeper understanding of the astrocyte-mediated regulation of fear memory, and suggest a new and important therapeutic strategy against pathological fear-related disorders.</p>
Data from: Navigating the southern seas with small fins: Genetic connectivity of seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) across the Tasman Sea
Aim Historical patterns of ocean circulation in the Southern Hemisphere have been well studied, but the effects of coastal oceanography on marine biogeography in this region remain poorly understood relative to northern latitudes. Our study investigates historical and contemporary patterns of migration and dispersal across the Tasman Sea. Location Coastal regions of the Tasman Sea including southeastern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. Taxon Hippocampus abdominalis, the pot-bellied seahorse, one of the most broadly distributed seahorse species, and the only seahorse to have successfully colonized New Zealand from Australia across 2,000 km of open ocean. Methods We used a multilocus genetic dataset to measure population diversity and differentiation from seahorses across the full species range to investigate contemporary and historical demography, and to reconstruct colonization routes across the Tasman Sea. Results Genetic data indicate that seahorses colonized New Zealand from Australia during the previous interglacial-glacial cycle (12,000-120,000 ybp), and have evolved in relative isolation since the initial establishment event. Contemporary effective population sizes in the newly colonized range are substantially larger than those inferred in Australia, and both appear to be reduced relative to ancestral levels. Australian seahorses are genetically diverse and show high levels of population connectivity, while the distribution of genetic variation in New Zealand suggests an initial colonization of the South Island following by northward migration. Importantly, despite clear evidence that New Zealand seahorses are descendent from Australian ancestors, patterns of contemporary genetic diversity are consistent with trans-Tasman migration from New Zealand to Australia, suggesting that genetic variation accumulated in the newly colonized range is contributing to the genetic diversity of Australian seahorses. Main conclusions Despite a largely independent evolutionary trajectory of seahorses separated by the Tasman Sea, haplotype sharing between populations in Australia and New Zealand suggests that secondary genetic exchange is contributing to the contemporary phylogeography of the species. Patterns of genetic structure in H. abdominalis mirror those found in other rafting species, suggesting that adult dispersal via rafting has been an important vector of marine dispersal in this species.
Data from: Population genetic structure and its implications for adaptive variation in memory and the hippocampus on a continental scale in food-caching black-capped chickadees
Food-caching birds rely on stored food to survive the winter and spatial memory has been shown to be critical in successful cache recovery. Both spatial memory and the hippocampus, an area of the brain involved in spatial memory, exhibit significant geographic variation linked to climate-based environmental harshness and the potential reliance on food caches for survival. Such geographic variation has been suggested to have a heritable basis associated with differential selection. Here, we ask whether population genetic differentiation and potential isolation among multiple populations of food-caching black-capped chickadees is associated with differences in memory and hippocampal morphology by exploring population genetic structure within and among groups of populations that are divergent to different degrees in hippocampal morphology. Using mitochondrial DNA and 583 AFLP loci, we found that population divergence in hippocampal morphology is not significantly associated with neutral genetic divergence or geographic distance, but instead is significantly associated with differences in winter climate. These results are consistent with variation in a history of natural selection on memory and hippocampal morphology that creates and maintains differences in these traits regardless of population genetic structure and likely associated gene flow.
Data from: Population genomics reveals seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) of the western mid-Atlantic coast to be residents rather than vagrants
Understanding population structure and areas of demographic persistence and transients is critical for effective species management. However, direct observational evidence to address the geographic scale and delineation of ephemeral or persistent populations for many marine fishes is limited. The Lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) can be commonly found in three western Atlantic zoogeographic provinces, though inhabitants of the temperate northern Virginia Province are often considered tropical vagrants that only arrive during warm seasons from the southern provinces and perish as temperatures decline. Although genetics can locate regions of historical population persistence and isolation, previous evidence of Virginia Province persistence is only provisional due to limited genetic sampling (i.e., mitochondrial DNA and five nuclear loci). To test alternative hypotheses of historical persistence versus the ephemerality of a northern Virginia Province population we used a RADseq generated dataset consisting of 11,708 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) sampled from individuals collected from the eastern Gulf of Mexico to Long Island, NY. Concordant results from genomic analyses all infer three genetically divergent subpopulations, and strongly support Virginia Province inhabitants as a genetically diverged and a historically persistent ancestral gene pool. These results suggest that individuals that emerge in coastal areas during the warm season can be considered "local" and supports offshore migration during the colder months. This research demonstrates how a large number of genes sampled across a geographical range can capture the diversity of coalescent histories (across loci) while inferring population history. Moreover, these results clearly demonstrate the utility of population genomic data to infer peripheral subpopulation persistence in difficult-to-observe species.
