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FIGURE 4 in Population structure of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) in a Brazilian semi-arid estuary

FIGURE 4 | Proportion of color patterns (A) and holdfast use (B) of Hippocampus reidi in the Pacoti River estuary, Ceará, Brazil, between December 2017 and November 2018.

FIGURE 3 in Population structure of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) in a Brazilian semi-arid estuary

FIGURE 3 | Spatial variation in the proportion of pregnant males of Hippocampus reidi along the salinity gradient in the Pacoti River estuary, Ceará, Brazil, between December 2017 and November 2018. Y = pregnant male record, N = non-pregnant male record.

FIGURE 2 in Population structure of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) in a Brazilian semi-arid estuary

FIGURE 2 | Temporal variation of environmental variables: (A) salinity and (B) water transparency (cm), and Hippocampus reidi population variables: (C) population density (ind.m-2), (D) proportion of pregnant males (Y = pregnant male record, N = non-pregnant male record) and (E) individual height (cm), in the Pacoti River estuary, Ceará, Brazil, between December 2017 and November 2018. The months of the rainy season are highlighted in blue.

FIGURE 1 in Population structure of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) in a Brazilian semi-arid estuary

FIGURE 1 | Geographic location of the Pacoti River estuary, Ceará, Brazil (A, B), indicating Hippocampus reidi sampling locations (A to K) (C).

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

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Data and code from: Evaluating genomic offset predictions in a forest tree with high population genetic structure

<p>Predicting how tree populations will respond to climate change is an urgent societal concern. An increasingly popular way to make such predictions is the genomic offset (GO) approach, which aims to use genomic and climate data to identify populations that may experience climate maladaptation in the near future. More precisely, GO tries to represent the change in allele frequencies required to maintain the current gene-climate relationships under climate change. However, the GO approach has major limitations and, despite promising validation of its predictions using height data from common gardens, it still lacks broad empirical testing. In the present study, we evaluated the consistency and empirical validity of GO predictions in maritime pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em> Ait.), a tree species from southwestern Europe and North Africa with a marked population genetic structure. First, gene-climate relationships were estimated using 9,817 SNPs genotyped in 454 trees from 34 populations; and candidate SNPs potentially involved in climate adaptation were identified. Second, GO was predicted using four methods, namely Gradient Forest (GF), Redundancy Analysis (RDA), latent factor mixed model (LFMM) and Generalised Dissimilarity Modeling (GDM), two sets of SNPs (candidate and control SNPs) and five climate general circulation models (GCMs) to account for uncertainty in future climate predictions. Last, the empirical validity of GO predictions was evaluated within a Bayesian framework by estimating the associations between GO predictions and two independent data sources: mortality data from National Forest Inventories (NFI), and mortality and height data from five common gardens in contrasting environments. We found high variability in GO predictions across methods, SNP sets and GCMs. Regarding validation, GO predictions with GDM and GF (and to a lesser extent RDA) based on the candidate SNPs showed the strongest and most consistent associations with mortality rates in common gardens and NFI plots. We found almost no association between GO predictions and tree height in common gardens, most likely due to the overwhelming effect of population genetic structure on tree height in this species. Our study demonstrates the imperative to validate GO predictions with a range of independent data sources before they can be used as informative and reliable metrics in conservation or management strategies.</p>

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

FIG. 3 in Study of a new population of the Argentinian endemic species Riella choconensis Hässel (Riellaceae, Marchantiophyta) reveals a novel anatomical structure of the female involucre in Riella

