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Figure 5 in Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography

Figure 5. Leptothecata: Phialellidae, Cirrholovenia, Clytiidae. (a) Phialellidae (undetermined): three hydrothecae and pedicels, #240565. (b) Cirrholovenia tetranema: two hydrothecae and stolons, and a nematotheca, #240629. (c) Clytia brevithecata: hydrotheca and distal end of pedicel, #240600. (d) Clytia brevithecata: proximal end of pedicel and stolon, #240600. (e) Clytia linearis: hydrotheca and distal end of pedicel, #307693. (f) Clytia linearis: gonotheca, #307693. (g) Clytia obliqua: hydrotheca and distal end of pedicel, #240629. (h) Clytia obliqua: hydrotheca and distal end of pedicel, #253541. (i) Clytia obliqua: gonotheca, #253541. (j) Clytia obliqua: gonotheca, #240629. Scale bars: a, c–j = 0.1 mm; b = 0.05 mm.

Figure 4 in Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography

Figure 4. Eudendriidae. Eudendrium cf. certicaule, nematocysts. (a) microbasic eurytele, small, #240636. (b) microbasic eurytele, small, #240566. (c) microbasic eurytele, large, #240637. (d)?microbasic mastigophore, 240634. (e), haploneme, #240566. (f) haploneme, h#240566.

Figure 7 in Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography

Figure 7. Leptothecata: Halopterididae and Aglaopheniidae. (a) Halopteris alternata: part of hydrocaulus with a hydrotheca (stippled), nematothecae and base of a cladium, #240555. (b) Halopteris alternata: part of a hydrocladium with two hydrothecae and nematothecae, #240555. (c) Macrorhynchia philippina: part of a cladium with two hydrothecae and nematothecae, #266335. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 3 in Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography

Figure 3. Oceaniidae. Corydendrium flabellatum, nematocysts. (a) desmoneme, #266339. (b) microbasic eurytele, #266340. (c) microbasic eurytele, discharged, #266340.

Figure 1 in Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography

Figure 1. Map of Cocos Island showing the location of plate deployment sites at Chatham Bay and Wafer Bay.

Figure 2 in Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography

Figure 2. Anthoathecata: Pennariidae, Oceaniidae and Eudendriidae. (a) Pennaria disticha: hydranth, pedicel and part of hydrocaulus, #266339. (b) Corydendrium flabellatum: two hydranths and distal end of hydrocaulus, #266340. (c) Eudendrium cf. certicaule: hydranth and part of pedicel, #240637. (d) Eudendrium cf. certicaule: pedicel and hydranth with female gonophores, #240634. (e) Eudendrium cf. certicaule: pedicel and hydranth with male gonophores, #240636. (f) Eudendrium cf. certicaule: base of hydrocaulus with a branch, #240636. Scale bars: a, b, f = 0.2 mm; c–e = 0.1 mm.

Figure 6 in Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography

Figure 6. Leptothecata: Obeliidae, Haleciidae, Sertularellidae and Sertulariidae. (a) Obelia microtheca: hydrocaulus with two pedicels and hydrothecae, #240607. (b) Obelia microtheca: part of hydrocaulus with long pedicel and a hydrotheca, #240607. (c) Obelia microtheca: part of hydrocaulus and base of a pedicel with a gonotheca, #240607. (d) Halecium sp.: part of hydrocaulus with hydrothecae and base of a branch, #266335. (e) Sertularella affinicostata: stolon and stem with five hydrothecae, #240592. (f) Sertularella affinicostata: part of stem with two hydrothecae, #240592. (g) Tridentata borneensis: base of a stem with two pairs of hydrothecae, #240634. (h) Tridentata borneensis: distal end of a stem with two pairs of hydrothecae, #240634. (i) Tridentata borneensis: gonotheca, #266336. Scale bars: a, i = 0.2 mm; b–d, f–h = 0.1 mm; e = 0.5 mm.

Fig 19 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 19. Chthamalus panamensis from Avenida Amador, Naos Island, Panama. Light micrographs. A, B, cirrus I. B, detail showing the absence of a bidenticulate seta on the anterior ramus. C, D, cirrus II. D, showing the bidenticulate setae with basal guards, in the insert, and the presence of bidenticulate setae with basal guards on the first segment of anterior and posterior rami. E, cirrus III: note the difference in lengths of the two rami. F, cirrus IV. G, cirrus V. H, cirrus VI. Intermediate segments of anterior rami of cirri III-VI are shown as inserts in E-H. Scale bars in μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g019

Fig 6 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 6. Chthamalus anisopoma, Point Lobos,Todos Santos, Baja California Sur, Mexico. A, whole view showing the orifice filled by the left scutum and tergum. B, inner view of scutum and tergum, showing the markedly assymetrical plates, with larger left scutum and tergum. C, outer view of paired scutum and tergum. D, inner view of scutum and tergum, showing a larger right scutum and tergum. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g006

Fig 23 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 23. Geographical distribution of species identifications in this study. A. Alaska to northern Mexico; B. Gulf of California; C. Details of Panama City region; D. Southern Mexico to Panama. Locations and other details in Table 1 and S1 Table, North America outline map courtesy Arizona Geographic Alliance, http://geoalliance.asu.edu. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g023

Fig 3. Chthamalus alani nom. nov. A, B in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 3. Chthamalus alani nom. nov. A, B, light stereomicroscopy showing inner side of paired scutum and tergum, La Paz specimen. C, scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) showing the inner side of scutum and tergum, Mazatlan specimen. D, paired articulated scutum and tergum, a La Paz specimen, showing the oblique articulation of the plates (a). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g003

