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Fig. 4 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 4. Internal structure of zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. (BQ-AH2.2) from the lower Ladinian of the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado section. A. Transverse serial sections through the specimen (distance from the beak in mm). B. Microphotographs of acetate peels showing the hinge plates-crural bases relationship: crural bases are located in the ventral part of the hinge plates but a dorsal thickening emerges towards an early dorsal development. Section at 4.10 mm (B1) and 4.30 mm (B2) from the apex. Abbreviations: cb, crural bases; dp, deltidial plates; ld, dental lamellae; ms, median septum; pc, cardinal process; sp, septalium.

Fig. 6 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 6. Paleogeographical map of the Ladinian times (modified after Pérez-López and Pérez-Valera 2007), showing the distribution of taxa highly related to, or common with the brachiopod fauna inhabiting the Middle Triassic peri-Iberian platforms system. Color of arrows and taxa symbolizes the inferred paleobiogeographical affinities. ACP, Apennine Carbonate Platform; AM, Armorican Massif; BM: Bohemian Massif; CM, Central Massif; EM, Ebro Massif; MM, Meso-Mediterranean Massif; Mi, Misunithyris; Me, Menathyris; Mz, Mentzelia; Co, Coenothyris. Occurrences mainly based on Schmidt (1935), Siblík (1972, 1988, 2001), Popiel-Barczyk and Senkowiczowa (1989), Dagys (1993), Török (1993), Kaim (1997), Torti and Angiolini (1997), Pálfy (2003), Feldman (2005, 2013), Ruban (2010), Escudero-Mozo et al. (2015), among others (see text for details). Dotted line shows palaeogeographic position of the currently emerged land.

Fig. 3 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 3. Intraspecific variability of zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. of the lower Ladinian from the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado (A, B), Calasparra (C, E), Talave (D, F) sections; in dorsal (A1–F1), anterior (A2–F2), and lateral (A3–F3) views. A. BQ-AH2.1. B. BQ-AH2.2, sectioned in the present work. C. BQ-CL1.1. D. BQ-TA1.1. E. BQ-CL1.2. F. BQ-TA1.2, holotype. All specimens were coated with magnesium oxide.

Fig. 5 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 5. Microphotographs of acetate peels from zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. (BQ-AH2.2) from the lower Ladinian of the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado section. A. Section at 1.00 mm from the apex showing dental lamellae enveloped in a thick-shelled wall. B. Section at 2.60 mm from the apex showing the disposition of deltidial plates. C, D. Sections at 3.30 and 3.50 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the first stages of hinge plates and earlier cardinalia and the evolution of the cardinal process, clearly striated and raised by a high cardinal platform. E, F. Sections at 4.10 and 4.30 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the cardinal area with the position of crural bases and the articulation system. G–I. Partial sections at 4.90, 5.70, and 7.10 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the evolution of the crural architecture and dorsal median septum development.

Fig. 1 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological setting of the localities studied yielding Ladinian brachiopods in the Betic Range context emphasizing the South-Iberian Triassic outcrops. AH, Arroyo Hurtado section; CL, Calasparra section; TA, Talave section.

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FIGURE 2 in Biodiversity patterns across the Late Paleozoic Ice Age

FIGURE 2. Turnover rates during the LPIA with clades plotted individually and merged. Mean sea-surface temperature (SST) after Song et al. (2019). The two main phases of the glaciation indicated with snowflakes.

Figure 9 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 9. Phylogenetic relationships within Eryopidae as found in the present analysis, with the most important synapomorphies mapped onto nodes. See Appendix A for character definitions and a matrix, and see the text for a complete list of results.

Figure 8 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 8. Morphometrics of eryopiform skulls, depicting crucial skull proportions relative to size. Arrows in (a) highlight ontogeny in O. labyrinthicus and S. haeuseri.

