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73 results for “Oligo-Miocene”
FIGURE 3 in A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoide
FIGURE 3. Ventral views of the type skull, OU 22306, Otekaikea huata. Pa, the parietal.
Figure 8 in A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoide
Figure 8. Skull of Otekaikea huata, OU 22306. Right 1, lateral view and 2, dorsal view.
Data from: Latitudinal body size trends in Oligo-Miocene mammals
Paleecological data allow not only the study of trends along deep-time chronological transects but can also be used to reconstruct ecological gradients through time, which can help identify causal factors that may be strongly correlated in modern ecosystems. We have applied such an analysis to Bergmann's rule, which posits a causal relationship between temperature and body size in mammals. Bergmann's rule predicts that latitudinal gradients should exist during any interval of time, with larger taxa toward the poles and smaller taxa toward the equator. It also predicts that the strength of these gradients should vary with time, becoming weaker during warmer periods and stronger during colder conditions. We tested these predictions by reconstructing body-mass trends within canid and equid genera at different intervals of the Oligo-Miocene along the West Coast of North America. To allow for comparisons with modern taxa, body mass was reconstructed along the same transect for modern Canis and Odocoileus. Of the 17 fossil genera analyzed, only two showed the expected positive relationship with latitude, nor was there consistent evidence for a relationship between paleotemperature and body mass. Likewise, the strength of body-size gradients does not change predictably with climate through time. The evidence for clear gradients is ambiguous even in the modern genera analyzed. These results suggest that, counter to Bergmann's rule, temperature alone is not a primary driver of body size and underscore the importance of regional-scale paleoecological analyses in identifying such drivers.
Data from: The osteology and systematics of the enigmatic Australian Oligo-Miocene metatherian Yalkaparidon (Yalkaparidontidae; Yalkaparidontia; Australidelphia; Marsupialia)
We provide the first detailed description of the osteology of the enigmatic Oligo-Miocene Australian metatherian Yalkaparidon. This taxon exhibits a number of unusual craniodental apomorphies but appears to be plesiomorphic within Metatheria in retaining four molars, rather than three as previously reported. We demonstrate that the only known skull of Yalkaparidon almost certainly represents a single individual. We also tentatively refer a number of isolated tarsals to the genus. Maximum parsimony analyses of a 258 character morphological matrix (with information from the tarsals described here either included or excluded) place Yalkaparidon within the superordinal clade Australidelphia, but Bayesian analyses of the same matrix are less well resolved, placing Yalkaparidon within Marsupialia but without unequivocally supporting australidelphian affinities. Bayesian analyses of a total evidence matrix that combines the morphological data with 9 kb of sequence data from five nuclear protein-coding genes (APOB, BRCA1, IRBP, RAG1 and VWF), 78 indels, and 53 retroposon insertion characters are similarly poorly resolved and do not clarify the supraordinal relationships of Yalkaparidon beyond suggesting that it is probably a member of Marsupialia. However, if the tarsal remains are correctly attributed to Yalkaparidon, then membership of Australidelphia seems likely, as these specimens exhibit characteristic australidelphian apomorphies. We conclude that the ordinal status of Yalkaparidon remains justified based on current evidence, and we present a revised diagnosis for Yalkaparidontia. We maintain the two currently recognized species, Y. coheni and Y. jonesi, but present revised specific diagnoses. We suggest a revised phylogenetic definition for Marsupialia, and provide phylogenetic definitions for Eomarsupialia (the clade comprising all extant Australian marsupial orders) and for the clade comprising Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia, and Notoryctemorphia to the exclusion of Diprotodontia; we propose the name Agreodontia for the latter clade.
Figure 4. A in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia
Figure 4. A strict consensus tree of 137 most parsimonious trees, length 430, from parsimony analysis of the reduced taxon set, with all characters unordered and equally weighted. Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) greater than 50% shown above branches.
Figure 3 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia
Figure 3. Nambashag microglaucus sp. nov.: Right femur (SAM P.32584), holotype, in caudal (A), anterior (B), and lateral (C) views; distal right tibiotarsus (SAM P.32583) in cranial view (D); right tarsometatarsus (AMNH 10782) in dorsal (E), medial (F), lateral (G), and plantar (H) views; distal left humerus (SAM P.32587) in cranial aspect (I); proximal left ulna (SAM P.32588) in ventrocranial (J) and cranial (K) aspects. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: fb, fossa M. brachialis; col, condylus lateralis; com, condylus medialis; ehl, groove for the M. extensor hallicus longus; fdl, tendinal canal for M. flexor digitorum longus; fhl, tendinal canal for M. flexor hallicus longus; fmI, fossa metatarsi I; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; hyp, hypotarsus; ir, incisura radialis; Mc, insertion for M. caudofemoralis; Mfhl, origin for M. flexor hallicus longus; Mfi, insertion for M. flexor ischiofemoralis; Mp, insertion for M. psoas; pcd, proc. cotyla dorsalis; psd, proc. supracondylaris dorsalis; saIV, sulcus for M. abductor digiti IV; tcv, tuber. lig. collateralis ventralis; trf, tuber. retinaculi M. fibularis; tsv, tuber. supracondylare ventrale.
