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145 results for “Plasticity variation”
Data from: Fear on the move: predator hunting mode predicts variation in prey mortality and plasticity in prey spatial response
1. Ecologists have long searched for a framework of a priori species traits to help predict predator-prey interactions in food webs. Empirical evidence has shown that predator hunting mode and predator and prey habitat domain are useful traits for explaining predator-prey interactions. Yet individual experiments have yet to replicate predator hunting mode, calling into question whether predator impacts can be attributed to hunting mode or merely species identity. 2. We tested the effects of spider predators with sit-and-wait, sit-and-pursue and active hunting modes on grasshopper habitat domain, activity and mortality in a grassland system. We replicated hunting mode by testing two spider predator species of each hunting mode on the same grasshopper prey species. We observed grasshoppers with and without each spider species in behavioral cages and measured their mortality rates, movements and habitat domains. We likewise measured the movements and habitat domains of spiders to characterize hunting modes. 3. We found that predator hunting mode explained grasshopper mortality and spider and grasshopper movement activity and habitat domain size. Sit-and-wait spider predators covered small distances over a narrow domain space and killed fewer grasshoppers than sit-and-pursue and active predators, which ranged farther distances across broader domains and killed more grasshoppers, respectively. Prey adjusted their activity levels and horizontal habitat domains in response to predator presence and hunting mode: sedentary sit-and-wait predators with narrow domains caused grasshoppers to reduce activity in the same-sized domain space; more mobile sit-and-pursue predators with broader domains caused prey to reduce their activity within a contracted horizontal (but not vertical) domain space; and highly mobile active spiders led grasshoppers to increase their activity across the same domain area. All predators impacted prey activity and sit-and-pursue predators generated strong effects on domain size. 4. This study demonstrates the validity of utilizing hunting mode and habitat domain for predicting predator-prey interactions. Results also highlight the importance of accounting for flexibility in prey movement ranges as an anti-predator response rather than treating the domain as a static attribute.
Data from: Adaptive plasticity and epigenetic variation in response to warming in an Alpine plant
Environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity may be a critical component of response to changing environments. We examined local differentiation and adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to elevated temperature in half-sib lines collected across an elevation gradient for the alpine herb, Wahlenbergia ceracea. Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), we found low but significant genetic differentiation between low- and high-elevation seedlings, and seedlings originating from low elevations grew faster and showed stronger temperature responses (more plasticity) than those from medium and high elevations. Furthermore, plasticity was more often adaptive for plants of low-elevation origin and maladaptive for plants of high elevation. With methylation sensitive-AFLP (MS-AFLP), we revealed an increase in epigenetic variation in response to temperature in low-elevation seedlings. Although we did not find significant direct correlations between MS-AFLP loci and phenotypes, our results demonstrate that adaptive plasticity in temperature response to warming varies over fine spatial scales and suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in this response.
