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FIGURE 9. Kalanchoe tomentosa, a tetraploid with 2n in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 9. Kalanchoe tomentosa, a tetraploid with 2n = 68, is included in K. [subg. Kalanchoe] sect. Stellatopilosae. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 7. With n in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 7. With n = ca. 51 Kalanchoe crenata, a widely distributed African species, is a hexaploid. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 8 in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 8. Kalanchoe tubiflora, one of the most invasive of the Malagasy kalanchoes, is a tetraploid with 2n = 68. Its leaves are tricussately arranged, rather than decussately. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 5 in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 5. Prof. Flávio Resende (right) and Prof. Fernando Catarino (left) at an exhibition of the students of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Portugal. Photographer unknown. Photograph supplied courtesy of Prof. Fernando Catarino and reproduced with his permission.

FIGURE 3 in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 3. While based at Cornell University, Ithaca, U.S.A., Dr Charles H. ['Chas'] Uhl (28 May 1918, Schenectady, New York–29 August 2010, Jefferson, Georgia, U.S.A.) was a pioneering researcher on the cytology and cytogenetics of the family Crassulaceae, including on Kalanchoe. Photograph taken in the early-1990s at the then home of Uhl's daughter, Mary, in Edinburgh, Great Britain, by Ray Stephenson. Reproduced with permission and © of Ray Stephenson.

FIGURE 6 in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 6. Kalanchoe pinnata, which is widely naturalised in mild-climate parts of the world, appears to be an aneuploid with three additional chromosomes. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 1 in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 1. Cultivars and selections that contain genetic material of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, such as K. 'Else-Flower' depicted here, remain exceedingly popular as horticultural material for, especially, the indoor plant market. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 4 in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 4. In the 1980s, Dr Edith Maria Raadts (3 December 1914, Rees am Rhein, Germany–3 January 2004, Agnesheim in Rees, Germany) published extensively on the cytology of Kalanchoe, especially of the East African species, while she was based at the Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum (BGBM) Berlin. Photographer unknown. Reproduced with the permission of the Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.

FIGURE 2 in A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus

FIGURE 2. Material of Kalanchoe with generally fairly narrow leaves and variously incised leaf margins is sold under various monikers such as K. 'Katapifa', K. 'Scorpion' and K. 'Tarantula'. Material illustrated here has double flowers and is the product of complex breeding programmes that likely included K. blossfeldiana. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 1 in Kalanchoe ×robertsonii [K. longiflora × K. rotundifolia] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new, small-growing nothospecies from South Africa

FIGURE 1. Kalanchoe rotundifolia (A–B) and K. longiflora (C–D), the parents of K. ×robertsonii. A. Plant of Kalanchoe rotundifolia from its likely type locality in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. B. Inflorescence of K. rotundifolia showing the abruptly urceolate flowers. C. Plant of K. longiflora from KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. D. Inflorescence of K. longiflora showing the gradually urceolate flowers. All photographs: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 2 in Kalanchoe ×robertsonii [K. longiflora × K. rotundifolia] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new, small-growing nothospecies from South Africa

FIGURE 2. Kalanchoe ×robertsonii. A. Leaves and stems. At first the leaves are light green to glaucous, later becoming orange-infused, especially towards the leaf margins. The margins are flat and entire for the proximal ⅔–¾, usually with few crenations towards the leaf apex. B. The adaxial surface of the ovate to very slightly elliptic corolla lobes of K. ×robertsonii is bicoloured, i.e., dull to bright light orange distally and strongly yellow-infused proximally. C. Corolla tubes of the nothospecies are shiny light orange and only lightly greeninfused in the lower ½ (flower in the centre), while those of K. longiflora are uniformly shiny greenish yellow (flower on the left) and those of K. rotundifolia are red to dull orange and often strongly green-infused proximally (flower on the right). D. The adaxial surface of the corolla lobes of the nothospecies is dull to bright light orange and strongly yellow-infused (flower in the centre), while that of K. longiflora is monochromatic light yellow (flower on the left) and that of K. rotundifolia is monochromatic red to dull orange (flower on the right). E. The aberrant flower of K. ×robertsonii in the centre is pentamerous, rather than tetramerous as in the case of all Kalanchoe species. Such a deviation in the number of flower parts is often found in interspecific Kalanchoe hybrids. F. Prof. Dr Bruce Leonard Robertson (1944–) after whom K. ×robertsonii is named; photograph taken on 26 May 2019. All photographs: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 2 in The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×vadensis [K. blossfeldiana × K. marmorata var. somaliensis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early nothospecies produced in The Netherlands in the 1950s

