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156 results for “Plio-Pleistocene”
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). The regional stratigraphy follows Kahraman (2018). Stars mark the positions of vertebrate localities. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). The regional stratigraphy follows Kahraman (2018). Stars mark the positions of vertebrate localities.
Text-fig. 7. Temporal distribution of the described taxa from the Plio-Pleistocene localities of Turkey. The described localities are marked in red. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 7. Temporal distribution of the described taxa from the Plio-Pleistocene localities of Turkey. The described localities are marked in red.
Text-fig. 6. Squamates: a – vertebra of Amphisbaenia indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in dorsal (a1), ventral (a2), lateral (a3), anterior (a4), and posterior (a5) views, EUNHM PV-13238; b – right maxilla of Lacertidae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13239; c – cervical vertebra of Natrix sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, in dorsal (c1), ventral (c2), lateral (c3), anterior (c4), and posterior (c5) views, EUNHM PV-13240; d – trunk vertebra of Natricinae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in dorsal (d1), ventral (d2), lateral (d3), anterior (d4), and posterior (d5) views, EUNHM PV-13241; e – vertebra of cf. Colubrinae indet. from Yenişarbademli, in ventral (e1), dorsal (e2), and anterior (e3) views, EUNHM PV-13262. Scale equals 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 6. Squamates: a – vertebra of Amphisbaenia indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in dorsal (a1), ventral (a2), lateral (a3), anterior (a4), and posterior (a5) views, EUNHM PV-13238; b – right maxilla of Lacertidae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13239; c – cervical vertebra of Natrix sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, in dorsal (c1), ventral (c2), lateral (c3), anterior (c4), and posterior (c5) views, EUNHM PV-13240; d – trunk vertebra of Natricinae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in dorsal (d1), ventral (d2), lateral (d3), anterior (d4), and posterior (d5) views, EUNHM PV-13241; e – vertebra of cf. Colubrinae indet. from Yenişarbademli, in ventral (e1), dorsal (e2), and anterior (e3) views, EUNHM PV-13262. Scale equals 1 mm.
Figure 5 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 5. Per-capita rates of origination and extinction for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. It should be remembered that the intervals 4.2–3.6 Mya and 1.5–0.9 Mya are less well sampled than the intermediate interval (cf. Fig. 3A). Note especially the zero origination rate in the interval 3.0–2.4 Mya. See text for complete discussion. B, the same for 400-kyr bins from 4.1 to 0.9 Mya. C, the same for 500-kyr bins from 4.0 to 1.0 Mya.
Figure 8 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 8. Results of the regression analysis of number of localities vs. mean standing richness for 400-kyr bins. A, regression analysis. The correlation is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.706**). There are no statistical outliers in this regression. B, regression residuals plotted against time slice. There are no outliers, but the effect of Laetoli is still seen in the relatively high residual for time slice C (3.7– 3.3 Mya).
Figure 1 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 1. Map showing geographical location of localities studied. 1, Hadar; 2, Middle Awash; 3, Omo, Shungura and Usno Formations; 4, Konso-Gardula; 5, West Turkana, Nachukui Formation; 6, Koobi Fora; 7, Allia Bay; 8, Lothagam; 9, Kanapoi; 10, Nkondo/Nyaburu; 11, West Turkana, Eshoa Kakurongori, South Turkwel, Nakoret; 12, Kanam East; 13, Olorgesailie; 14, Olduvai; 15, Lainyamok; 16, Laetoli. Inset: map of Africa showing (shaded) countries with localities with carnivoran specimens used in this work.
Figure 7 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 7. Results of the regression analysis of number of localities vs. mean standing richness for 300-kyr bins. A, regression analysis. The correlation is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.603**). Note that time slice C (3.9–3.6 Mya) is an outlier. B, regression residuals plotted against time slice showing the high positive residual for the outlier, time slice C, indicating that this time slice has more taxa than expected given the number of localities present, which is probably an effect of the dominance of the species-rich Laetoli locality in this time slice. Laetoli also has an effect in time slice D (3.6–3.3 Mya), but this time slice includes many more localities and therefore the effect of Laetoli is not as evident.
Figure 4 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 4. Richness data for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, total richness and mean standing richness [MSR = (NbL + 2Nbt + NFt)/2] in 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. It should be remembered that the intervals 4.2– 3.6 Mya and 1.5–0.9 Mya are less well sampled than the intermediate interval (cf. Fig. 3A). Peaks before 3 Mya (higher) and after 2 Mya (lower) are evident. See text for complete discussion. B, the same for 400-kyr bins from 4.1 to 0.9 Mya. Note the reduction in height of the post-2 Mya peak. C, the same for 500-kyr bins from 4.0 to 1.0 Mya.
Figure 6 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 6. Per-taxon rates of origination and extinction for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, 300-kyr bins. B, 400-kyr bins. C, 500-kyr bins. The diagrams match those for per-capita rates closely, demonstrating that the results are not dependent on the exact metric used.
Fig. 11 in Cranial morphology of the Plio-Pleistocene giant madtsoiid snake Wonambi naracoortensis
Fig. 11. Braincase elements of Wonambi naracoortensis SAM P30178A. A. Left prootic in anterolateral (A1) and posteromedial (A2) views. B. Sphenoid, basioccipital, and left exoccipital−opisthotic in anterolateral view. C. Right exoccipital−opisthotic in anterolateral (C1), dorsomedial (C2), and medioventral (C3) views. Scale approximate, varies with perspective.
