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246 results for “Salmo”
Figures 17–22 in A description of Echinorhynchus baeri Kostylew, 1928 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from Salmo trutta in Turkey, with notes on synonymy, geographical origins, geological history, molecular profile, and X-ray microanalysis
Figures 17–22. SEM of mature specimens of Echinorhynchus baeri from S. trutta in Turkey. 17. Sensory pore (arrow) at the base of the proboscis. No micropores here. 18. Epidermal micropores at midtrunk. 19. The posterior end of a female specimen showing terminal gonopore. 20. Egg mass from a dissected female specimen. 21. Bursa of a male specimen. 22. The opening of the bursa showing one ring of sensory knobs (arrow).
Figure 2 in A description of Echinorhynchus baeri Kostylew, 1928 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from Salmo trutta in Turkey, with notes on synonymy, geographical origins, geological history, molecular profile, and X-ray microanalysis
Figure 2. The drainage system of the historic Inner Anatolian freshwater Lake of the Middle Miocene-Pliocene period based on Demirsoy (2008). The drainage is shown to include the Aras, Murat, and Euphrates rivers. Striped lines mark the present borders and coasts of Turkey.
Figure 1 in Feeding habit of Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in upper parts of river Swat, Pakistan
Figure 1. Percentage of N,W, FO and IRI of various diet components. Table 2. GSI and fullness index of various length groups of brown trout.
Assessing amino acid solubility of black soldier fly larvae meal in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in vivo and in vitro
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MALDI-TOF spectra of archaeological (Oncorhynchus) and modern (Salmo salar) bone collagen
<p>SPECIES INFORMATION<br> csv containing information about the samples that links the information about the species and files</p> <p><br> MALDI TOF-MS</p> <p>MALDI Spectra from a Bruker Ultraflex II range m/z 800-3500<br> Three technical replicates were averaged in mMass<br> Each of these spectra a tab delimited .txt file are uploaded</p> <p><br> SEQUENCE DATA<br> An aligned FASTA file containing the bovine reference collagen sequence and both versions of S. salar and O. mykiss sequences. The sequences are concatenated with COL1A1, COL1A2, and COL1A3 for the two fish and COL1A1, COL1A2, COL1A1 for bovine.</p> <p>Three annotated gff files containing the sequence from version 1 of S. salar annotated with the locations of the published mammal markers and the biomarkers presented in this paper. Each gff file corresponds to one of the three collagen proteins COL1A1, COL1A2, and COL1A3.</p>
Figure 1 in Haplotype diversity of brown trout Salmo trutta (L.) in the broader Iron Gate area
Figure 1. Sampling sites on the streams Brnjica (1), Dobrinjska reka (2), Kožica (3), Mala Boljetinska reka (4), Zlatica (5), Porečka reka (6), Rečka reka (7), Vratna (8), and Zamna (9) in the broader Iron Gate area with the position in the Balkan region given in small figure in lower left.
Figure 2 in Haplotype diversity of brown trout Salmo trutta (L.) in the broader Iron Gate area
Figure 2. Relationships between CR haplotypes of brown trout populations in the broader Iron Gate area constructed using maximum likelihood (A) and maximum parsimony (B) methods (numbers at particular branches represent bootstrap probabilities; bootstrap values under 40% are not represented).
Figure 2 in Evidence of late migrant smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Loire-Allier System, France
Figure 2. - Smolt number observed in Poutès (pk = 890 km), Chanteuges (pk = 863 km) and Varades (pk = 132 km) in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Grey area represents period of no catch (see text for details).
Figure 2 in Resorption of scales in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during its anadromous migration: a quantitative study
Figure 2. - Variations of salmon scale ratios according to sex, sea age (grilse or spring salmon) and migration stage (ascending or spawning). A: RE1 ratio (total scale surface / fork length squared). B: RE2 ratio (anterior field surface / total scale surface). C: RE3 ratio (small radius / long radius of scale). SE = standard error.
Figure 5. - Scanning electron microscopy. A in Resorption of scales in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during its anadromous migration: a quantitative study
Figure 5. - Scanning electron microscopy. A: View of a spawning male scale (F = focus); B: Detail of the anterior field of the same scale showing some Howship's lacunae (arrows), which are evidence for osteoclastic resorption.
Figure 1 in Resorption of scales in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during its anadromous migration: a quantitative study
Figure 1. - Measurements taken on salmon scales. A: Scale of ascending spring salmon; B: Scale of spawning spring salmon. F: Focus; LR: long radius; SA: surface of the anterior field of the scale; SP: surface of the posterior field of the scale; SR: small radius.