Intraspecific variation of Phragmites australis: Clinal adaption of functional traits and phenotypic plasticity vary with latitude of origin
<p>1. Widespread plant species generally have high intraspecific variation in functional traits, which is reflected in their great variety of phenotypes. This variety can result from both genetic differences due to local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. With high intraspecific variation and nearly global distribution, the common reed <i>Phragmites australis</i> is a suitable model species for studying the underlying mechanisms of intraspecific trait variation. </p> <p>2. In this study, 71 genotypes of <i>P. australis</i> from seven phylogeographic groups were transplanted into two replicate common gardens located in very different climates: northern Europe and mid-east Asia. We measured seven functional traits of all these genotypes over the growing season, including shoot height, maximum biomass per shoot, shoot density, node number per stem, leaf lifespan, flowering occurrence and flowering date. Our aim was to assess the relative effects of genetic (phylogeographic origin) and environmental (common garden) status, and interactions between them, on intraspecific variation in functional traits of <i>P. australis</i>. </p> <p>3. We found common garden having the strongest influence on most functional traits studied. All traits except flowering occurrence varied significantly across gardens, revealing the important role of phenotypic plasticity on trait variation of <i>P. australis</i>. We also found significant differences in trait variation among the different phylogeographic groups of <i>P. australis</i> and, thus, evidence for genetically determined intraspecific variation in the morphological and life-history traits addressed in this study. All functional traits showed significant (p≤0.0054), albeit minor to moderately explained (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> ≤0.57), latitudinal patterns in both gardens. Covariation of multiple traits was similar in the two gardens. Phenotypic plasticity was trait-specific, and the plasticity of shoot height and maximum biomass per shoot increased towards higher latitude of genotypic origin. Our results indicate that the latitude of origin affects the evolution of functional traits, as well as their phenotypic plasticity. </p> <p>4. Since phenotypic plasticity is a crucial mechanism for acclimation and evolution, our findings support the role of gene-based adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plant evolution. The intraspecific spatial variation of functional traits and their phenotypic plasticity can help predict species distribution, persistence and invasion under global climate change.</p>
Data from: The genetic basis of variation in sexual aggression: evolution versus social plasticity
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Male sexual aggression towards females is a form of sexual conflict that can result in increased fitness for males through forced copulations or coercive matings at the cost of female lifetime fitness. We used male fruit flies (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>) as a model system to uncover the genomic contributions to variation in forced copulation, both due to standing variation in a wild population, and due to plastic changes associated with variation in social experience. We used RNAseq to analyze whole-transcriptome differential expression in male head tissue associated with evolved changes in forced copulation from lineages previously selected for high and low forced copulation rate </span><span><span>(Dukas et al., 2020)</span></span><span>, and in male flies with varying forced copulation rates due to social experience. We identified hundreds of genes associated with evolved and plastic variation in forced copulation, however only a small proportion (27 genes) showed consistent differential expression due to both modes of variation. We confirmed this trend of low concordance in gene expression effects across broader sets of genes significant in either the evolved or plastic analyses using multivariate approaches. The gene ontology terms neuropeptide hormone activity and serotonin receptor activity were significantly enriched in the set of significant genes. Of 7 genes chosen for RNAi knockdown validation tests, knockdowns of 4 genes showed the expected effect on forced copulation behaviours. Taken together, our results provide important information about the apparently independent genetic architectures that underlie natural variation in sexual aggression due to evolution and plasticity.</span></p>
Data for: Plasticity and co-variation of root traits govern phosphorus acquisition among 20 wheat genotypes
<p>Trait plasticity (variation of a trait under environmental variability or gradients) and trait integration are both crucial for plant adaption to environmental change. Variations in different suite of root traits such as biomass allocation, morphology and physiology underlie diverse phosphorus (P) acquisition strategies among plants. Yet, how the intraspecific plasticity and integration of root traits influence plant adaptation to different P supply remains obscure. To characterize diverse adaptive strategies in relation to plant P acquisition, eight root traits were assessed in 20 wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) genotypes grown in a culture room with low and high P supply. High P supply increased shoot P accumulation and biomass of all wheat genotypes. The shoot P accumulation in genotypes with high P sensitivity (PS: calculated as shoot P content at low P / shoot P content at high P supply) was higher with high P supply and lower with low P supply compared with that in the genotypes with low PS. The high-PS genotypes exhibited larger variation in root length, root/shoot ratio and rhizosphere pH across P supplies than the low-PS genotypes, suggesting an integrated response at the whole-plant level. At low P supply, the high-PS genotypes had greater root length and specific root length, but lower acid phosphatase activity than the low-PS genotypes, which suggests contrasting P-acquisition strategies across the genotypes. Strong co-variation of root traits occurred across low-PS genotypes regardless of P supply; conversely, the high-PS genotypes only exhibited strong trait integration at low P supply, whereas high P supply sharply reduced root trait co-variation. Our findings suggest that P stress may strengthen root trait integration in wheat plants, and that both plasticity and integration of root traits drive plant adaptive strategies and tolerance to P-deficiency stress.</p>
