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304 results for “Lightning”
Spectrum and Temperature Evolution of Lightning Channel and Dependence on Discharge Feature
<p>Temperature is one of the crucial parameters reflecting the energy and current transfer characteristics in the lightning discharge channel. According to the spectra of eight return strokes recorded simultaneously by two high-speed slitless spectrographs with different time resolutions, the spectral-structure and temperature evolution of the return stroke channels over time was quantitatively analyzed. Different from the previous report, one of the spectrographs has recorded the ionic lines in the spectra within approximately 200 microseconds during the return stroke. The ionic line intensity decayed rapidly with time as the current declined, while the atomic line intensity decreased more slowly. The spectral-structure evolution characteristics indicate that the ionic lines in the spectra existed throughout the discharge current process (including the continuing current (CC) stage). Additionally, it further suggests that the ionic line intensities are associated with the discharge currents and that their radiation mechanism is closely related to the collision excitation under the action of strong currents. The temperature calculated using the ionic lines can reflect the thermodynamic properties of the current-carrying channel. The temperature calculated using atomic lines is significantly lower than that calculated using the ionic lines in the same spectrum. The radiation mechanism of the atomic lines differs from that of the ionic lines. Compared with the decay of the ionic-line intensity, the decline of the channel temperature is slower, and there is even a slight increase in the CC stage. This property reflects the effect of the current action integral.</p>
Spectrum and Temperature Evolution of Lightning Channel and Dependence on Discharge Feature
<p>Temperature is one of the crucial parameters reflecting the energy and current transfer characteristics in the lightning discharge channel. According to the spectra of eight return strokes recorded simultaneously by two high-speed slitless spectrographs with different time resolutions, the spectral-structure and temperature evolution of the return stroke channels over time was quantitatively analyzed. Different from the previous report, one of the spectrographs has recorded the ionic lines in the spectra within approximately 200 microseconds during the return stroke. The ionic line intensity decayed rapidly with time as the current declined, while the atomic line intensity decreased more slowly. The spectral-structure evolution characteristics indicate that the ionic lines in the spectra existed throughout the discharge current process (including the continuing current (CC) stage). Additionally, it further suggests that the ionic line intensities are associated with the discharge currents and that their radiation mechanism is closely related to the collision excitation under the action of strong currents. The temperature calculated using the ionic lines can reflect the thermodynamic properties of the current-carrying channel. The temperature calculated using atomic lines is significantly lower than that calculated using the ionic lines in the same spectrum. The radiation mechanism of the atomic lines differs from that of the ionic lines. Compared with the decay of the ionic-line intensity, the decline of the channel temperature is slower, and there is even a slight increase in the CC stage. This property reflects the effect of the current action integral.</p>
Examining the charge transfer in an unusual negative rocket-triggered lightning flash with branched upward positive leaders
<p>The data of the Case Tr_201807, figures, Optical images </p>
Quantification of Electric Fields in Fast Breakdown during Lightning Initiation from VHF-UHF Power Spectra
<p>The data support the manuscript entitled “Quantification of Electric Fields in Fast Breakdown during Lightning Initiation from VHF-UHF Power Spectra” that is submitted to GRL. These files can be opened by MATLAB. The data can be used freely for scientific purposes with appropriate citation.</p>
Production of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes During the Early Stages of Lightning Flashes
<p>Supporting data to the paper "Production of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes During the Early Stages of Lightning Flashes", Lindanger et al., 2022, JGR</p>
Temporal Evolution Feature on Spectrum and Temperature of Lightning return stroke Channel
<p>Temperature is one of the crucial parameters reflecting the energy and current transfer characteristics in the lightning discharge channel. According to the spectra of eight lightning return strokes recorded simultaneously by two high-speed slitless spectrographs with different time resolutions, the spectral-structure and temperature evolution of the return stroke channels over time was quantitatively analyzed. Different from the previous report, one of the spectrographs have recorded the ionic lines in the spectra within approximately 200 microseconds during the return stroke. The ionic line intensity decayed rapidly with time as the current declined, while the atomic line intensity decreased more slowly. The spectral-structure evolution characteristics indicate that the ionic lines in the spectra existed throughout the discharge current process (including the continuing current (CC) stage). Additionally, it further suggests that the ionic line intensities are associated with the discharge currents and that their radiation mechanism is closely related to the collision excitation under the action of strong currents. The temperature calculated by the ionic lines can reflect the thermodynamic properties of the current-carrying channel. The temperature calculated using atomic lines is significantly lower than that calculated by the ionic lines in the same spectrum. The radiation mechanism of the atomic lines differs from that of the ionic lines. Compared with the decay of the ionic-line intensity, the decline of the channel temperature calculated by ionic lines is slower. The temperature calculated by atomic lines shown the similar feature, and it is even basically unchanged in the CC stage. This property reflects the persistent heating effect of the current.</p>