FIG. 3. — LM and SEM images of spores of Riella choconensis Hässel. A, distal view; B, spines from distal side; C, spines from proximal side; D, distal view; E, spines from distal side; F, spines from proximal side; G, distal view; H, Spines and reticulum from distal pole; I, spines from distal side and rugose spore surface; J, distal view; K, spines and reticulum from distal pole; L, spines from distal side and rugose spore surface; M, proximal view; N, proximal spore surface and spines; O, proximal spines and rugose-granulose spore surface; P, Proximal view; Q, transition between distal and proximal side, showing the equatorial row of distal spines; R, Proximal spines and rugose spore surface (A-F made with LM; G-R made with SEM; A-C, I, from VAL-Briof. 11724; G-H, M-O, from VAL-Briof. 11725; D-F, J-L, P-R, from BA 33609). Scale bars: A, D, 50 μm; B, C, E, F, H, K, N, Q, 10 μm; G, J, M, P, 30 μm; I, L, O, 5 μm; R, 8 μm.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

FIG. 2 in Study of a new population of the Argentinian endemic species Riella choconensis Hässel (Riellaceae, Marchantiophyta) reveals a novel anatomical structure of the female involucre in Riella

FIG. 2. — Habitat, LM and SEM images of Riella choconensis Hässel A, view of the Laguna de los Juncos; B, circinate apex of a male individual thallus showing a continuous row of antheridia; C, cells from thallus wing showing an oil cell with a single, rough oil body; D, apex of a female individual thallus showing three developing sporophytes; E, female involucre enclosing a sporophyte; F, apex of female involucre occluded by inflated cells; G, cross-section of female involucre showing the bistratose wall; H, female involucre; I, Apex of female involucre (B-G made with LM from VAL-Briof. 11724; H,I made with SEM from VAL-Briof. 11725), Scale bars: B, D, 1 mm; C, 20 μm; E, 500 μm; F, 200 μm; G, 50 μm; H, 300 μm; I, 70 μm.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

FIG. 1 in Study of a new population of the Argentinian endemic species Riella choconensis Hässel (Riellaceae, Marchantiophyta) reveals a novel anatomical structure of the female involucre in Riella

FIG. 1. — Distribution of the five Argentinian species of Riella Mont. The inset map shows the geographical location of records of each species designated by a different symbol across the different provinces in Central Argentina. Previously known records of Riella choconensis Hässel are designated by a diamond (type locality) and new record by a star. The map indicates names and administrative boundaries of Argentinian provinces (grey lines) which are at some instances coincident with rivers (blue lines).

Fig. 5 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy

Fig. 5. Relationship between age and body length in male (filled circles) and female (empty circles) Rana temporaria

Fig. 3 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy

Fig. 3. Diaphyseal cross-sections of phalanges of Rana temporaria females. (a) Individual, 70 mm in body length, with 1 visible LAG plus one confluent with the outer margin of periosteal bone. Some false lines are also present. (b) Individual, 73.2 mm in body length, with 2 visible LAGs plus one confluent with the outer margin of periosteal bone. (c) Individual, 85.7 mm in body length, with 5 LAGs. (d) Individual, 101 mm in body length, with 7 LAGs. (e) Individual, 120 mm in body length, with the first 4 but not the peripheral LAGs clearly distinguishable. (f) Same individual as in the previous figure but adjacent section at higher magnification showing 6 distinct LAGs at the periphery of periosteal bone. Based on these observations it is concluded that this frog had 10 LAGs. Abbreviations: EB = endosteal bone; MC = medullar cavity; RL = reversal line; VC = vascular canal. Arrows indi-

Fig. 2 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy

Fig. 2. Diaphyseal cross-sections of phalanges of Rana temporaria males. (a) Juvenile, 50.1 mm in body length, without LAGs. (b) Individual, 63 mm in body length, with 1 visible LAG plus one nonvisible probably because it is confluent with the outer margin of periosteal bone. (c) Individual, 74.7 mm in body length, with 6 LAGs. (d) Same individual as in Fig. 2c but at higher magnification. 5 LAGs can be more easily counted in the ridge at the periphery of periosteal bone. (e) Individual, 85.2 mm in body length, with 8 LAGs. (f) Individual, 89 mm in body length, with 10 LAGs, of which the peripheral are very close to each other. Abbreviations: EB = endosteal bone; MC = medullar cavity; RL = reversal line. Arrows indicate lines of arrested growth (LAGs). Scale bar, 100 µm in Figs 2a–e;