Data from: Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and chain pickerel (Esox niger) identified as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt predators in a reservoir system
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Data from: Divergent and linked selection shape patterns of genomic differentiation between European and North American Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
<p>As populations diverge many processes can shape genomic patterns of differentiation. Regions of high differentiation can arise due to divergent selection acting on selected loci, genetic hitchhiking of nearby loci, or through repeated selection against deleterious alleles (linked background selection); this divergence may then be further elevated in regions of reduced recombination. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from Europe and North America diverged >600,000 years ago and despite some evidence of secondary contact, the majority of genetic data indicate substantial divergence between lineages. This deep divergence with potential gene flow provides an opportunity to investigate the role of different mechanisms that shape the genomic landscape during early speciation. Here, using 184,295 SNPs and 80 populations, we investigate the genomic landscape of differentiation across the Atlantic Ocean with a focus on highly differentiated regions and processes shaping them. We found evidence of high (mean FST=0.26) and heterogeneous genomic differentiation between continents. Genomic regions associated with high trans-Atlantic differentiation ranged in size from single loci (SNPs) within important genes to large regions (1-3Mbp) on four chromosomes (Ssa06, Ssa13, Ssa16, and Ssa19). These regions showed signatures consistent with selection, including high linkage disequilibrium despite no local reduction in recombination. Genes and functional enrichment of processes associated with differentiated regions may highlight continental differences in ocean navigation and parasite resistance. Our results provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying differences between continents, and evidence of near fixed and potentially adaptive trans-Atlantic differences concurrent with a background of high genome-wide differentiation supports subspecies designation in Atlantic salmon.</p>
Testing for population differences in evolutionary responses to pesticide pollution in brown trout (Salmo trutta)
<p>Pesticides are often toxic to non-target organisms, especially to those living in rivers that drain agricultural land. The brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) is a keystone species in many such rivers, and natural populations have hence been chronically exposed to pesticides over multiple generations. The introduction of pesticides decades ago could have induced evolutionary responses within these populations. Such a response would be predicted to reduce the toxicity over time but also deplete any additive genetic variance for the tolerance to the pesticides. If so, populations are now expected to differ in their susceptibility and in the variance for the tolerance depending on the pesticides they have been exposed to. We sampled breeders from seven natural populations that differ in their habitats and that show significant genetic differentiation. We stripped them for their gametes and produced 118 families by <i>in vitro</i> fertilization. We then raised 20 embryos per family singly in experimentally controlled conditions and exposed them to one of two ecologically relevant concentrations of either the herbicide S-metolachlor or the insecticide diazinon. Both pesticides affected embryo and larval development at all concentrations. We found no statistically significant additive genetic variance for tolerance to these stressors within or between populations. Tolerance to the pesticides could also not be linked to variation in carotenoid content of the eggs. However, pesticide tolerance was linked to egg size, with smaller eggs being more tolerant to the pesticides than larger eggs. We conclude that an evolutionary response to these pesticides is currently unlikely, and that (i) continuous selection in the past has either depleted genetic variance in all the populations we studied, or (ii) that exposure to the pesticides never induced an evolutionary response. The observed toxicity selects against large eggs that are typically spawned by larger and older females.</p>
Space invaders: searching for invasive Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in a renowned Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) river
<p>Humans have the ability to permanently alter aquatic ecosystems and the introduction of species is often the most serious alteration. Non-native Smallmouth Bass (<i>Micropterus dolomieu</i>) were identified in Miramichi Lake <i>c</i>. 2008, which is a headwater tributary to the Southwest Miramichi River, a renowned Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) river whose salmon population is dwindling. A containment programme managed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada (DFO) was implemented in 2009 to confine Smallmouth Bass (SMB) to the lake. We utilized environmental DNA (eDNA) as a detection tool to establish the potential escape of SMB into the Southwest Miramichi River. We sampled at 26 unique sites within Miramichi Lake, the outlet of Miramichi Lake (Lake Brook), which flows into the main stem Southwest Miramichi River, and the main stem Southwest Miramichi River between August and October 2017. We observed n=6 positive detections located in the lake, Lake Brook, and the main stem Southwest Miramichi downstream of the lake. No detections were observed upstream of the confluence of Lake Brook and the main stem Southwest Miramichi. The spatial pattern of positive eDNA detections downstream of the lake suggests the presence of individual fish versus lake-sourced DNA in the outlet stream discharging to the main river. Smallmouth Bass were later confirmed by visual observation during a snorkeling campaign, and angling. Our results, both eDNA and visual confirmation, definitively show Smallmouth Bass now occupy the main stem of the Southwest Miramichi. </p>
Data from: Genetic consequences of improved river connectivity in brown trout (Salmo trutta)
<p>Fragmentation of watercourses poses a significant threat to biodiversity, particularly for migratory fish species. Mitigation measures such as fishways, have been increasingly implemented to restore river connectivity and support fish migration. The effects of such restoration efforts are typically tested using telemetry and fisheries methods, which do not fully capture the broader population movements that may have important consequences for population viability. We performed a before-and-after control-impact (BACI) study using genetic tools (SNPs) to investigate the effect of a newly implemented fishway, aiming to enhance upstream spawning migration of brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em> Linnaeus) in a reservoir with two headwater tributaries fragmented by man-made weirs. Another reservoir with two barrier-free tributaries was also analysed as a control. Our results showed that the isolated brown trout population was spawning in the reservoir before the installation of the fishway, and we found genetic structuring and differentiation between fragmented headwater tributaries before the fishway construction, but not in the control reservoir. Unexpectedly, after the fishway construction we observed signals consistent with increased genetic differentiation between populations of newly recruited juvenile fish in the reservoir tributary and fish in the reservoir. We propose this was caused by newly enabled philopatric behaviour of brown trout to their natal spawning tributary. In contrast, we did not find any genetic changes in the tributary without a fishway or in the barrier-free reservoir system. Given the scarcity of similar studies, we advocate for an increased use of genetic analyses in BACI studies to monitor and evaluate the effect of efforts to restore habitat connectivity and inform future management strategies.</p>
F I G U R E 4 in Movement and habitat shift responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to annually permanent stream flooding
F I G U R E 4 Summary of Fulton's condition factor related to location, 2016–2017.