FIGURE 2. The flowers of Kalanchoe ×kewensis are bright purplish pink and sometimes deviate from being tetramerous, the condition virtually throughout prevalent in Kalanchoe. Deviations in floral morphology are often found in hybrid kalanchoes. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 3 in The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×vadensis [K. blossfeldiana × K. marmorata var. somaliensis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early nothospecies produced in The Netherlands in the 1950s

FIGURE 3. The holotype of the name Kalanchoe ×vadensis. The metadata associated with the specimen are: The Netherlands. Wageningen, Rijks Landbouw Hoogeschool, Institute of Horticultural Plant-breeding, ex hort., 25 February 1961, B.K. Boom 24038, (holotype L barcode L.1860830). Institution: Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Source: Naturalis—Botany catalogues. License: CC0 1.0. Reproduced with permission. https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/L.1860830

FIGURE 4 in The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×vadensis [K. blossfeldiana × K. marmorata var. somaliensis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early nothospecies produced in The Netherlands in the 1950s

FIGURE 4. The epitype, designated in this paper, which supports the holotype of the name Kalanchoe ×vadensis. The metadata associated with the specimen are: The Netherlands. Wageningen, Institute for Plant Breeding. In greenhouse, ex hort., 11 March 1982, J. van Veldhuizen 794, (epitype WAG [Herbarium Vadense], barcode WAG 1212259). Reproduced with permission. For attribution of the photograph see Bijmoer et al. (2021).

FIGURE 1 in The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×vadensis [K. blossfeldiana × K. marmorata var. somaliensis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early nothospecies produced in The Netherlands in the 1950s

FIGURE 1. The harpoon-leaved Kalanchoe ×kewensis [K. bentii subsp. bentii × K. glaucescens] was one of the first artificially produced nothospecies that became widely available in the horticultural trade. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 2 in Kalanchoe gideonsmithii (K. subg. Kalanchoe; Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further new species endemic to the Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism in KwaZulu-Natal, eastern South Africa

FIGURE 2. Kalanchoe decumbens from northeastern KwaZulu-Natal and Eswatini (A, B). A. Leaves are light green, narrowly oblong, rounded at apex, and often curve up- and inwards. B. Flowers cinnabar-red. In K. decumbens the corolla lobes are usually slightly broader than in K. rotundifolia. Kalanchoe rotundifolia (C, D). C. The leaves of this form are cymbiform to slightly obovate in outline. D. Flowers are most usually green basally at the level of the ovary. Scale bars: A: 30 mm; B: 10 mm; C: 25 mm; D: 10 mm. Photograph credits: A, B. Gideon F. Smith; C, D. Neil R. Crouch.

FIGURE 1. Kalanchoe gideonsmithii. A in Kalanchoe gideonsmithii (K. subg. Kalanchoe; Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further new species endemic to the Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism in KwaZulu-Natal, eastern South Africa

FIGURE 1. Kalanchoe gideonsmithii. A. In habitat near Bishopstowe, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. B. Turgid leaves in the rainy season. C. Inflorescence. D. Bluish purple-infused flower (left) and inflorescence (right). The upper floral tube is consistently dark orange to deep red, with the centres of the lobes sometimes slightly yellowish-infused. The distal part of the corolla tube and proximal part of the corolla lobes invariably become tightly twisted post-anthesis. E. Habitat at type locality, Bishopstowe. F. Prof. Gideon F. Smith for whom K. gideonsmithii is named. Scale bars: A: 80 mm; B: 10 mm; C: 13 mm; D: 13 mm. Photograph credits: A, E. Neil R. Crouch; B–D. Gideon F. Smith; F. Kenneth Oberlander.

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FIGURE 3 in Kalanchoe ×verdoorniae [K. luciae × K. winteri] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new, large-growing nothospecies from South Africa

FIGURE 3. Dr h.c. Inez Clare Verdoorn (1896–1989), for whom K. ×verdoorniae is named. Photograph © and reproduced with the permission of the South African National Biodiversity Institute.

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FIGURE 5 in Of paddles, soup plates, and clubs: the taxonomy of the southern and southtropical African Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae; Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe) and its constituent species

FIGURE 5. Of the species included in Kalanchoe sect. Raveta, K. winteri has the most conspicuously basally auriculate leaves. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.