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FIGURE 2 A–B in Revision of the black fungus gnat species (Diptera: Sciaridae) described by W.A. Steffan from Micronesia

FIGURE 2 A–B. Austrosciara multispinosa (Steffan, 1969). Holotype. A. Hypopygium; B. Apex of fore tibia.

FIGURE 5 A–B. Corynoptera heterochela Steffan, 1969. Holotype. A in Revision of the black fungus gnat species (Diptera: Sciaridae) described by W.A. Steffan from Micronesia

FIGURE 5 A–B. Corynoptera heterochela Steffan, 1969. Holotype. A. Hypopygium; B. Flagellomeres 2-4 (medium turbid and with included air).

FIGURE 4 A–C. Bradysia kraussi Steffan, 1969. Holotype. A in Revision of the black fungus gnat species (Diptera: Sciaridae) described by W.A. Steffan from Micronesia

FIGURE 4 A–C. Bradysia kraussi Steffan, 1969. Holotype. A. Hypopygium; B. Head with palpus and basal segments of flagellomeres; C. Gonostylus from Bradysia snyderi Steffan, 1969, syn. n. of B. kraussi.

FIGURE 9 A–D in Revision of the black fungus gnat species (Diptera: Sciaridae) described by W.A. Steffan from Micronesia

FIGURE 9 A–D. Epidapus jaluitensis (Steffan, 1969). Holotype. A. Hypopygium; B. Eye bridge and basal segments of antennae; C. Palpus; D. Wing.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

dryad32/100

Sedimentation and overfishing drive changes in early succession and coral recruitment (Palau, Micronesia)

Sedimentation and overfishing are important local stressors on coral reefs that can independently result in declines in coral recruitment and shifts to algal dominated states. However, the role of herbivory in driving recovery across environmental gradients is often unclear. Here we investigate early successional benthic communities and coral recruitment across a sediment gradient in Palau, Micronesia over a 12-month period. Total sedimentation rates measured by 'TurfPods' varied from 0.03 ± 0.1 SE mg cm-2 day-1 at offshore sites to 1.32 ± 0.2 mg cm-2 day-1 at inshore sites. To assess benthic succession, three-dimensional settlement tiles were deployed at sites with experimental cages used to exclude tile access to larger herbivorous fish. Benthic assemblages exhibited rapid transitions across the sediment gradient within 3 months of deployment. At low levels of sedimentation (< 0.6 mg cm-2 day-1), herbivory resulted in communities dominated by coral recruitment inducers (short turf algae and crustose coralline algae), whereas exclusion of herbivores resulted in the overgrowth of coral inhibitors (encrusting and upright foliose macroalgae). An "inducer threshold" was found under increasing levels of sedimentation (> 0.6 mg cm-2 day-1), with coral inducers having limited to no presence in communities, and herbivore access to tiles resulted in sediment-laden turf algal assemblages, while exclusion of herbivores resulted in invertebrates (sponges, ascidians) and terrestrial sediment accumulation. A "coral recruitment threshold" was found at 0.8 mg cm-2 day-1, below which net coral recruitment was reduced by 50% in the absence of herbivores, while recruitment was minimal above the threshold. Our results highlight non-linear trajectories of benthic succession across sediment gradients and identify strong interactions between sediment and herbivory that have cascading effects on coral recruitment. Local management strategies that aim to reduce sedimentation and turbidity and manage herbivore fisheries can have measurable effects on benthic community succession and coral recruitment, enhancing reef resilience and driving coral recovery.

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Data from: Atoll-scale patterns in coral reef community structure: Human signatures on Ulithi Atoll, Micronesia

The dynamic relationship between reefs and the people who utilize them at a subsistence level is poorly understood. This paper characterizes atoll-scale patterns in shallow coral reef habitat and fish community structure, and correlates these with environmental characteristics and anthropogenic factors, critical to conservation efforts for the reefs and the people who depend on them. Hierarchical clustering analyses by site for benthic composition and fish community resulted in the same 3 major clusters: cluster 1–oceanic (close proximity to deep water) and uninhabited (low human impact); cluster 2–oceanic and inhabited (high human impact); and cluster 3–lagoonal (facing the inside of the lagoon) and inhabited (highest human impact). Distance from village, reef exposure to deep water and human population size had the greatest effect in predicting the fish and benthic community structure. Our study demonstrates a strong association between benthic and fish community structure and human use across the Ulithi Atoll (Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia) and confirms a pattern observed by local people that an 'opportunistic' scleractinian coral (Montipora sp.) is associated with more highly impacted reefs. Our findings suggest that small human populations (subsistence fishing) can nevertheless have considerable ecological impacts on reefs due, in part, to changes in fishing practices rather than overfishing per se, as well as larger global trends. Findings from this work can assist in building local capacity to manage reef resources across an atoll-wide scale, and illustrates the importance of anthropogenic impact even in small communities.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

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Data from: Grouper (Epinephelidae) spawning aggregations affect activity space of grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Fish spawning aggregations (FSA) act as biological hotspots that concentrate food and nutrients across a broad trophic spectrum. In Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia), 20 female grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) were acoustically tagged at two multi-species grouper (Epinephelidae) FSA to examine the likelihood that these mesopredators utilize FSA as a seasonal food source. Both FSA sites are within small-scale MPAs, thus providing a secondary opportunity to examine their conservation potential during these ephemeral events. Shark movement and residency was gauged against known spatial and temporal grouper reproductive patterns using an array of 15 and 50 acoustic receivers at Ant Atoll and Pohnpei (Island), respectively. Activity space was investigated using Kernel Density estimates of individual sharks, and residency indices (RI) were analyzed based on daily and monthly occurrence at the array. Three distinct residency patterns were identified: transient, semi-transient, or resident (Daily RI <0.40, >0.40<0.80, or >0.80, respectively). Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to identify biological and environmental factors influencing shark activity space, including month, temperature, shark size, spawning month, and residency pattern. Findings revealed significant changes in average monthly residency indices and kernel densities during spawning months in support of an opportunistic foraging strategy around FSA. Monthly residency was higher during spawning months among semi-resident and transient sharks, while average monthly activity space was concentrated around FSA. Best-fit models for the GLMM indicated that activity spaces were most influenced by month and grouper spawning month. Seven of 20 sharks demonstrated inter-island movement and wide variations in individual movement and spatial requirements were shown. The concentration of sharks and groupers at unprotected FSA sites increases their vulnerability to fishing and supports the need for combined area and non-area management measures to effectively protect these species.

