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Fig. 5 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 5 Comparison of morphometric characters of B. glareoli and B. lobatum. a Ratio of body length to vitellaria length, b distance between oral and ventral suckers, c testis area, and d vitellaria length

Fig. 4 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 4 Bayesian analysis of partial sequence 28S rDNA + partial sequence cox1 data of nine members of the Brachylecithum genus. Tree constructed with MrBayes using the GTR + G model for 28S rDNA and HKY + G for cox1. The analysis was run for one million generations, with 250,000 generations as burn-in. Scale bars: number of substitutions per site. Nodal support is indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities. Host species are provided in parentheses. Outgroup— Lyperosomum collurionis

Fig. 2 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 2 Bayesian analysis of partial sequences of the 28S rDNA gene of 16 members of Dicrocoeliidae. The tree constructed with MrBayes using the GTR + G model. The analysis was run for one million generations, with 250,000 generations as burn-in. Scale bars: number of substitutions per site. Nodal support is indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities. Host species are provided in parentheses. Outgroup—M. magellanica (Opecoelidae)

Fig. 3 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 3 Bayesian analysis of the partial mitochondrial proteincoding gene cox1 (data as amino acids) derived from nine isolates of Brachylecithum spp. Tree constructed using the HKY + G model. The analysis was run for two million generations; 500,000 generations were discarded as burn-in. The branch-length scale indicates the number of substitutions per site. Nodal support is indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities. Host species are provided in parentheses. Outgroup— Lyperosomum collurionis

Fig. 1 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 1 Larval stages of Brachylecithum lobatum from Cepaea hortensis. a Sporocyst, b cercaria and metacercaria hatching from the cyst, c encysted metacercaria, and d cercaria, free metacercaria, cysts with metacercaria, and fragment of a sporocyst

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Fig. 1 in Three shell types in Mardinella daviesi indicate the evolution of a paratrimorphic life cycle among late Paleocene soritid benthic foraminifera

Fig. 1. Measured column of the Qorban member in the study locality. A. Position of the Qorban section in the general map of Iran. B. Satellite image with the position of the section base (star). C. Qorban Member stratigraphy with indication of the four Mardinella-rich levels studied in this work. Abbreviations: Fm., Formation; Maas., Maastrichtian; SBZ, Shallow Benthic Zones; U.C., Upper Cretaceous.

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Fig. 3 in Three shell types in Mardinella daviesi indicate the evolution of a paratrimorphic life cycle among late Paleocene soritid benthic foraminifera

Fig. 3. Megalospheric forms of soritid foraminifer Mardinella daviesi (Henson, 1950) from the Thanetian, Paleocene of Iran. A. Gmm13980F41b, centred section of a gamont (A2) individual. C, E, G. Gmm13980F39a, Gmm13980F39c, Gmm13980F41c, respectively, juvenile schizonts (A1) in equatorial (C, G) and axial (E) views. B, H. Gmm13980F40e, Gmm13980F41d, respectively, equatorial section of an adult schizont. D. Gmm13980F39b, subaxial sections of two adult schizonts. F. Gmm13980F39d, equatorial section of an adult schizont; note the crosswise oblique disposition of pillars. Scale bar 1 mm.

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Fig. 2. Microspheric B in Three shell types in Mardinella daviesi indicate the evolution of a paratrimorphic life cycle among late Paleocene soritid benthic foraminifera

Fig. 2. Microspheric B forms (agamonts) of soritid foraminifer Mardinella daviesi (Henson, 1950) from the Thanetian, Paleocene of Iran. A. Gmm13980F40a, subaxial oblique section; note the brood chambers in the adult reproductive stage of growth (arrows). B. Gmm13980F40b, axial section showing empty brood chambers (two-headed arrow) on both sides of the specimen. C. Gmm13980F40c, subequatorial section. D. Gmm13980F40d, oblique section with some brood chambers (two-headed arrow). E. Gmm13980F41a, fragment of shell with five brood chambers; note the irregularly disposed beams. Scale bar 1 mm.

Fig. 5. a in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 5. a) Whole muscular stomach (gizzard) and b) Opened gizzard, with sand and mud (in March), both of mullet (Mugil liza).