Fig. 1 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy

Fig. 1. Body length distribution (2 mm classes) of male (filled bars) and female (empty bars) Rana temporaria. The dotted bar represents a juvenile male

Fig. 3 in Altitudinal Variation In Population Density, Body Size And Morphometric Structure In C A R A B U S O D O R At U S S H I L, 1996 (C O L E O P T E R A: Carabidae)

Fig. 3. Illustration of measurements: 1-2 – elytra length (hereafter "A", 3-4 – elytra width ("B"), 5-6 – pronotum length "C"), 7-8 – pronotum width (D), 9-10 – head length (E), 11–12 – distance between the eyes (signed as "head width" or "F" in the figures).

Fig. 7 in Altitudinal Variation In Population Density, Body Size And Morphometric Structure In C A R A B U S O D O R At U S S H I L, 1996 (C O L E O P T E R A: Carabidae)

Fig. 7. Descriptive statistics of elytra length means in C. odoratus at the plots on different altitudes.

Fig. 9 in Phenology And Population Structure Of Forest Herbaceous Species In Artificial And Natural Communities In The Steppe Zone Of Ukraine

Fig. 9. Influence of monthly average temperatures on date of flowering onset: Helleborus caucasica (1), Anemonoides nemorosa (2), Ficaria verna (3), Corydalis solida (4), Gymnospermum odessanum (5), C. marshalliana (6), Viola odorata (7), Anemonoides ranunculoides (8). See explanations in the text.

Fig. 12 in Phenology And Population Structure Of Forest Herbaceous Species In Artificial And Natural Communities In The Steppe Zone Of Ukraine

Fig. 12. Dependence of variability of the date (expressed by coefficient of variation) of flowering onset onto its average value (a) and amplitude of variations of monthly average temperatures (b) for 7 years of observations.

Fig. 4 in Phenology And Population Structure Of Forest Herbaceous Species In Artificial And Natural Communities In The Steppe Zone Of Ukraine

Fig. 4. The age structure of populations in artificial plant community: a – association of Glechoma hederaceae L. + Pulmonaria obscura (1) + Viola odorata + Lysimachia nummularia L.; association Pulmonaria obscura + Viola odorata + Viola alba + Primula veris (2); b – association of Hepatica nobilis (3) + Anemonoides blanda (4) + Viola odorata + Ficaria verna (5).

Fig. 5 in Phenology And Population Structure Of Forest Herbaceous Species In Artificial And Natural Communities In The Steppe Zone Of Ukraine

Fig. 5. The age structure of populations of spring ephemeroids in 2011–2012; a – Corydalis solida, b – Anemonoides ranunculoides, c – A. blanda.

Fig. 11 in Phenology And Population Structure Of Forest Herbaceous Species In Artificial And Natural Communities In The Steppe Zone Of Ukraine

Fig. 11. Dependence of flowering phenophase-starting date onto precipitation in forest herbaceous perennials. a: Anemonoides nemorosa (1), Corydalis marshalliana (2), Anemonoides ranunculoides (3), Gymnospermum odessanum (4), Viola odorata (5), Anemonoides blanda (6). b: Anemona sylvestris (7), November precipitation; Hepatica nobilis (8), July precipitation; Hepatica nobilis (9), January precipitation; Anemona sylvestris previous year July precipitation (10)".

Fig. 3 in Phenology And Population Structure Of Forest Herbaceous Species In Artificial And Natural Communities In The Steppe Zone Of Ukraine

Fig. 3. The age structure of populations in artificial plant community: a – association of Ficaria verna (1) + Corydalis solida (2) + Viola odorata + Anemonoides blanda (3) + Anemonoides ranunculoides, b – Corydalis paczoskii (5)" - "Corydalis paczoskii (4)"; "Gymnospermium odessanum (6)" – "Gymnospermium odessanum (5)".