opencc-zeroAug 2019View details →

FIGURE 5. A, C in A new species of Cyrtomaia Miers, 1886 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae) from Micronesia

FIGURE 5. A, C, Cyrtomaia cornuta Richer de Forges & Guinot, 1988, male, cl 49.6 mm, cw 55.0 mm, ZRC 2006.0165; B, D, Cyrtomaia micronesica n. sp., paratype male, cl 43.0 mm, cw 49.4 mm, MNHN-B 30233. A, B, right G1s (ventral view); C, D, distal part of right G1s (ventral view). Scales: A, B = 1.0 mm; C, D = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 3. Cyrtomaia micronesica n in A new species of Cyrtomaia Miers, 1886 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae) from Micronesia

FIGURE 3. Cyrtomaia micronesica n. sp. Holotype male, cl 39.2 mm, cw 42.2 mm, ZRC 2006.0163. A, frontal view of carapace; B, lateral view of carapace; C, lateral view of pseudorostrum and rostrum; D, supraorbital margin and pseudorostrum.

FIGURE 4. Cyrtomaia micronesica n in A new species of Cyrtomaia Miers, 1886 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae) from Micronesia

FIGURE 4. Cyrtomaia micronesica n. sp. Holotype male, cl 39.2 mm, cw 42.2 mm, ZRC 2006.0163. A, ventral view of carapace showing thoracic sternum and male abdomen; B, outer view of left chela; C, outer view of right chela.

FIGURE 1. Cyrtomaia micronesica n in A new species of Cyrtomaia Miers, 1886 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae) from Micronesia

FIGURE 1. Cyrtomaia micronesica n. sp. Holotype male, cl 39.2 mm, cw 42.2 mm, ZRC 2006.0163. Overall view.

FIGURE 2. Cyrtomaia micronesica n in A new species of Cyrtomaia Miers, 1886 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae) from Micronesia

FIGURE 2. Cyrtomaia micronesica n. sp. Holotype male, cl 39.2 mm, cw 42.2 mm, ZRC 2006.0163. A, dorsal view of carapace; B, dorsal view of pseudorostrum; C, ventral view of rostrum and antennae.

FIGURE 1 in The Scirtes (Coleoptera: Scirtidae: Scirtinae) of Micronesia

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Scirtes spp. A) Scirtes micronesianus sp. n.; B) Scirtes tinianensis sp. n.; C) Scirtes palauensis sp. n.; D) Scirtes gressitti sp. n.; E) Scirtes babeldaobensis sp. n.; F) Scirtes albotaeniatus sp. n. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 8 in The Scirtes (Coleoptera: Scirtidae: Scirtinae) of Micronesia

FIGURE 8. Scirtes albotaeniatus sp. n., holotype, male. A) sternites V–VII; B) tegmen (t) and penis (p) in dorsal aspect; C) tegmen (t) and penis (p) in ventral aspect.

FIGURE 4 in The Scirtes (Coleoptera: Scirtidae: Scirtinae) of Micronesia

FIGURE 4. Scirtes tinianensis sp. n., paratype, male. A) sternites V–VII; B) tergite VIII; C) sternite VIII; D) sternite IX; E) tegmen; F) penis; G) prehensor.

FIGURE 7 in The Scirtes (Coleoptera: Scirtidae: Scirtinae) of Micronesia

FIGURE 7. Scirtes babeldaobensis sp. n., paratype, male. A) sternites I–VII; B) extra setae on sternite IV; C) tegmen; D) penis.

FIGURE 3 in The Scirtes (Coleoptera: Scirtidae: Scirtinae) of Micronesia

FIGURE 3. Scirtes micronesianus sp. n. A–E) paratype, male: A) sternites V–VII; B) tergite VIII; C) tergite IX; D) tegmen; E) penis. F–G) paratype female: F) sternites V–VII; G) prehensor.

FIGURE 6 in The Scirtes (Coleoptera: Scirtidae: Scirtinae) of Micronesia

FIGURE 6. Scirtes gressitti sp. n. A–D) paratype, male: A) sternites V–VII; B) tergite VIII; C) tergite IX; D) tegmen (t) and penis (p). E–F) paratype, female: E) sternites VI–VII; F) prehensor.

FIGURE 5 in The Scirtes (Coleoptera: Scirtidae: Scirtinae) of Micronesia

FIGURE 5. Scirtes palauensis sp. n. A–F) paratype, male: A) sternites V–VII; B) tergite VIII; C) tergite IX; D) sternite VIII; E) sternite IX; F) tegmen and penis. G–H) paratype, female: G) sternites V–VII; H) prehensor.

FIGURE 2 in The Scirtes (Coleoptera: Scirtidae: Scirtinae) of Micronesia

FIGURE 2. Antennae of Scirtes spp. (above: male, under: female). A) Scirtes micronesianus sp. n.; B) Scirtes tinianensis sp. n.; C) Scirtes palauensis sp. n.; D) Scirtes gressitti sp. n.; E) Scirtes babeldaobensis sp. n.