Fig. 3 in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Percentage of the interviewed fishers (n=45) that cited the month when mullet exiting lagoons/estuaries ('criadouros') for migration, spawning and return. Some fishermen cited more than one month for each event, five did not knew about when spawning occurred and seven when mullets returned to the lagoons/estuaries.

Fig. 4 in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 4. Abdominal checking of mullet (Mugil liza) sex. a) Female: yellow eggs (n=27) through the urogenital orifice, and b) Male: white eggs/sperm (n=36) through the urogenital orifice.

Fig. 2 in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 2. The life cycle of the mullet Mugil liza following local ecological knowledge of fishers from Santa Catarina State: a) Exit of mullets from 'criadouros' or breeding sites (lagoons and estuaries) to the sea (n= 45); b) Migration of mullets known as 'corrida' (run) and recurrent gathering with smaller schools (schooling or thickening process). The outlined map represents the Santa Catarina State coastline and main stopping/fishing sites for mullets. Arrows corresponds to our data-collection sites, which were indicated as main fishing locations; c) Outline of Santa Catarina State island (Florianópolis city) and Bombinhas as most external (to the East) coastal areas and where larger captures of mullets occurs during the fishing season; d) Male and female spawning with respective milky ('ova leiteira') and yellowish ('ova amarela') gonads. According to most of our informants, after fecundation female mullets may hold their eggs under their scales until they become juvenile; e) Northward migration to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states, following by their (adults plus juveniles) southward return to lagoons and estuaries; f) Entrance of adult mullets and recruitment of juveniles in lagoons and estuaries; g) Growth and feeding of adults and juveniles in lagoons and estuaries.

Fig. 1 in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Santa Catarina State coast, data collection sites (triangles) and the number of interviewed fishermen (in parenthesis; total N=45).

Figure 9 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 9. Phylogenetic relationships within Eryopidae as found in the present analysis, with the most important synapomorphies mapped onto nodes. See Appendix A for character definitions and a matrix, and see the text for a complete list of results.

Figure 8 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 8. Morphometrics of eryopiform skulls, depicting crucial skull proportions relative to size. Arrows in (a) highlight ontogeny in O. labyrinthicus and S. haeuseri.

Figure 6 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 6. Cranial morphology in eryopid temnospondyls, exemplified by reconstructed skull dorsal views. (a) Actinodon frossardi (after Werneburg, 1997), (b) Osteophorus roemeri (after Meyer, 1860), (c) Glaukerpeton avinoffi (after Werneburg and Berman, 2012), (d) Onchiodon labyrinthicus (after Boy, 1990), (e) Onchiodon thuringiensis (after Werneburg, 2008), (f) Clamorosaurus nocturnus (after Gubin, 1983, and photographs courteously provided by Ralf Werneburg), (g) Eryops sp. from the Moran Formation (MCZ 1914), (h) Eryops anatinus (AMNH 4310), (i) Eryops megacephalus (MCZ 1129). Darker shading figures depressions on the dorsal side of the skull roof.

Figure 7 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 7. Morphospace occupation of eryopiform skulls, showing differences in ontogenetic change and morphometric variance between Onchiodon labyrinthicus and Sclerocephalus spp. and adult skulls of other eryopids. (a) PC1–PC2 axes, (b) areas occupied by immature Onchiodon and Sclerocephalus compared, (c) close-up of (a) with focus on variation in O. labyrinthicus, and (d) PC1 plotted against size.

Figure 2 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 2. Larger juveniles of Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) LFUG 13570, (b) LFUG 13501, (c) MMG SaP 356, (d) LFUG 13391, (e) LFUG 13398, (f) LFUG 13609, (g) LFUG 13047. Darker shading figures depressions on the dorsal side of the skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.

Figure 4 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 4. Reconstruction of skulls in dorsal view Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) MMG SaP 237, (b) LFUG 13343, (c) LFUG 13405, (d) MMG SaP 356, (e) LFUG 13391, (f) LFUG 13570, (g) LFUG 13501, (h) LFUG 13292. Darker shading figures depressions on dorsal side of skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.

Figure 5 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 5. Palate of Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz, in ventral view. (a) LFUG 13394, (b) LFUG 13514. Darker grey is the inner side of the skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.