F I G U R E 3 Mass specific growth rates among locations, 2016–2017 in Movement and habitat shift responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to annually permanent stream flooding
F I G U R E 3 Mass specific growth rates among locations, 2016–2017.
Whole-genome resequencing confirms reproductive isolation between sympatric demes of brown trout (Salmo trutta) detected with allozymes
<p>The sympatric existence of genetically distinct populations of the same species remains a puzzle in ecology. Coexisting salmonid fish populations are known from over 100 freshwater lakes. Most studies of sympatric populations have used limited numbers of genetic markers making it unclear if genetic divergence involves only certain parts of the genome. We return to the first reported case of salmonid sympatry, initially detected through contrasting homozygosity at a single allozyme locus (coding for lactate dehydrogenase A) in brown trout in the small Lakes Bunnersjöarna, Sweden. First, we verify the existence of the two coexisting demes using a 96-SNP fluidigm array. We then apply whole-genome resequencing of pooled DNA to explore genome-wide diversity within and between these demes; nucleotide diversity is higher in Deme I than in Deme II. Furthermore, strong genetic divergence is observed with genome-wide <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub>≈0.2. Comparing with similar data from other lakes, this divergence is of similar magnitude as that between reproductively isolated populations. Individual whole-genome resequencing of two individuals per deme suggests higher inbreeding in Deme II vs. Deme I, indicating different degree of isolation. Finally, we located two gene-copies for LDH-A<i> </i>and find divergence between demes in a regulatory section of one of these genes. However, we did not find a perfect fit between the sequence data and previous allozyme results, and this will require further research. Our data demonstrates genome-wide divergence governed mostly by genetic drift but also by diversifying selection in coexisting populations. This type of hidden biodiversity needs consideration in conservation management.</p>
Supplementary information for: Redundancy analysis, genome-wide association studies, and the pigmentation of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)
<p><span>The association of molecular variants to phenotypic variation is a main issue in biology, often tackled with genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS are challenging, with increasing, but still limited use in evolutionary biology. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) as a complimentary ordination approach to single- and multi-trait GWAS to explore the molecular basis of pigmentation variation in brown trout (<em>Salmo</em> <em>trutta</em>) belonging to wild populations impacted by hatchery fish. Based on 75,684 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, RDA, single- and multi-trait GWAS allowed us to extract 337 independent "colour patterning loci" (CPLs) associated with trout pigmentation traits, such as the number of red and black spots on flanks. Collectively, these CPLs (<em>i</em>) mapped onto 35 out of 40 brown trout linkage groups indicating a polygenic genomic architecture of pigmentation, (<em>ii</em>) were found associated with</span><span> 218 </span><span>candidate genes, including 197 genes </span><span>formerly mentioned in the literature dealing with skin pigmentation, skin patterning, differentiation or structure notably in a close relative, the rainbow trout (<em>Onchorhynchus</em> <em>mykiss</em>)</span><span>, and (<em>iii</em>) related to functions relevant to pigmentation variation (e.g., calcium- and ion-binding, cell adhesion). Annotated CPLs include genes with well-known pigmentation effects (e.g., PMEL, SLC45A2, SOX10), but also markers associated with genes formerly found expressed in rainbow or brown trout skins. RDA was also shown useful to investigate management issues, especially the dynamics of trout pigmentation submitted to several generations of hatchery introgression.</span></p>
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