Figure 6 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 6. Cranial morphology in eryopid temnospondyls, exemplified by reconstructed skull dorsal views. (a) Actinodon frossardi (after Werneburg, 1997), (b) Osteophorus roemeri (after Meyer, 1860), (c) Glaukerpeton avinoffi (after Werneburg and Berman, 2012), (d) Onchiodon labyrinthicus (after Boy, 1990), (e) Onchiodon thuringiensis (after Werneburg, 2008), (f) Clamorosaurus nocturnus (after Gubin, 1983, and photographs courteously provided by Ralf Werneburg), (g) Eryops sp. from the Moran Formation (MCZ 1914), (h) Eryops anatinus (AMNH 4310), (i) Eryops megacephalus (MCZ 1129). Darker shading figures depressions on the dorsal side of the skull roof.

Figure 7 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 7. Morphospace occupation of eryopiform skulls, showing differences in ontogenetic change and morphometric variance between Onchiodon labyrinthicus and Sclerocephalus spp. and adult skulls of other eryopids. (a) PC1–PC2 axes, (b) areas occupied by immature Onchiodon and Sclerocephalus compared, (c) close-up of (a) with focus on variation in O. labyrinthicus, and (d) PC1 plotted against size.

Figure 2 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 2. Larger juveniles of Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) LFUG 13570, (b) LFUG 13501, (c) MMG SaP 356, (d) LFUG 13391, (e) LFUG 13398, (f) LFUG 13609, (g) LFUG 13047. Darker shading figures depressions on the dorsal side of the skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.

Figure 4 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 4. Reconstruction of skulls in dorsal view Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) MMG SaP 237, (b) LFUG 13343, (c) LFUG 13405, (d) MMG SaP 356, (e) LFUG 13391, (f) LFUG 13570, (g) LFUG 13501, (h) LFUG 13292. Darker shading figures depressions on dorsal side of skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.

Figure 5 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 5. Palate of Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz, in ventral view. (a) LFUG 13394, (b) LFUG 13514. Darker grey is the inner side of the skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.

Figure 3 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 3. Ontogeny of the dermal ornament in Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) LFUG 13343, (b) MMG SaP 390, (c) MMG SaP 356, (d) MMG SaP 361, (e) LFUG 13395, (f) LFUG 13391, (g) LFUG 13570, (h) LFUG 13292.

Fig. 2 in Spore-like bodies in some early Paleozoic acritarchs: Clues to chlorococcalean affinities

Fig. 2. Cross sections of late Devonian (Frasnian) early post mortem calcified acritarchs enclosing internal bodies comparable with spores (auto− and aplanospores) of modern unicellular green algae. All from late Devonian (Frasnian) calcispheric limestones, Sosnowiec IG−1 borehole, core depth 2389– 2395 m (Upper Silesia, southern Poland). A. Pyri− tized acanthomorph (Baltisphaeridium−like) acritarch with internal structures resembling aplanospores. ZPAL Ak. 2/Sos1−70f. B–D. Baltisphaeridium−like acritarchs with singular acanthomorph internal bodies (autospores); noteworthy is the varying size of the internal bodies which in (C) is almost filling the vesicle volume. ZPAL Ak. 2/Sos1−17 (B), ZPAL Ak. 2/Sos1−70g (C), ZPAL Ak. 2/Sos1−60l (D). E. Photomicrograph of petrographic thin−section of the acritarch−bearing limestone to show the frequency of acritarchs in a cut−plane 800×450 µm. ZPAL Ak. 2/Sos1−50h. All transmitted light photomicrographs of petrographic thin−sections. Scale bars: A–D 10 µm; E 100 µm.

Fig. 1 in Spore-like bodies in some early Paleozoic acritarchs: Clues to chlorococcalean affinities

Fig. 1. Examples of early Silurian (Llandoverian) polygonomorph and acanthomorph acritarchs with internal structures resembling spores (auto− and aplanospores) of modern unicellular green algae. A. Veryhachium specimen with well−visible internal body displaying shape similar to the mother cell (autospore); ZPAL Ak. 2/Zal01. B. Neoveryhachium−like specimen enclosing spheroid bodies reminiscent of aplanospores; ZPAL Ak. 2/Zal02. Both from Zalesie Nowe (Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland); residuum of HF−dissolved black radiolarian cherts. Transmitted light photomicrographs.