Evolutionary divergence in phenotypic plasticity shapes brain size variation between coexisting sunfish ecotypes
<p>Mechanisms that generate brain size variation and the consequences of such variation on ecological performance are poorly understood in most natural animal populations. We use a reciprocal-transplant common garden experiment and foraging performance trials to test for brain size plasticity and the functional consequences of brain size variation in Pumpkinseed sunfish (<em>Lepomis gibbosus</em>) ecotypes that have diverged between nearshore littoral and offshore pelagic lake habitats. Different age-classes of wild-caught juveniles from both habitats were exposed for six months to treatments that mimicked littoral and pelagic foraging. Plastic responses in oral jaw size suggested that treatments mimicked natural habitat-specific foraging conditions. Plastic brain size responses to foraging manipulations differed between ecotypes, as only pelagic sourced fish showed brain size plasticity. Only pelagic juveniles under 1 year-old expressed this plastic response, suggesting that plastic brain size responses decline with age and so may be irreversible. Finally, larger brain size was associated with enhanced foraging performance on live benthic but not pelagic prey, providing the first experimental evidence of a relationship between brain size and prey-specific foraging performance in fishes. The recent post-glacial origin of these ecotypes suggests that brain size plasticity can rapidly evolve and diverge in fish under contrasting ecological conditions.</p>
Evolutionary and plastic variation in larval growth and digestion reveal the complex underpinnings of size and age at maturation in dung beetles
<p>Age and size at maturity are key life history components, yet the proximate underpinnings that mediate intra- and interspecific variation in life history remain poorly understood. We studied the proximate underpinnings of species differences and nutritionally plastic variation in adult size and development time in four species of dung beetles. Specifically, we investigated how variation in insect growth mediates adult size variation, tested whether fast juvenile growth trades-off with developmental stability in adult morphology, and quantified plastic responses of digestive systems to variation in food quality. Contrary to the common size-development time trade-off, the largest species exhibited by far the shortest development time. Correspondingly, species diverged strongly in the shape of growth trajectories. Nutritionally plastic adjustments to growth were qualitatively similar between species but differed in magnitude. Although we expected rapid growth to induce developmental costs, neither instantaneous growth rates nor the duration of larval growth were related to developmental stability in the adult. This renders the putative costs of rapid growth enigmatic. We further found that larvae that encounter a challenging diet develop a larger midgut and digest more slowly than animals reared on a more nutritious diet. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that larvae invest into a more effective digestive system when exposed to low-quality nutrition, but suggest that species may diverge readily in their reliance on these mechanisms. More generally, our data highlight the complex, and often hidden, relationships between immature growth and age and size at maturation even in ecologically similar species.</p>
Variation in sex allocation plasticity in three closely related flatworm species
<p>This dataset accompanies the ' Variation in sex allocation plasticity in three closely related flatworm species ' publication.</p>
Data from: Soil erodibility differs according to heritable trait variation and nutrient-induced plasticity in the salt marsh engineer Spartina alterniflora
Use of landform engineers for habitat restoration has often resulted in unanticipated outcomes. It is possible that departures from expectation arise because applications do not adequately account for the influence of heritable and non-heritable phenotypic variation on ecosystem attributes. In this study, we performed a common garden greenhouse experiment to determine whether soil shear strength—a characteristic linked to erosion resistance—varies according to heritable and plastic trait expression in Spartina alterniflora grown under contrasting nutrient regimes. We detected heritable variation across a broad spectrum of functional traits, including nutrient uptake. We also found that S. alterniflora exhibited trait-specific differences in nutrient-induced phenotypic plasticity. Heritable trait differences and plasticity together explained approximately 70% of the observed variation in soil shear strength. Soil shear strength increased when plants received more nutrients, but the influence of heritable variation on soil shear strength was equal to or larger than that of nutrient-induced plasticity. These findings illustrate that heritable and non-heritable trait expression can potentially govern the fate of marsh ecosystems, which suggests that consideration should be given to both factors when deploying landform engineers for coastal restoration.