Fig. 5 in Cranial morphology of the Plio-Pleistocene giant madtsoiid snake Wonambi naracoortensis
Fig. 5. Left ectopterygoid of Wonambi naracoortensis SAM P30178A in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views.
Fig. 13 in Cranial morphology of the Plio-Pleistocene giant madtsoiid snake Wonambi naracoortensis
Fig. 13. Compound mandibular element of Wonambi naracoortensis (SAM P30178A; Pleistocene, Naracoorte) in ventrolateral (A), dorsal (B), dorsomedial (C), and medial (D) views. Images reversed (element from right side shown as if left) for ease of comparison with Fig. 12. Anterior direction to left in A only.
Fig. 3 in Cranial morphology of the Plio-Pleistocene giant madtsoiid snake Wonambi naracoortensis
Fig. 3. Right palatine of Wonambi naracoortensis SAM P30178A in ventral (A), dorsal (B), anterior (C), medial (D), and lateral (E) views.
Fig. 12 in Cranial morphology of the Plio-Pleistocene giant madtsoiid snake Wonambi naracoortensis
Fig. 12. Dentaries of Wonambi naracoortensis. A. SAM P30178A, left dentary in lateral (A1), ventrolateral (A2), medial (A3), and dorsomedial (A4) views. B. SAM P16170c, right dentary fragment in dorsomedial (B1), dorsal (B2), and ventrolateral (B3) views. Anterior direction to left in A1, A2, B1 and B2.
Fig. 9 in Cranial morphology of the Plio-Pleistocene giant madtsoiid snake Wonambi naracoortensis
Fig. 9. Braincase elements of Wonambi naracoortensis SAM P30178A in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Slight displacement of prootic and opisthotic−exoccipital corrected graphically in A, prootic omitted in B.
Different mammals, same structure: Co-occurrence structure across the Plio-Pleistocene transition
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Why the long teeth? Morphometric analysis suggests different selective pressures on functional occlusal traits in Plio-Pleistocene African suids
<p>Neogene and Pleistocene African suids displayed convergent evolutionary trends in the third molar (M3) morphology, with increasingly elongated and higher crowns through time. While these features can prevent premature loss of masticatory functionality and potentially increase long-term reproductive success, changes in dental occlusal traits such as enamel complexity and thickness can also improve chewing efficiency and increase short-term energetic return. While both long-term and short-term benefits can contribute to the thriving of a lineage, the selective pressures associated with each category can be different. To examine how crown elongation correlates with these functional occlusal traits, we selected M3s of Kolpochoerus, Notochoerus, and Metridiochoerus from Kenya and South Africa, dated between 3.0 Ma and 0.4 Ma. To account for dental wear, we used micro-CT imaging of unworn/slightly worn M3s to simulate wear progression within each tooth. We compared morphometric representatives of occlusal enamel complexity and thickness among the specimens following their respective wear trajectories. We found that M3 elongation correlates with higher occlusal complexity and thinner enamel in Notochoerus and Metridiochoerus lineages through time. In Kolpochoerus, enamel complexity and thickness were generally maintained through time, despite M3 elongation. The differences in M3 morphometric trends suggest that Kolpochoerus likely experienced a different set of selective pressures on functional occlusal traits compared to Notochoerus and Metridiochoerus. The shared evolutionary trends of M3 specialization among Notochoerus and Metridiochoerus suggest similar selective pressures on their chewing efficiency and the possibility of a dietary niche overlap in more xeric habitats.</p>
Text-fig. 1. Schematic map of the localities. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 1. Schematic map of the localities.
Directly dating Plio-Pleistocene climate change in the terrestrial record
<p class="MsoNormal">This is the Supporting Information for Dröllner et al. "Directly dating Plio-Pleistocene climate change in the terrestrial record" published in Geophysical Research Letters. The data comes from a ferruginous induration in the arid landscapes of the Nullarbor Plain in southern Australia (30° 54' 33.84'' S, 132° 13' 5.88'' E). The data provides constraints on the timing of Plio-Pleistocene aridification in the continental realm and supports the use of ferruginous indurations as targets to obtain absolute ages on landscape evolution. The dataset includes chemical-mineralogical results, which suggest that the formation of ferruginous indurations was linked with a decline of the groundwater table. (U-Th)/He geochronology of goethite from ferruginous indurations provides age constraints that link the textural and chemical-mineralogical observations to a rapid climatic shift from humid Late Pliocene to arid Early Pleistocene conditions. Specifically, this Supporting Information includes a pdf file (available through Zenodo; <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7739575" title="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7739575">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7739575</a>) with detailed analytical methods for X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, Text S1), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (Text S2), Raman spectroscopy (Text S3), and (U-Th)/He geochronology (Text S4). This pdf file also includes Supporting Figures S1 (sample material, and fragments used for dating) and S2 (XRD spectra), as well as Supporting Tables S1 (XRD bulk mineralogy), S2 ((U-Th)/He data), S3 (XRD instrument parameters), and the captions for Table S4 (Raman data) and Table S5 (XRD data). The latter two datasets are provided as separate files available through Dryad (this data).</p>
Data for: Plio-Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and divergence with gene flow drive continent-wide diversification in an African bird
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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