Fig. 3 in Spore-like bodies in some early Paleozoic acritarchs: Clues to chlorococcalean affinities

Fig. 3. Comparison of early Silurian (Llandoverian) sphaeromorph acritarchs enclosing spherical structures resembling spores (autospores and/or aplanospores) with modern unicellular green algae and capsular cyanobacteria. A, B. Petrographic thin−sections of early Silurian black radiolarian cherts. Locality Zalesie Nowe (Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland). A. Leiosphaeridia−like acritarch with two internal bodies. ZPAL Ak. 2/Zal03. B. Larger Leiosphaeridia−like specimen with three spherical internal bodies. ZPAL Ak. 2/Zal04. C, D. Modern chlorococcalean microalgae (Chlorococcum sp.) at two stages of spore formation. Living specimens collected from Wilanowski Pond, Warsaw. E, F. Modern capsular cyanobacteria (Stanieria cf. cyanosphaera) at various stages of spore (beocyte) formation. Yerseke Culture Collection, The Netherlands. All transmitted light photomicrographs.

Fig. 6 in Spore-like bodies in some early Paleozoic acritarchs: Clues to chlorococcalean affinities

Fig. 6. Modes of preservation of spore−like bodies in early Silurian (Llandoverian) acritarchs from Quarry WNW Döbra, Frankenwald, Germany. A. Kerogenous spore−like spheroids in an acanthomorph specimen with one empty spheroid at the top showing an autospore−like spinose carbonaceous wall. ZPAL Ak. 2/Döbra01. B. Similar spheroids in an herkomorph specimen preserved as purely siliceous structures with totally degraded former carbonaceous walls delineated now by fine mineral granules. ZPAL Ak. 2/Döbra02. C–G. Raman confocal microscope analysis of an (?) herkomorph acritarch enclosing a spore−like spheroids (one indicated by arrow head): optical microscope view in transmitted light (C), two confocal Raman mappings of the same specimen, showing distribution of carbon (black color) (D, E); red arrows in D indicate points where Raman spectra from the internal body (F) and acritarch wall (G) have been obtained. Note the similarity of both spectra. ZPAL Ak. 2/Döbra03. Scale bars 10 µm.

Fig. 5 in Spore-like bodies in some early Paleozoic acritarchs: Clues to chlorococcalean affinities

Fig. 5. Examples of early Silurian (Llandoverian) herkomorph acritarchs (classified also by some authors to prasinophytes) enclosing internal bodies comparable with spores of modern unicellular green algae. All from early Silurian (Llandoverian) black radiolarian cherts; locality Łupianka Hill near Żdanów village, Bardzkie Mountains, southwestern Poland. A. Specimen of Cymatiosphaera in SEM view. ZPAL Ak. 2/Lup19. B. Transmitted light micrograph of cross−section of Cymatiosphaera−like specimen from same sample as above enclosing spherical aplanospore−like structures. ZPAL Ak. 2/Lup26. C, D. Specimens of Cymatiosphaera sp., in SEM view. Inside the specimen D spheroid bodies resembling aplanospores of modern unicellular green algae are visible. ZPAL Ak. 2/13, ZPAL Ak. 2/27. E. Specimen of Dictyotidium sp., in SEM view. ZPAL Ak. 2/25. F. Transmitted light micrograph of cross−section of a specimen of the same taxon enclosing remnant of spherical structure resembling aplanospore or hypnospore; note the fine granular structure of the SiO2 permineralized spore wall contrasting strongly with much coarser mineral substance filling the spore interior. ZPAL Ak. 2/25a. A, C, E, and F, 40 sec. HF−etched polished rock platelets.