Fig 22 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 22. Chthamalus panamensis from Avenida Amador, Naos Island, Panama. SEMs. A-C, maxilla. B, C, details of serrulate setae on tips of the two lobes of maxilla. D, E, maxillule, with detail of simple setae (E). F-H, mandible. G, details of the bidenticulate second, third and fourth teeth on the mandible. H-J, Mandible, with detail of pecten (I) and simple setae on outer margin (J). K, Pecten of mandible from additional specimen. L-N, Mandibular palp with details of serrulate setae on tip (M) and on superior margin (N). O, P, Labrum with detail of cutting edge (P). Scale bars in μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g022

Fig 13 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 13. Chthamalus newmani sp. nov. Holotype (NHMUK 2016. 9), Panama City. A, B, cirrus I, showing the presence of bidenticulate setae (bi) with or without basal guards (bg), enlarged in B, C, D, E. F, cirrus II, showing the presence of bidenticulate setae with basal guards on the first few segments (indicated by double end arrows) of the anterior ramus (D) and the posterior ramus (E) and magnified view of bidenticulate setae with basal guards on the tip of the posterior ramus (F). G, cirrus III. H, intermediate segment of anterior ramus of cirrus III. Scale bars in μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g013

Fig 18. Chthamalus panamensis specimens. A in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 18. Chthamalus panamensis specimens. A. from Avenida Amador, Naos Island, Panama, Panama, showing the top view of shell and the appearance of the longitudinal furrow (LF) on tergum, through the orifice. B, The intact specimen illustrated in Pilsbry's Plate 75, fig 2a is selected by the present authors as the Lectotype, showing the longitudinal furrow (LF) on the outer surface of the tergum. C-F, from Avenida Amador, Naos Island, Panama. SEMs of scutum and tergum from 4 specimens. Note the variation in the shape of the tergum among individuals. C, outer view of scutum and tergum, showing horizontal growth lines and longitudinal furrow on tergum (LF). D, scutum and tergum (inner and outer view) showing longitudinal furrow on tergum outer surface. E, F, inner side of scutum and tergum. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g018

Fig 5. Chthamalus alani nom. nov. Matzalan, Mexico. A, maxilla. B, maxillule. C in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 5. Chthamalus alani nom. nov. Matzalan, Mexico. A, maxilla. B, maxillule. C, magnified view showing the notch region of maxillule. D, mandible. E, fourth tooth, pecten and inferior angle of mandible. F, mandibular palp. G, labrum. H, cutting margin of labrum showing the fine teeth. Scale bars in μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g005

Fig 10 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 10. Chthamalus hedgecocki, Point Lobos,Todos Santos, Baja California Sur, Mexico. A, cirrus I, white arrows show a longitudinal array of setae on outer surface of posterior ramus. B, C, D, Cirrus II, showing the presence of bidenticulate setae with basal guards on the first few segments (indicated by double end arrows) on: C, anterior ramus; D, posterior ramus. E, cirrus III. F, cirrus IV. G, cirrus V. H, Cirrus VI. Intermediate segments of anterior rami of cirri III-VI are shown as inserts in E-H. Scale bars in μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g010

Fig 2. Live Chthamalus species photographed underwater. A in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 2. Live Chthamalus species photographed underwater. A, mixed populations of C anisopoma (CAN), with white-edged tergoscutal flaps, Balanus inexpectatatus (BI) with white tergoscutal flaps and Chthamalus alani nom. nov. (CA) with orange tergoscutal flaps (from La Paz, Baja California). B, C. alani showing orange tergoscutal flaps (from La Paz). C, C. hedgcocki showing orange tergoscutal flaps (from Point Lobos, Todos Santos, Baja California). D, Chthamalus newmani sp. nov. showing brown tergoscutal flaps (from Farfan Point, Panama). E, F, mixed population of C. panamensis (CP) showing orange tergoscutal flaps and C. newmani (CN) showing brown tergoscutal flaps (E, Balboa Statue. Panama City and F, Naos Island). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g002

Fig 9 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 9. Chthamalus hedgecocki, Point Lobos,Todos Santos, Baja California Sur, Mexico. A, light microgaph showing paired articulated scutum and tergum. Note the scutum and tergum are articulated transversely. B-F, SEM photographs. B, C, E, F, Inner views of paired scutum, outer and inner view of tergum. D. Inner and outer view of paired scutum and tergum. Note the absence of longitudinal furrow on outer surface of tergum and the slightly asymmetry of paired scutum and tergum. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g009

Fig 15 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 15. Chthamalus newmani sp. nov. Paratype (ASIZCR-000341), Panama City. SEMs. A–G, cirrus I. B, serrulate setae. C, bidenticulate setae on anterior ramus. D, F, serrulate setae on anterior and posterior rami. G, pappose setae on basipodite. H- Q, cirrus II. Bidenticulate setae with basal guards on anterior (I) and posterior (J) rami. Variation in the structure of bidenticulate setae with basal guards (note the number of basal guards) (K, P). serrulate setae (Q, R, S). Scale bars in μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g015

Fig 12 in Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia)

Fig 12. Chthamalus newmani sp. nov. SEM showing scutum and tergum. A, holotype (NHMUK 2016. 9), Panama City, inner view of paired scutum and tergum. B, additional specimens (TEPE78-1), Farfan Point. Inner view and outer view of scutum and outer view of tergum. C, D, paired scutum and tergum from additional specimens (TEPE78-1), Farfan Point. Note the variation in the shape of the scutum and tergum among samples. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149556.g012