Figure 2 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia
Figure 2. Nambashag billerooensis sp. nov.: left ramus of mandible (SAM P.32573) in dorsal (A) and medial (B) views; right quadrate (SAM P.32580) in cranial (C) and caudal (D) views; humeri, left (SAM P.32581) in cranial view (E), proximal left (SAM P.32569) in cranial (F) and caudal (G) views; ulnae, proximal right (SAM P.41264) in ventral aspect (H), distal right (UCR16097) in dorsal aspect (I); left carpometacarpus (SAM P.32574) in dorsal aspect (J); left tibiotarsus (SAM P.32565) in cranial (K) and proximal (L) aspects; left coracoid (SAM P.41289) in dorsal (M) and ventral (N) aspects; left femur (SAM P.32567) in cranial (O), caudal (P), and lateral (Q) aspects. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: ccl, crista cnemialis lateralis; cd, crista deltopectoralis; ci, crista intercotylaris; cl, cotyla lateralis; co, capitulum oticum; coc, condylus caudalis; col, condylus lateralis; com, condylus medialis; cs, capitulum squamosum; ct, crista transversa fossae; fac, facies artic. clavicularis; fb, fossa M. brachialis; fcc, fovea carpalis caudalis; fp, fossa pneumotricipitalis; ic, impressio coracohumeralis; Mc, insertion for M. caudofemoralis; mc, margo caudalis; Mfhl, origin for M. flexor hallicus longus; Mfi, insertion for M. flexor ischiofemoralis; Mp, insertion for M. psoas; omm, os metacarpale minus; pa, proc. acrocoracoideus; pcd, proc. cotyla dorsalis; po, proc. orbitalis; pp, proc. procoracoideus; ps, pons supratendineus; sc, cotyla scapularis; tc, tuber. carpale; tcv, tuber. lig. collateralis ventralis; tsv, tuber. supracondylare ventrale; tub, tuberculum.
Figure 1 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia
Figure 1. Holotype tarsometatarsus of Nambashag billerooensis sp. nov. SAM P.29079, in dorsal (A), plantar (B), medial (C), lateral (D), and proximal (E) views. Plantar wall of fhl broken in this specimen. Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: cl, cotyla lateralis; cm, cotyla medialis; ehl, groove for the M. extensor hallicus longus; ei, eminentia intercotylaris; fdl, tendinal canal for M. flexor digitorum longus; fhl, tendinal canal for M. flexor hallicus longus; fmI, fossa metatarsi I; fp2, tendinal canal for M. flexor perforatis digiti 2; fpm, fossa parahypotarsalis medialis; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; fvp, foramen vascularis proximalis lateralis; ire, impressiones retinaculi extensorii; saIV, sulcus for M. abductor digiti IV; tmt, tuberositas M. tibialis cranialis; II, trochlea metatarsi II; III, trochlea metatarsi III; IV, trochlea metatarsi IV.
Figure 5. A in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia
Figure 5. A strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees from analysis in which Phalacrocorax gaimardi was constrained to be sister to non-Microcarbo taxa, ordering applied to 19 characters, and weighting of 0.5 to pelvic characters. Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) where greater than 50%, are shown above nodes. Letters A-G indicate major clades discussed in the text.
Data from: The osteology and systematics of the enigmatic Australian Oligo-Miocene metatherian Yalkaparidon (Yalkaparidontidae; Yalkaparidontia; Australidelphia; Marsupialia)
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Data from: Oligo-Miocene climate change and mammal body size evolution in the northwest United States a test of Bergmann's Rule
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Data from: Latitudinal body size trends in Oligo-Miocene mammals
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FIGURE 15 in A new Oligo-Miocene dolphin from New Zealand: Otekaikea huata expands diversity of the early Platanistoide
FIGURE 15. The type cervical vertebrae, OU 22306, Otekaikea huata. 1-5, anterior views. 6-8, lateral views. 9-10, dorsal views. 1, atlas. 2 and 8, axis, 3, fourth cervical vertebra. 4, fifth cervical vertebra. 5, sixth cervical vertebra. 6 and 9, atlas and axis. 7 and 10, third to sixth cervical vertebrae. 7, mirrored image.
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