Data from: Glutamatergic drive along the septo-temporal axis of hippocampus boosts prelimbic oscillations in the neonatal mouse
The long-range coupling within prefrontal-hippocampal networks that account for cognitive performance emerges early in life. The discontinuous hippocampal theta bursts have been proposed to drive the generation of neonatal prefrontal oscillations, yet the cellular substrate of these early interactions is still unresolved. Here, we selectively target optogenetic manipulation of glutamatergic projection neurons in the CA1 area of either dorsal or intermediate/ventral hippocampus at neonatal age to elucidate their contribution to the emergence of prefrontal oscillatory entrainment. We show that despite stronger theta and ripples power in dorsal hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex is mainly coupled with intermediate/ventral hippocampus by phase-locking of neuronal firing via dense direct axonal projections. Theta band-confined activation by light of pyramidal neurons in intermediate/ventral but not dorsal CA1 that were transfected by in utero electroporation with high-efficiency channelrhodopsin boosts prefrontal oscillations. Our data causally elucidates the cellular origin of the long-range coupling in the developing brain.
Data from: Differential hippocampal gene expression is associated with climate-related natural variation in memory and the hippocampus in food-caching chickadees
There is significant and often heritable variation in cognition and its underlying neural mechanisms, yet specific genetic contributions to such variation are not well characterized. Black-capped chickadees present a good model to investigate the genetic basis of cognition because they exhibit tremendous climate-related variation in memory, hippocampal morphology and neurogenesis rates throughout the North American continent, and these cognitive traits appear to have a heritable basis. We examined the hippocampal transcriptome profiles of laboratory-reared chickadees from the two most divergent populations to test whether differential gene expression in the hippocampus is associated with population differences in spatial memory, hippocampal morphology and adult hippocampal neurogenesis rates. Using high-resolution mRNA sequencing coupled to a de novo transcriptome assembly, we generated 23 295 consensus sequences, which predicted 16 206 protein sequences with 13 982 showing high similarity to known protein sequences or conserved hypothetical proteins in other species. Of these, we identified differential expression in nearly 380 genes, with 47 genes specifically linked to neurogenesis, apoptosis, synaptic function, and learning and memory processes. Many of the other differentially expressed genes, however, may be associated with other functions. Our study presents the first avian hippocampal transcriptome, and it is the first study identifying differential gene expression associated with natural variation in cognition and the hippocampus. Our results provide additional support to the hypothesis that population differences in memory, hippocampal morphology and neurogenesis in chickadees have likely resulted from natural selection that appears to act on memory and its underlying neural mechanisms.
Wistar rat hippocampus CA1 pyramidal cell morphologies
<p>title : Reconstruction of hippocampus CA1 cell morphologies</p> <p>specimen : Rattus norvegicus</p> <p>sex : male</p> <p>strain : Wistar</p> <p>age : post-natal day 14-16</p> <p>This neuron was recorded and filled with biocytin (3 mg/ml) in a 300 µm thick coronal slice of rat hippocampus, using 2 - 10 MOhm patch pipettes. 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used for revelation. The slice was fixed and the cell reconstructed with Neurolucida using a 100x oil immersion objective.</p>
C57BL/6J mouse hippocampus CA1 pyramidal cell morphologies
<p>title : Reconstruction of hippocampus CA1 cell morphologies</p> <p>specimen : Mus musculus</p> <p>sex : male</p> <p>strain : C57BL/6J</p> <p>age : post-natal day 13-16</p> <p>This neuron was recorded and filled with biocytin (3 mg/ml) in a 300 µm thick coronal slice of rat hippocampus, using 2 - 10 MOhm patch pipettes. 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used for revelation. The slice was fixed and the cell reconstructed with Neurolucida using a 100x oil immersion objective.</p>
FIGURE 2 in A new seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from south-western Australia
FIGURE 2. Radiographs of Hippocampus paradoxus holotype (A) and H. minotaur paratype AMS IA.3509 (B).
FIGURE 3 in A new seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from south-western Australia
FIGURE 3. Reconstruction of Hippocampus paradoxus skeleton from CT scan of holotype. Ventrolateral view, showing inferior trunk ridge remnants (A) and anal fin pterygiophores (B).
FIGURE 6 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of three Hippocampus species (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil
FIGURE 6. Hippocampus erectus: A. Hippocampus villosus Günther 1880, from Bahia, Brazil; holotype BMNH 1879.5.14.464 kindly provided by James Maclaine; B. from Florida, USA/Redpath Museum-Mc Gill University, kindly provided by Sara Lourie. C. H. erectus, couple from Brazil (Pernambuco); D. H. patagonicus; E. H. reidi from Brazil, couples of Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco States, respectively.
