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283 results for “Kelps”
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Nitrogen uptake in Carpinteria and Mohawk kelp forests, 2016-2017
A large on-going time-series monthly water samples have been taken at 1m, 5 m and 10 m depth from the offshore edge of five kelp forests near Santa Barbara, CA, USA (Arroyo Burro, Arroyo Quemado, Carpinteria, Mohawk, Naples). See dataset: http://sbc.lternet.edu/cgi-bin/showDataset.cgi?docid=knb-lter-sbc.10. Two datasets are presented here. One is a field study conducted in two of the sites (Mohawk or Carpinteria) to test the N uptake of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) and phytoplankton from May 2016 to October 2017. In situ rates of urea, ammonium and nitrate uptake by giant kelp blades and phytoplankton, which were enclosed together within polyethylene blade bags, from the surface canopy of Mohawk or Carpinteria kelp forests. The second dataset has the results of laboratory experiments for testing the direct uptake of urea by whole blades and natural phytoplankton communities entrained in surface canopy waters.
Data to support "delta13C and delta15N values from a mesocosm experiment showing sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers"
The purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is an important herbivore and detritivore in southern California giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests that grow on shallow rocky reefs (~3-20m depth) off southern California, including Santa Barbara where this study was done. To investigate the shredder activity of purple urchins, we assembled communities of common detritivores and suspension feeders from local reefs in mesocosms. Three species of brittle stars (Ophiopteris papillosa, Ophioplocus esmarki, and Ophiothrix spiculata), one vermetid gastropod (Thylacodes squamigerus), two barnacles (Chthamalus sp. and Megabalanus californicus), one polychaete worm (Chaetopterus sp.), and three sea cucumbers (Cucumaria piperata, Pachythyone rubra, and Cucumaria salma) were collected from the seafloor of local kelp forests at 5-15m depth in the Santa Barbara Channel. Ten of each species were placed in each of six 50 L (51x38x27 cm) flow-through unfiltered seawater tanks, each containing two concrete bricks for hard substrate on top of 3 cm of sand. Because sea urchins are highly mobile, capable of bulldozing other occupants, we isolated them above the experimental communities on plastic mesh (1cm). Mesh dividers were secured horizontally across each mesocosm 16 cm above the bottom. Ten individuals of each consumer species, along with 2-3 blades, totaling 47.3 g (±1.2 SE), of isotopically labeled kelp (see below) were placed on the floor of each tank, below the divider. On top of the mesh divider, we placed an additional 229.8 g (±6.1 SE) of enriched kelp blades, and in half of the tanks, 10 adult urchins (total mass 343.3 g ±1.3 SE) per tank. The kelp below the mesh ensured that the detritivores had direct access to degrading kelp detritus regardless of the urchin treatment, similar to the situation in the kelp forest, allowing us to more clearly ascertain the degree to which the detritivores were dependent on urchins for kelp detritus assimilation. The experiment wa
SBC LTER: Reef: Coefficients for estimating biomass from body size or percent cover for kelp forest species
These data provide coefficients to estimate the biomass of macroalgae, invertebrates and fish from field measurements of body size or percent cover. We developed quantitative relationships between mass and length or mass and percent cover, and conversion factors for transforming wet mass into dry mass, shell free and decalcified dry mass, and ash-free dry mass for taxa of benthic macroalgae and macroinvertebrates common to giant kelp forests in southern California. We also compiled literature-based relationships between mass and total length for reef fish common to giant kelp forests in southern California.
Kelp canopy chlorophyll to carbon ratio derived from aerial hyperspectral imagery
This dataset represents a time series of giant kelp canopy chlorophyll to carbon ratio (Chl:C) derived from aerial hyperspectral imagery, along with associated environmental, canopy age determinations, and validation datasets. Additional data from a frond cohort experiment are also presented, representing empirical observations of the decline in chlorophyll pigment concentration with blade age. This dataset contains eight geotiff rasters showing canopy Chl:C at a 30-meter pixel resolution for giant kelp forests in the Santa Barbara Channel during the months of April, June, and August from 2013 – 2015.
SBC LTER: Sea urchin foraging rates on giant kelp
These data describe the foraging rates of two sea urchin species (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Mesocentrotus franciscanus) on giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in laboratory mesocosms. Data are contained in two tables: 1) a data file describing the foraging rates of sea urchins as a function of urchin biomass where biomass was varied by manipulating the number of urchins in a foraging trial, and 2) a data file describing the foraging rates of sea urchins as a function of urchin biomass where biomass was varied by manipulating the size of urchins in a foraging trial.