Energy characteristics and the source of natural ball lightning
<p>Data related to<strong>"</strong>Energy characteristics and the source of natural ball lightning<strong>". </strong></p> <p>This work, based on quantitative spectrometric analysis, is an exploratory research on the energy density, radiated power density and their evolution feature of a natural ball lightning. And especially the energy source of this BL was explained. The discharges from the residual charge at the bottom of the previous CG lightning channel provide the energy source of this BL, and its intense light is mainly sourced from the contribution of soil composition, while the surrounding electric field distribution is the main factor affecting the motion of the BL.</p>
Data for California Dry Lightning paper
<p>This repository contains supporting data for the manuscript titled "<strong>Meteorological and geographical factors associated with dry lightning in central and northern California</strong> " by Kalashnikov et al. (2022). Please contact me with any questions at dmitri.kalashnikov@wsu.edu. -Dmitri</p>
Data archive for "Seamless lightning nowcasting with recurrent-convolutional deep learning"
<p>This dataset contains the machine learning training data files, pretrained model weights and precomputed results for the paper "Seamless lightning nowcasting with recurrent-convolutional deep learning" published in:<br> Leinonen, J., Hamann, U., & Germann, U. (2022). Seamless Lightning Nowcasting with Recurrent-Convolutional Deep Learning, <em>Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems</em>, <em>1</em>(4), e220043, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/AIES-D-22-0043.1">10.1175/AIES-D-22-0043.1</a>.<br> A preprint of the paper can be found at <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.10114">https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.10114</a>.</p> <p>The ML code can be found at <a href="https://github.com/MeteoSwiss/c4dl-lightningdl">https://github.com/MeteoSwiss/c4dl-lightningdl</a>. Download all the files here and extract the contents to the following subdirectories in the ML code directory:</p> <ul> <li>Training data (c4dl-patches-*.zip) -> data/2020/</li> <li>Results (<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/d4829f50-55fd-4d86-b875-7f2b91dba74f/c4dl-results-lightningdl.zip?versionId=54046830-4c7e-48c6-af42-d6d5606af86b">c4dl-results-lightningdl.zip</a>) -> results/</li> <li>Pretrained models (<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/d4829f50-55fd-4d86-b875-7f2b91dba74f/c4dl-models-lightningdl.zip?versionId=364bca7c-e6ad-4ed9-9264-57c759ea0ac6">c4dl-models-lightningdl.zip</a>) -> models/</li> </ul> <p>Additionally, the file <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/d4829f50-55fd-4d86-b875-7f2b91dba74f/c4dl-randomexamples-lightningdl.zip?versionId=426ca113-950f-4a50-8ef0-8e5d12afe697">c4dl-randomexamples-lightningdl.zip</a> contains the randomly selected examples complementing Figs. 7–9 of the paper, and the file <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/939609f2-6699-4f56-9428-391ebe78e010/c4dl-inputsamples-lightningdl.zip">c4dl-inputsamples-lightningdl.zip</a> contains figures showing samples of all the input variables for the three cases shown in Figs. 7–9.</p>
Dataset for publication: "Empirical Characterization of Cable Effects on a Reference Lightning Impulse Voltage Divider"
<p>Dataset for publication: "Empirical Characterization of Cable Effects on a Reference Lightning Impulse Voltage Divider". Excel file contains the data for Figures 5 and 6.</p>
Simultaneous space-based observations of TGFs and lightning optical emission: Characteristics of lightning
<p>Raw data for figures for “Simultaneous space-based observations of TGFs and</p> <p>lightning optical emission: Characteristics of lightning”, Alnussirat et al., JGR-Atmospheres (submitted, 2022)</p>
Tropical tree species differ in damage and mortality from lightning
<p>Lightning is an important agent of mortality for large tropical trees with implications for tree demography and forest carbon budgets. We evaluated interspecific differences in susceptibility to lightning damage using a unique dataset of systematically located lightning strikes on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We measured differences in mortality among trees damaged by lightning and related those to damage frequency and tree functional traits. Eighteen of 30 focal species had lightning mortality rates that deviated from null expectations. Several species showed little damage and 3 species had no mortality from lightning, whereas palms were especially likely to die from strikes. Species that were most likely to be struck also showed the highest survival. Interspecific differences in tree tolerance to lightning suggest that lightning-caused mortality shapes compositional dynamics over time and space. Shifts in lightning frequency due to climatic change are likely to alter species composition and carbon cycling in tropical forests.</p>
PROCRAFT_Form A_P38 Lightning_Laval
<p>Information on a P38 Lightning (Lockheed) aircraft which crashed near Laval (France), 1944</p>
STORM973: Understanding of Thunderstorm and Lightning in the Beijing Metropolitan Region
