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322 results for “Poison frog”
Fig. 19 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 19. Examples of variation in dendrobatid maxillary teeth. A, B: lateral (A) and lingual (B) views of pictus (UMMZ 184099). Note that the teeth do not protrude beyond the edge of the maxilla. C: lateral view of riveroi (AMNH 134144). D: lateral view of subpunctatus (UMMZ 221159). E: lateral view of undulatus (AMNH 159142). F: lateral view of molinarii (UMMZ 176207). G: lateral view of dunni (UMMZ 167131). H: lateral view of nocturnus (AMNH 129940).
Fig. 11 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 11. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Santos et al. (2003: 12794, fig. 1), based on unweighted parsimony analysis of the mitochondrial transcription unit H1 (ca. 2,400 bp), aligned with ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997) ''under various parameters … and finally adjusted by eye to produce a parsimonious alignment'' whereby ''informative sites were minimized'' (Santos et al., 2003:
Fig. 6 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 6. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Clough and Summers (2000: 342, fig. 1), based on parsimony analysis of 12S, 16S, and cytochrome b DNA sequences aligned with Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994) (parameters not specified) and modified by eye and excluding ambiguously aligned regions. Numbers are bootstrap frequencies (unlabeled nodes present in fewer than 50% of replicates).
Fig. 12 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 12. Hypothesized phylogeny of Dendrobates, redrawn from Symula et al. (2003: 459, fig. 3), based on maximum likelihood (under the GTR + C model) analysis of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I DNA sequences aligned with ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997) (parameters not specified). Maximum likelihood branch lengths shown above branches, parsimony bootstrap frequencies shown below branches (frequencies.75% shown).
Fig. 4. Forest Islands 1, 2 in The Blue Dyeing Poison-Dart Frog, Dendrobates tinctorius (Dendrobates azureus, Hoogmoed 1969): extant in Suriname based on a rapid survey
Fig. 4. Forest Islands 1, 2, and 4, extant vegetation comparison between Google Earth images for 2004 (A) and 1969 (B). Red outlines delineating the three forest islands were juxtaposed from the 2004 image onto the 1969 image.
Fig. 1 in The Blue Dyeing Poison-Dart Frog, Dendrobates tinctorius (Dendrobates azureus, Hoogmoed 1969): extant in Suriname based on a rapid survey
Fig. 1. Map of Suriname, South America (upper left inset) with approximate location of Sipaliwini savannah indicated by the black box. Forest Islands are outlined in red and identified by numbers corresponding to those of Hoogmoed (1969, 2019). Arrows indicate locations of the 50 x 50 m plots surveyed in Forest Islands 1, 2, and 4 during 16–18 June 2015. Forest Island 3 was not surveyed. In this 2004 Google image, savanna vegetation surrounding the forest islands had been recently burned by indigenous hunters.
FIG, 1. John William Daly (1933–2008) on the upper Río San Juan. This paper is dedicated to John Daly, our late friend and colleague, who helped collect three of the new species here described. In addition to his globally acclaimed discoveries in chemistry and pharmacology, John was an accomplished field herpetologist who contributed importantly to the systematics and natural history of dendrobatoid frogs (see Grant et al., 2006; Myers, 2009). This photograph shows John at age 37, with the upper Río San Juan behind him and branches overhead of a madroño tree (probably Garcinia magnifolia, syn. Rheedia chocoensis, Clusiaceae). When in South America, John was never far from a dendrobatid frog—this time, in the tree above his head, a tiny, undescribed semiarboreal species (also collected and later named "Dendrobates fuguritus" by our colleague Philip Silverstone). Other dendrobatids found nearby included Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913), which was then being used for poisoning blowgun darts, and also the nontoxic species that we name Silverstoneia dalyi herein. (Photograph by C. W. Myers, 2 km above Playa de Oro, Chocó, February 16, 1971.) in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)
FIG, 1. John William Daly (1933–2008) on the upper Río San Juan. This paper is dedicated to John Daly, our late friend and colleague, who helped collect three of the new species here described. In addition to his globally acclaimed discoveries in chemistry and pharmacology, John was an accomplished field herpetologist who contributed importantly to the systematics and natural history of dendrobatoid frogs (see Grant et al., 2006; Myers, 2009). This photograph shows John at age 37, with the upper Río San Juan behind him and branches overhead of a madroño tree (probably Garcinia magnifolia, syn. Rheedia chocoensis, Clusiaceae). When in South America, John was never far from a dendrobatid frog—this time, in the tree above his head, a tiny, undescribed semiarboreal species (also collected and later named "Dendrobates fuguritus" by our colleague Philip Silverstone). Other dendrobatids found nearby included Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913), which was then being used for poisoning blowgun darts, and also the nontoxic species that we name Silverstoneia dalyi herein. (Photograph by C. W. Myers, 2 km above Playa de Oro, Chocó, February 16, 1971.)