Data and Code for: Plasticity and not adaptation is the primary source of temperature-mediated variation in flowering phenology in North America
<p>This submission contains all the code and data necessary for reproducing 1) the dataset, 2) the main results, and 3) all supplemental analyses appearing in the manuscript titled: <em>Plasticity and not adaptation is the primary source of temperature-mediated variation in flowering phenology in North America</em> (Ramirez-Parada, Park, Record, Davis, Ellison, and Mazer, 2023). A preprint of this manuscript can be accessed at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3131821/v1.</p> <p> </p> <p>Extracting the compressed file will generate a folder titled "Project folder", containing sub-folders named "Data" and "R code". In order for the code to work, users need to preserve the folder structure of the code and data, as the R Markdown files in the "R code" folder have relative file paths that read and write data within the "Data" folder. Moving either would require re-writing the filepaths across Rmds for the code to run.</p> <p><br> To replicate the results, the following R Markdowns must be run in sequence (once they have been run, the Rmds for supplemental analyses can be used in any order):</p> <p><br> <em>"1. Subsetting Dataset.Rmd"</em></p> <p>This file processes a specimen dataset of ca. 2.3 million specimens that we assembled for this project (publicly available on Dryad: <a href="https://doi.org/10.25349/D9WP6S">https://doi.org/10.25349/D9WP6S</a>), filtering out duplicates, specimens out of the spatial scope of the PRISM data used for all analyses, and subsetting to only those species represented by a minimum of 300 specimens. This filtering yields a dataset of 1,038,047 specimens in flower across 1,605 species.</p> <p>For an in-depth description of the starting dataset, please refer to the "READ ME.txt" file within the "Project folder", and visit its corresponding Dryad repository (linked above).</p> <p><br> <em>"2. Main Analysis - Estimating S_space, S_time, and S_diff.Rmd"</em></p> <p>This file uses the subset dataset produced by the previous Rmd to fit the varying-intercepts, varying-slopes model that produced the estimates of apparent plasticity and apparent adaptation underlying all main analyses. This Rmd exports a dataset of species-specific estimates of S<sub>space</sub>, S<sub>time</sub>, and S<sub>space</sub> - S<sub>time</sub> that is used to recreate Figures 2, 3, and 4 of the main text in the next step. This is the most time consuming R Markdown file to run, as each MCMC chain used to fit the model in Stan must be run on a dedicated processor (limiting the usefulness of parallel computation). Fitting the model using 3 MCMC chains, 1000 iterations for warmup, and 4000 iterations for sampling, took approximately 24 hours using an Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9750H CPU @ 2.60GHz processor. </p> <p> </p> <p><em>"3. Main Analysis - Figures 2, 3, and 4.Rmd"</em></p> <p>Finally, this Rmd uses the dataset of species-specific estimates to conduct all analyses underlying Figures 2, 3, and 4, recreating each of these figures.</p> <p><strong><em>For detailed descriptions of all materials (code and data) and instructions for using them, please refer to the "READ ME.txt" file within "Project folder". </em></strong></p> <p> </p>
Data from: Genotype x environment interaction obscures genetic sources of variation in seed size in Dithyrea californica but provides the opportunity for selection on phenotypic plasticity
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Data from: Coping with strong variations in winter severity: plastic habitat selection of deer at high density
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Data from: Neglected patterns of variation in phenotypic plasticity: age- and sex-specific antipredator plasticity in a cichlid fish
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Data from: Geographic variation in phenotypic plasticity in response to dissolved oxygen in an African cichlid fish
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Data from: Individual variation in parental care reaction norms: integration of personality and plasticity
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Behavioral variation in natural contests: integrating plasticity and personality
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Evolutionary divergence in phenotypic plasticity shapes brain size variation between coexisting sunfish ecotypes
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Data from: No geographic variation in thermoregulatory color plasticity and limited variation in heat-avoidance behavior in Battus philenor caterpillars
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Data from: Plastic responses contribute to explaining altitudinal and temporal variation in potential flower longevity in high Andean Rhodolirion montanum
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Data from: Plasticity and heritability of morphological variation within and between parapatric stickleback demes
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