<p>The dataset used in this study is consist with observation and model results. Lightning data is obtained from regional Beijing Broadband Lightning Network (BLNet) comprised by 16 stations, which could detect the total lightning including intra-cloud lightning and cloud-to-ground lightning with lightning information of location, polarity, type, height and detection error. The average detection efficiency for total flashes is 93.2%, and the identification efficiency of BLNET for CG flashes is 73.9%. Radar data is obtained from the operational radar network of five operational S-band or C-band Doppler radars around Beijing area with the horizontal resolution of 0.01˚ (latitude) × 0.01˚ (longitude).</p> <p>The version of WPSv4.1.2, WRFDAv4.1.2 and WRFv4.1.2 are used in this study. Lightning data assimilation scheme (LDA) was proposed based on the relationship between lightning and updraft. The lightning data used for assimilation is provided in the dataset. The dataset volume is 85M.</p>
Supplementary data for "Upward leaders from instrumented lightning rods competing to connect a downward leader during a lightning attachment process"
<p>High-speed videos of the lightning attachment to lightning rods observed by the Vision Reserch Phantom V12 and V711 cameras. See Instructions file to play the videos.</p>
Spectral study of rare upward developing, circling, and branching cloud-to-ground lightning
<p>The development of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning channel is one of the main bases reflecting the discharge characteristics. Time-resolved spectra of CG lightning with eight return strokes were recorded by a slit-less high-speed spectroscope. We found an unusual phenomenon in which a branch developed upward from a node into the cloud exhibited a circling structure after the first return stroke. To investigate the propagation properties of this lightning, characteristic parameters, such as the two-dimensional speed of the leader, node temperature, and electron density, are analyzed. The physical mechanism of the branch is discussed. Spectral analysis reveals that the main channel temperature and electron density were approximately 2.72–3.07 × 10<sup>4</sup> K and 0.23–2.03 × 10<sup>18</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>, respectively. The temperature and electron density increase as the branch approaches the cloud base, similar to the feature of the main channel approaching the ground. The temperature and electron density of the node are higher than at other locations in the circular channel, indicating that massive charge accumulated around the node. Lightning occurred in the Qilian Mountains in a complex landscape, which easily yielded an uneven distribution in the local electric field of the air, resulting in channel bending, kinking, and even circle development. The phenomenon of the branch developed from the node to the cloud may be due to the fact that the branch is formed during the return stroke process.</p>
Characteristics of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes associated with their peak currents of first return strokes
<p>These are the data that were used to draw the figures in an submitted manuscript ("<span>Characteristics of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes associated with their peak currents of first return strokes</span>").</p>
Supporting data for: Ozone Formation Sensitivity to Precursors and Lightning in the Tropical Troposphere Based on Airborne Observations
<p>We provide here the supporting data for our study on ozone formation sensitivity in the upper tropical troposphere based on in situ observations. </p>
Underground measurement of magnetic field pulses during the early stage of rocket-triggered lightning
<p>raw data for the paper <em>Underground measurement of magnetic field pulses during the early stage of rocket-triggered lightning. </em></p>
Properties of negative initial leaders and lightning flash size in a cluster of supercells
<p>It is the figure data of the paper titled as "Properties of negative initial leaders and lightning flash size in a cluster of supercells". The abstract of this paper is as follows:</p> <p>Properties of negative initial leaders (NILs) and flash size in a cluster of supercells with generally inverted charge structure in Oklahoma on 10 − 11 May 2010 are examined, primarily using Lightning Mapping Array data. A method to identify NILs from LMA source is proposed, and helps to reveal the multiple NILs properties and their distributions. The NILs in the supercell cluster have smaller speed (median 3D displacement speed: 0.65 × 10<sup>5</sup> m s<sup>−1</sup>), relative to the previous reports in “normal” thunderstorms. Furthermore, median NIL speeds initially decrease with increasing height, but begin increasing above 12 km. The NILs tend to decelerate during the early stage. The parameters characterizing flash duration and spatial size are also investigated. It is found they all follow lognormal distributions and the spatial flash size is relatively small on average (median horizontal distance: 5.54 km). Most flashes (83.18%) extend primarily in the horizontal direction. Flash area shows an inverse relationship with flash density at their fast changes during storm evolution. Although large flash initiation density (FID) generally occurs in regions with small flash size, the smallest flash size is nearly not collocated with large FID value. In the regions with large FID, average flash duration roughly increases with increasing FID, while average flash area changes little. We proposed that the pattern of charge pockets and variation of charge density dominated by the strong kinematics are responsible for some new findings about the properties of NIL and flash size in the supercell cluster.</p>
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