Transcriptomes for Ranitomeya imitator and R. variabilis: Evidence for a Parabasalian Gut Symbiote in Egg-Feeding Poison Frog Tadpoles in Peru
<p>This dataset contains the assembled transcriptomes for our paper. The three assemblies are for <em>Ranitomeya imitator, R. variabilis, </em>and a merged assembly of the two species. For methodological details, see the published manuscript.</p>
Supplementary data for: Selection on visual opsin genes in diurnal Neotropical frogs and loss of the SWS2 opsin in poison frogs
<p><span></span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p>Amphibians are ideal for studying visual system evolution because their biphasic (aquatic and terrestrial) life history and ecological diversity expose them to a broad range of visual conditions. Here we evaluate signatures of selection on visual opsin genes across Neotropical anurans and focus on three diurnal clades that are well-known for the concurrence of conspicuous colors and chemical defense (i.e., aposematism): poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), Harlequin toads (Bufonidae: <em>Atelopus</em>), and pumpkin toadlets (Brachycephalidae: <em>Brachycephalus</em>). We found evidence of positive selection on 44 amino acid sites in LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and RH1 opsin genes, of which one in LWS and two in RH1 have been previously identified as spectral tuning sites in other vertebrates. Given that anurans have mostly nocturnal habits, the patterns of selection revealed new sites that might be important in spectral tuning for frogs, potentially for adaptation to diurnal habits and for color-based intraspecific communication. Furthermore, we provide evidence that SWS2, normally expressed in rod cells in frogs and some salamanders, has likely been lost in the ancestor of Dendrobatidae, suggesting that under low-light levels, dendrobatids have inferior wavelength discrimination compared to other frogs. This loss might follow the origin of diurnal activity in dendrobatids and could have implications for their chemical ecology, biodiversity, and behavior. Our analyses show that assessments of opsin diversification in understudied groups could expand our understanding of the role of sensory system evolution in ecological adaptation.</p>
Data for: Investigating signal modalities of aposematism in a poison frog
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Evidence for individual vocal recognition in a pair-bonding poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator
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Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs
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Data from: Behavioural mimicry among poison frogs diverges during close-range encounters with predators
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Effects of parental care on skin microbial community composition in poison frogs
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Supplementary data for: Selection on visual opsin genes in diurnal Neotropical frogs and loss of the SWS2 opsin in poison frogs
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Re-scaffolded genome and supertranscriptome of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio)
<p>Re-scaffolded genome and SuperTranscriptome of<em> Oophaga pumilio</em></p> <p>Supplementary data to the article: "Being red, blue and green: the genetic basis of coloration differences in the strawberry poison frog (<em>Oophaga pumilio</em>)"</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Chemical defenses shift with the seasonal vertical migration of a Panamanian poison frog
Dendrobatid poison frogs sequester lipophilic alkaloids from their arthropod prey to use as a form of chemical defense. Some dendrobatid frogs seasonally migrate between the leaf litter of the forest floor in the dry season to the canopy in the wet season, which may yield differences in prey (arthropods) and therefore alkaloid availability over space and time. Here, we document a seasonal vertical migration of Andinobates fulguritus (the yellow-bellied poison frog) from ground to canopy between dry and wet seasons. We observed turnover in alkaloid composition between seasons and found that dry season frogs contained a lower relative quantity of alkaloids; however, there was no change in alkaloid richness between seasons. The 77 alkaloids of 13 structural classes identified in this population appear to be derived mostly from mites and ants, though the two most common alkaloids were mite derived. Our observed shifts in defensive profiles are consistent with well-documented turnover in mite and ant communities between seasons and vertical strata. As climate change is expected to lengthen and strengthen dry seasons in many tropical regions, our results suggest that arboreal poison frogs forced to the ground for longer periods of time may see a shift in the abundance of alkaloids, possibly decreasing their defensive potential. This study provides further predictions for the wide-reaching effects of climate change, even as nuanced as charismatic poison frogs losing their poisons.
