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Fig. 7 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 7. (A, B, E, F) Parasesarma sanguimanus n. sp., holotype male (15.2 × 13.0 mm, NCHUZOOL 15623), southern Taiwan; (I, J) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype male (18.4 × 15.0 mm, ZRC 2019.1080), southern Taiwan; (K) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype female (13.8 × 11.6 mm, NCHUZOOL 15627), southern Taiwan; (C, D, G, H) P. cricotus (Rahayu and Davie, 2002) (male, 19.2 × 15.0 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia. A, C, dorsal views; B, D, frontal views; E, F, left chela; G, H, right chela; I, J, left G1; K, vulvae. E, G, outer views; E, F, dorsal (sternal) views; I, ventral (pleonal) view; J, dorsal (sternal) view.

Fig. 3. Parasesarma aurifrons n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 3. Parasesarma aurifrons n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A–D) holotype male (10.4 × 8.5 mm, NCHUZOOL 15602); (E–F) paratype male (14.2 × 10.9 mm, ZRC 2019.1075); (G) paratype female (13.8 × 11.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15609). A, dorsal view; B, frontal view; C, D, right chela; E, F, left G1; G, vulvae. C, outer view; D, inner view; E, ventral (pleonal) view; F, dorsal (sternal) view.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 4. Occurrence of N. indica in pairs with different life cycle stage combinations. M/F: male-female (89.17%; 717/804), male-transitional (7.46%; 60/804), female-juvenile (0.37%; 3/804), juvenile-male (0.62%; 5/804), male-male (0.12%; 1/804), female-transitional (0.49%; 4/804), juvenile-juvenile (0.12%; 1/804), and female-female (1.61%; 13/804).

Fig. 2 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 2. Infection by N. indica – site of attachment, tissue damage, and adaptations for clinging to the host fish. A, Male-Female (ñ -ò) pair in the gill chamber (branchial cavity) of R. kanagurta; B, juvenile-ò pair; C, Manca-II (first infective stage); D and E. damaged gill chamber (arrow) and gills due to the infection of N. indica; F, gill of uninfected fish j- Juvenile, m-manca-I. G, male pereopods; H, female pereopods; I, mouthpart complex.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 7. Seasonal variation in the prevalence of N. indica along the Malabar Coast of Kerala. Overall variations among the three seasons was statistically shown using one-way ANOVA (** p = 0.0011). Paired t-test of prevalence between monsoon/post-monsoon and winter seasons (ns-no significance; p = 0.0983) and paired t-test of prevalence at pre-summer/summer vs monsoon/post-monsoon were significantly different (p = 0.0293).

Fig. 6 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 6. Parasesarma obliquefrons (Rathbun, 1924), holotype male (12.8 × 11.3 mm) (USNM 45913a), Samoa. (A) left G1 (dorsal view); (B) distal part of left G1 (dorsal view); (C) left G1 (ventral view); (D) distal part of left G1 (ventral view); (E) left G2. Scale bars: A, C, E = 1.0 mm; B, D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 10. Parasesarma gemmatum n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 10. Parasesarma gemmatum n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A, C–F, H) paratype male (14.8 × 12.4 mm) (NCHUZOOL 15532); (B, G) holotype male (15.7 × 13.1 mm) (NCHUZOOL 15639); (F) paratype female (14.2 × 11.7 mm, NCHUZOOL 15640). A, carapace; B, C, right dactylar finger; D, E, left G1; F, left vulvae; G, H, pleon. A–C, dorsal views; D, F, G, H, dorsal (sternal) view; E, ventral (pleonal) view. Scale bars: A–C, F–H = 1.0 mm; D, E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 9. Parasesarma gemmatum n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 9. Parasesarma gemmatum n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A, B, E, F) paratype male (14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532); (C, D) paratype female (14.4 × 10.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15531); (G, H,) paratype male (15.0 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15707); (I) paratype female (12.8 × 10.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15641). A, C, dorsal views; B, D, ventral views; E, F, right chelipeds; G, H, left G1; I, vulvae. E, outer view; F, inner view; G, ventral (pleonal) view; H, dorsal (sternal) view.