SBC LTER : Reef: Dissolved nitrogen fluxes from kelp forest sediment
Permeable marine sediments are biogeochemically active and may contribute dissolved nutrients to support primary production in coastal regions. This study examined the potential of permeable marine sediments near giant kelp forests in the Santa Barbara Channel, California to serve as a source of dissolved nutrients to the overlying water column to support the observed growth of kelp during summer months when nitrate availability is low. Over the course of three summers (2017-2019) sediment cores were collected at three nearshore kelp forest sites (ABUR, MICR, GOLB), and flow-through bioreactor incubations were conducted to measure nutrient fluxes. Data are contained in two tables: 1) changes in nutrient concentrations measured over the course of both control (seawater only) and experimental (seawater + sediment) incubations (µM hr-1) and 2) net fluxes of nutrients from sediments (µmol m-2 hr-1). This data package is to support manuscript “Lowman H., Hirsch M., Brezinkski M., and Melack J. Examining the Potential of Sandy Marine Sediments Surrounding Giant Kelp Forests to Provide Recycled Nutrients for Growth. Journal of Coastal Research.”
Laboratory reflectance spectra and pigments from giant kelp blades
This dataset contains the whole blade reflectance and photosynthetic pigment concentrations from 1700 recently matured blades of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). The blades were collected at five sites along the California coast from 2012 to 2015.
Annual and monthly time series of estimated kelp spore dispersal times among ROMS cells in southern California, 1996 – 2006
These data describe the estimated dispersal duration of spores of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, among connectivity cells in a high-resolution, three-dimensional, spatiotemporally-explicit ocean circulation model (Regional Oceanic Modeling System, ROMS) in southern California, USA, for an 11-year period from the beginning of 1996 to the end of 2006. Asymmetrical and dynamic estimates of giant kelp spore dispersal durations connecting source and destination ROMS cells were estimated on monthly and annual timescales using minimum mean transit times.
SBC LTER: Long-term experiment: Kelp Removal: Transect depth data
These data summarize depth information (mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation) for all of the transects surveyed as part of the SBC LTER Long Term Kelp Removal Experiment. All data are expressed in meters, referenced to mean lower low water (MLLW). Each value is the result of 160 observations, four at each meter (n=160). The sampling locations in this dataset are 40 meter transects at four reef sites along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA. These data were recorded in 2010.
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Kelp Forest Data to support "Estimating biomass of benthic kelp forest invertebrates from body size and percent cover"
These data describe quantitative relationships between wet mass and length or wet mass and percent cover, and conversion factors to transform wet mass into dry mass, shell-free and decalcified dry mass, and ash-free dry mass for 84 species of benthic macroinvertebrates common to giant kelp forests in southern California. Data are based on organisms collected from sites in the Santa Barbara Channel between April 2010 and May 2014. These measurements are intended to facilitate the conversion of invertebrate abundance into common metrics of biomass, for quantitative studies of community dynamics, trophic interactions, energy flow and biodiversity. Converting numerical abundance (i.e., organism density) to biomass requires information on the relationship between individual size and biomass. For colonial and small aggregating taxa that are numerous and indistinct, measures of abundance are usually proportional (e.g., percent cover). Hence, converstions are taxa-specific, based on either size or cover, and a variety of metrics of species biomass are included, e.g., wet mass, shell-free wet mass, ash-free dry mass. Data are published in Reed, D. C, J. C. Nelson, S. L. Harrer, and R. J. Miller, Estimating biomass of benthic kelp forest invertebrates from body size and percent cover data. Marine Biology. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-016-2879-x. From the paper abstract: The inability to compare different measures of species abundance (such as density and percent cover) or different metrics of species biomass (such as wet mass and ash-free dry mass) hampers quantitative studies of community dynamics, trophic interactions, energy flow and biodiversity. This has been especially problematic for the dynamic and highly productive communities inhabiting shallow reefs in temperate seas where varied metrics are commonly used to characterize the abundance and biomass of different suites of species. Regressions for all 84 species were highly significant and regression fits were very good for mos
Non-trophic interactions amplify kelp harvest-induced biomass oscillations and biomass changes in a kelp forest ecological network model
<p><span>Kelp forests are important marine ecosystems providing habitat for numerous species. Despite over 50 years of mechanical harvesting in the Northeast Atlantic, the indirect impacts of kelp harvesting and associated habitat loss on faunal species within kelp forests remain poorly understood. We investigated the consequences of kelp harvesting by developing an allometric trophic network model for a subtidal Northeast Atlantic kelp forest (dominated by <em>Laminaria</em> <em>hyperborea</em>). Additionally, we designed a novel mechanistic model to explore the non-trophic interactions between kelp and age class 0 Atlantic cod (<em>Gadus</em> <em>morhua</em>) and kelp and European lobster (<em>Homarus</em> <em>gammarus</em>), specifically focusing on the increased survival benefits provided by the kelp habitat. Simulations were conducted over a 50-year period, incorporating harvesting cycles of 2, 5, and 9 years, as well as low and high harvesting intensities. Our findings reveal the complex dynamics resulting from kelp harvesting. The recovery of kelp biomass was observed with 5- and 9-year harvesting cycles, whereas a decline was observed with a 2-year cycle. Furthermore, the non-trophic interaction facilitated a higher pre-harvest biomass for both the European lobster and the Atlantic cod compared to scenarios without this interaction. These results highlight the multitrophic effects of kelp harvesting and emphasize that the recovery of kelp-associated species may not necessarily align with kelp recovery, depending on harvesting intensity and recovery periods. Importantly, our study contributes to a better understanding of the ecological consequences of kelp harvesting and underscores the need for sustainable management practices to mitigate habitat loss in kelp ecosystems.</span></p>
Figure 6 in Mating and ejaculate allocation pattern in the kelp crab Taliepus dentatus (Decapoda: Epialtidae)
Figure 6. Relationship between percentage of initial vasa deferentia dry weight (VDW) transferred during mating and carapace length of the female in Taliepus dentatus. Adolescent and adult males are indicated by dots and triangles, respectively. Line: linear fit of adolescent crabs (significant regression). Grey area: confidence interval (± 95%) of the fit (R v 3.4).