FIGURE 5. A in Morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of three Hippocampus species (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil
FIGURE 5. A. Hippocampus erectus, male; B. Hippocampus reidi, female; from Figueiredo & Menezes (1980). C. Hippocampus patagonicus from Brazil, male 112 mm (Note: the dark diagonal streaks on the back of head and parallel streaks on the trunk and tail, and also the elongated dark spot at the top of the first dorsal fin rays described by Figueiredo & Menezes,1980 to H. erectus); D. H. patagonicus from Argentina, Holotype MACN 8808, kindly provided by Diego Luzzatto.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of three Hippocampus species (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil
FIGURE 4. Neighbor-Joining tree of the Hippocampus species analyzed, using K2P distances. Bootstrap values>70 shown.
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of three Hippocampus species (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil
FIGURE 3. Hippocampus erectus: A. MCZ 35290; B. USNM161345; C. TCWC 7312.04; D. RMMU 2337a; E. PH 122e. Hippocampus reidi: F. MCZ 158435; G. USNM 131966a; H. USNM 131966b; I. MCZ 59348; J, PH 28r. Hippocampus patagonicus: K. MZUSP 51138; L. FURG 830206; M. RMMU 2859a; N. MCP 2687; O. PH 48p.
FIGURE 2 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research
FIGURE 2. Range map for Hippocampus abdominalis based on museum specimens, authors' personal observations, and online data from GBIF, FishBase, and iSeahorse. The shaded coastline is a representative visualization of the species' coastal range that extends offshore to 200 m depth (the real range would not be readily visible at this scale as it only extends to the seahorse species' maximum depth—20–40 m or less for most species). Black dots represent author-vetted GBIF data points. Efforts were made to extend the range some distance from the outermost known points, as observed locations are not likely to represent the absolute furthest extent of the range).
FIGURE 3 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research
FIGURE 3. Range map for Hippocampus algiricus. Note the location that the holotype was reported from (Algeria). As no further specimens of H. algiricus have occurred in the Mediterranean, we restrict the range to West Africa and presume the holotype locality to possibly have been mislabelled. See Figure 2 caption for further details.
Formation and Retrieval of Cell Assemblies in a Biologically Realistic Spiking Neural Network Model of Area CA3 in the Mouse Hippocampus
<p>Dataset accompanying the manuscript "Formation and Retrieval of Cell Assemblies in a Biologically Realistic Spiking Neural Network Model of Area CA3 in the Mouse Hippocampus". This dataset is used to re-create all figure panels with underlying data in the manuscript.</p>
RNA sequencing data from the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of male (12 weeks old) hemizyguous CAG-HERV-W-env mice and wild-type controls
<p>RNA sequencing data from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIPP) of male (12 weeks old) hemizyguous CAG<sup>HERV-Wenv </sup>mice ( C57BL6/J;129P2/Ola-Hprt mice; <em>n</em> = 3) relative to wild-type ( <em>n</em> = 3) littermates. Total RNA was extracted from prefrontal and hippocampal samples using the SPLIT RNA extraction kit (Lexogen, Austria) following the manufacturer’s recommendations and was sent to the Functional Genomics Center in Zurich (FGCZ) for quality control and RNA sequencing. The quality of the isolated RNA was determined with a Fragment Analyzer (Agilent, Santa Clara, California, USA). Only those samples with a 260 nm/280 nm ratio between 1.8–2.1, a 28S/18S ratio within 1.5–2, and RIN (>8) values qualified for a Poly-A enrichment strategy in order to generate the sequencing libraries applying the TruSeq mRNA Stranded Library Prep Kit (Illumina, Inc, California, USA). After Poly-A selection using Oligo-dT beads the mRNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA. The cDNA was fragmented, end-repaired and poly-adenylated before ligation of TruSeq UD Indices (IDT, Coralville, Iowa, USA). The quality and quantity of the amplified sequencing libraries were validated using a Fragment Analyzer SS NGS Fragment Kit (1–6000 bp) (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany). The equimolar pool of the samples was spiked into a NovaSeq6000 run targeting ~15M reads per sample on a S1 FlowCell (Novaseq S1 Reagent Kit, 100 cycles, Illumina, Inc, California, USA). Reads were quality-checked with FastQC. Sequencing adapters were removed with Trimmomatic and aligned to the reference genome and transcriptome of Mus Musculus (GENCODE, GRCm38,p5) with STAR v2.7.3. Distribution of the reads across genomic isoform expression was quantified using the R package GenomicRanges from Bioconductor Version 3.10. Minimum mapping quality, as well as minimum feature overlaps, was set to 10. Multi-overlaps were allowed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the R package edgeR from Bioconductor Version 3.10, using a generalized linear model (glm) regression, a quasi-likelihood (QL) differential expression test and the trimmed means of M-values (TMM) normalization.</p>
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