Fig. 13. A in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 13. A Bayesian inference (BI) tree for species of Parasesarma, based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Probability values at the nodes represent support values for BI and maximum likelihood (ML). For haplotype names, see table 1.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 1. Life cycle stages of N. indica recovered from R. kanagurta. ES-1, ES-II, and ES-III: Eggs undergoing embryonic development; Manca-I and Manca-II: larval stages; male, transitional, and female: adult stages.

Fig. 8 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 8. (A–C) Parasesarma sanguimanus n. sp., holotype male (15.2 × 13.0 mm, NCHUZOOL 15623), southern Taiwan; (D) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype female (12.0 × 9.8 mm, NCHUZOOL 15631), southern Taiwan; (E, F) P. cricotus (Rahayu & Davie, 2002), male (19.2 × 15.0 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia; (G) P. cricotus (Rahayu & Davie, 2002), female (16.9 × 3.5 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia. A, B, E, left dactylar finger; C, F, left G1s ventral (pleonal) views; D, G, left vulvae. A, outer view; B, E, dorsal views. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 2. Colour in life of three new species of Parasesarma from southern Taiwan in the field. (A–D) P. aurifrons n. sp. (specimens not collected); (E) P. sanguimanus n. sp. (specimen not collected); (F) P. gemmatum n. sp. (paratype male, 14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532). A, B, E, on riverbed from Gangkou R. estuary; C, D, climbing on vegetations (Gangkou R. estuary, Pingtung, Taiwan); F, climbing on an eroded coral reef under a coastal forest (east coast to Tanzih Fishing Port, Pingtung, Taiwan).

Fig. 5 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 5. Parasesarma obliquefrons (Rathbun, 1924), holotype male (12.8 × 11.3 mm) (USNM 45913a), Samoa. (A) dorsal view; (B) frontal view; (C) ventral view; (D) left chela; (E) dorsal view of right chela; (F) dorsal view of left dactylar finger.

Fig. 4. Parasesarma aurifrons n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 4. Parasesarma aurifrons n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A–E) holotype male (10.4 × 8.5 mm, NCHUZOOL 15602); (F) paratype female (13.8 × 11.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15609). A, carapace dorsal view; B–D, right chela; E, left G1 dorsal (sternal) view; F, left vulva. B, outer view; C, dorsal view of palm and dactylar finger; D, lateral view of pectinated cristae on palm. Scale bars: A–C, E, F = 1.0 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 1. Colour in life of three new species of Parasesarma from southern Taiwan. (A, B) P. aurifrons n. sp., paratype male (12.4 × 10.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15610); (C, D) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype male (17.6 × 15.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15626); (E, G) P. gemmatum n. sp., holotype male (15.7 × 13.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15639); (F) P. gemmatum n. sp., paratype female (14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532). A, C, E, F, dorsal views; B, D, G, ventral views.

Fig. 6 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 6. Color in life of species of the Phymaturus antofagastensis lineage (males). (A) Phymaturus antofagastensis (Photo: S. Nenda); (B) Phymaturus laurenti (Photo: F. Lobo); (C) Phymaturus denotatus (Photo: D. Slodki); (D) Phymaturus mallimaccii (Photo: C. Abdala).

Fig. 5 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 5. Female variation of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. Character 140 (1): presence of a scapular yellow to grey spot (females); character 180 (1): females or/and juvenile with transversal lighter stripes (whitish) over their backs; character 183 (2): flank color in females yellow (Photos: M. Quipildor).

Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 3. (A) Details of the head in a female of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. (MCN-UNSa 2123); (B) newborn P. fiambala sp. nov. (IBIGEO 5770); (C) ventral view of females of P. laurenti; (D) females of P. denotatus. Character 35 (number of precloacal pores in males) 112 (row of precloacal pores); character 138 (1) presence of enlarged postcloacal scales in males; character 156 (1) preocular scale small separated from canthal by another scale; character 165 (1) three to seven enlarged scales on the anterior border of the auditory meatus; character 166 (0) enlarged scales on the anterior border of auditory meatus projected posteriorly over the ear opening (Photos: M. Quipildor).

Fig. 1 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 1. (A) Dorsal view of the holotype of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. IBIGEO 5756. (B) Ventral view of the same specimen (Photos: M. Quipildor).

Fig. 2 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866

Fig. 2. (A) Dorsal view of a female of Phymaturus fiambala sp. nov. IBIGEO 5763. (B) Ventral view of the same specimen (Photos: M. Quipildor).