Figure 4 in Mating and ejaculate allocation pattern in the kelp crab Taliepus dentatus (Decapoda: Epialtidae)
Figure 4. Mating characteristics of Taliepus dentatus of different male ontogenetic stages. (A) Average total duration of copulation of experimental mating pairs (n = 6 pairs per ontogenetic stage). (B) Average ejaculate delivery per female seminal receptacle (n = 6 pairs per ontogenetic stage). P-value is indicated. Values are means + SE (R v 3.4).
Figure 2 in Mating and ejaculate allocation pattern in the kelp crab Taliepus dentatus (Decapoda: Epialtidae)
Figure 2. Box plot of seasonal vasosomatic index (VSI) of Taliepus dentatus from Los Molinos Bay, Chile. Boxes: interquartile range of the data (first quartile, median and third quartile). Whiskers: the values that extend to 1.5 times the interquartile range. Circles: outliers. Letters indicate significant differences (p <0.05) (R v 3.4).
Figure 1 in Mating and ejaculate allocation pattern in the kelp crab Taliepus dentatus (Decapoda: Epialtidae)
Figure 1. Procedures involved in experimental mating in Taliepus dentatus. (A) Dorsal view of opened cephalothorax displaying the male reproductive system. Dissection of paired vasa deferentia after experimental mating. Paired vasa deferentia (vd) and testes (t) are indicated by arrows. Scale bar = 10 mm. (B) During copulation the male (m) was positioned above the female (f) in the sternum-to-sternum position. The opened pleon of the female was visible below the male crab, which is indicated by the arrow (photos: K. Pretterebner, photoshop).
Figure 5 in Mating and ejaculate allocation pattern in the kelp crab Taliepus dentatus (Decapoda: Epialtidae)
Figure 5. Relationship between ejaculate delivered per female seminal receptacle and carapace length of the female in Taliepus dentatus. Adolescent and adult males are indicated by dots and triangles, respectively. Line: linear fit of adolescent males (significant regression). Grey area: confidence interval (± 95 %) of the fit. Data correspond to experimental matings under equal sex ratio (R v 3.4).
Figure 3 in Mating and ejaculate allocation pattern in the kelp crab Taliepus dentatus (Decapoda: Epialtidae)
Figure 3. Regression lines of the log 10 chela height (CH) vs. log 10 carapace length (CL) for adolescent (y = 1.414 – 1.386x) and adult males (y = 1.842 – 2.240x) in Taliepus dentatus. Adolescent and adult males are indicated by dots and triangles, respectively (R v 3.4).
Figure 7 in Looks can be deceiving: contrasting temperature characteristics of two morphologically similar kelp species co-occurring in the Arctic
Figure 7: Effect of temperature on the relative abundance of different ontogenetic stages during gametogenesis of Laminaria digitata (left) and Hedophyllum nigripes (right) in a temperature gradient after seven days (above) and 14 days (below; mean of n = 3–4; SD not shown for clarity). Only the most developed stage was counted per female gametophyte. †All gametophytes died.
Figure 6 in Looks can be deceiving: contrasting temperature characteristics of two morphologically similar kelp species co-occurring in the Arctic
Figure 6: Sex ratio (female:male) of gametophytes of Laminaria digitata (left) and Hedophyllum nigripes (right) after 14 days in temperature gradients between 0 and 25 °C (L. digitata) and 22 °C (H. nigripes) (n = 4, mean ± SD). Different letters denote significant differences among temperatures within each species (L. digitata: Kruskal–Wallis test with multiple p-value comparison; H. nigripes: one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test). Please note that the marked deviation from an expected initial 50:50 ratio was due to applied seeding methods. †All gametophytes died.
Figure 4 in Looks can be deceiving: contrasting temperature characteristics of two morphologically similar kelp species co-occurring in the Arctic
Figure 4: Optimal quantum yield (FV/FM) of Laminaria digitata (top) and Hedophyllum nigripes (bottom) sporophytes in a temperature gradient (two weeks; left graph) and post-cultivation at 10 °C (one week; right graph). Horizontal lines represent the median; boxes, the interquartile range; whiskers, 1.5× of inter-quartile range (n = 5).
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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