Data from: Poison frog color morphs express assortative mate preferences in allopatry but not sympatry
The concurrent divergence of mating traits and preferences is necessary for the evolution of reproductive isolation via sexual selection, and such coevolution has been demonstrated in diverse lineages. However, the extent to which assortative mate preferences are sufficient to drive reproductive isolation in nature is less clear. Natural contact zones between lineages divergent in traits and preferences provide exceptional opportunities for testing the predicted evolutionary consequences of such divergence. The strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) displays extreme color polymorphism in and around the young Bocas del Toro archipelago. In a transition zone between red and blue allopatric lineages, we asked whether female preferences diverged along with coloration, and whether any divergent preferences persist in a zone of sympatry. When choosing among red, blue and phenotypically intermediate males, females from monomorphic red and monomorphic blue populations both expressed assortative preferences. However, red, blue, and intermediate females from the contact zone all preferred red males, suggesting that divergent preferences may be insufficient to effect behavioral isolation. Our results highlight the complexity of behavioral isolation, and the need for studies that can reveal the circumstances under which divergent preferences do and do not contribute to speciation.
Genetic differentiation and overexploitation history of the critically endangered Lehmann's Poison Frog: Oophaga lehmanni
<p>Species conservation with fragmented and endangered populations must be based on a prior and thorough knowledge of the structure and population dynamics. <i>Oophaga lehmanni</i> is a dendrobatid species endemic of Colombia and is restricted to its type locality. This species has a fragmented distribution and is considered as critically endangered mainly due to habitat destruction and overexploitation. <i>Oophaga lehmanni</i> exhibits phenotypic variation in the dorsal color pattern (red and yellow morphs). We reconstructed the overexploitation history that this species has faced in the last 40 years. In addition, we collected genetic and morphological data for the first time in natural populations to describe genetic diversity between and within populations, and to evaluate morphological and genetic differences between red and yellow morphs. Overexploitation data suggest that more than 80.000 (Min=60.047 - Max=102.236) frogs were extracted from the field in the last four decades, probably generating the local extirpation or population decline from the type locality. Genetic data<i> </i>showed reduced genetic diversity. Observed heterozygosity (mean±s.d.=0.599±0.165) is lower than expected (mean±s.d.=0.867± 0.082). We did not find differences in body size and heterozygosity between the two morphs; however, individuals analyzed were assigned to two genetic clusters, which corresponded to the <i>O. lehmanni</i>-yellow and <i>O. lehmanni</i>-red. In addition, F<sub>ST </sub>(0.209) and Nei genetic distance (0.18) values indicated genetic differentiation between the two morphs; therefore, red and yellow morphs should be treated as independent management units. This information will help to define appropriate and long-term conservation units, as a useful tool to mitigate the extinction risk of this species.</p>
Data from: Mate choice vs mate preference: inferences about color-assortative mating differ between field and lab assays of poison frog behavior
Co-divergence of mating traits and mate preferences can lead to behavioral isolation among lineages in early stages of speciation. However, mate preferences only limit gene flow when expressed as mate choice, and numerous factors might be more important than preferences in nature. In the extremely color polytypic strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio), female mate preferences have co-diverged with color in most allopatric populations tested. Whether these lab-assayed preferences predict mating (gene flow) in the wild remains unclear. We observed courting pairs in a natural contact zone between red and blue lineages until oviposition or courtship termination. We found color-assortative mating in a disturbed habitat with high population density, but not in a secondary forest with lower density. Our results suggest color-assortative O. pumilio mate choice in the wild, but also mating patterns that do not match those predicted by lab-assayed preferences.
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