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Fig. 7 in Crouching theropod and Navahopus sauropodomorph tracks from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of USA

Fig. 7. Comparisons between the manual and pedal skeleton of sauropodomorph material from the Navajo Sandstone of northern Arizona and the Navahopus coyoteensis isp. nov. trackway from Coyote Buttes. The skeletal material was originally referred to as Ammosaurus (Galton 1971), but has recently been revised and reinterpreted as belonging to an indeterminate sauropodomorph (Yates 2004). A. The manus of the sauropodomorph from northern Arizona is tridactyl and consists of two short, forward−facing digits (II and III) and the large pollex claw of digit I directed inward. The pes is tetradactyl with digits III and IV of subequal length, followed by the shorter digits II and I; modified from Baird (1980). B. Manus and pes couple from N. coyoteensis. Note the close correspondence between the pedal skeleton and the tracks, here shown to the same scale.

Fig. 3 in Crouching theropod and Navahopus sauropodomorph tracks from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of USA

Fig. 3. Trace of a crouching theropod (left in the field). A. The crouching track comprises subparallel impressions of the metatarsus, two small, undetailed manus imprints, the imprints of the ischial callosity, the impression of the tail, and tracks from the dinosaur walking toward and away from the resting site. Upslope direction is to the right. Knivehandle is 10 cm long. B. Interpretative drawing of an unspecified small theropod dinosaur crouching down to produce the configuration of tracks seen in A. The manus posture during resting, where only the metacarpals are in contact with the ground producing an amorphous rounded depression is based on Weems (2006). The animal was progressing directly up the slope and was crouching facing upslope before it continued directly up the dune face.

Fig. 6 in Crouching theropod and Navahopus sauropodomorph tracks from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of USA

Fig. 6. The ichnofamily Navahopodidae, characterized by the tridactyl manus impression with the prominent inward directed pollex trace. A. Navahopus falcipollex Baird, 1980, the holotype MNA P3.339 from the collection of the Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff. B. Baird's (1980) interpretation of Navahopus falcipollex as a sauropodomorph trackway, with an enlarged medially directed pollex claw. C. New interpretative drawing of Navahopus falcipollex, with less pronounced pollex impressions, and suggested mammal affinities. From Lockley and Hunt (1995). D. Sketch of Navahopus coyoteensis isp. nov. manus and pes couplets from left and right side of the trackway. In the pes prints, digits III and IV are separated by a deep hypex, recognizable in all well−preserved tracks in the trackway. All manus prints in the new trackway show consistent impressions of a large, medially directed pollex claw, supporting the original interpretation of Baird (1980), that Navahopus was made by a sauropodomorph dinosaur. Compare with Fig. 7. E. New interpretation of Tetrasauropus unguiferus Ellenberger, 1972 from the Lower Stormberg assemblage of Southern Africa (Porchetti and Nicosa 2007).

Fig. 5 in Crouching theropod and Navahopus sauropodomorph tracks from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of USA

Fig. 5. Sketch of the trackway in figure 4. The sketch is redrawn from high−resolution digital photographs of the trackway. RM, right manus; LM, left manus; RP, right pes; LP, left pes. The solid arrow indicates the direction of progression and the broken−line arrow the orientation of the body during progression. Notice how the animal walked at an oblique angle upslope in the first half of the trackway, and then changed to progress head on, up the slope.

Fig. 2 in Crouching theropod and Navahopus sauropodomorph tracks from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of USA

Fig. 2. Theropod trackways from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Coyote Buttes locality, USA (both left in the field). A. Long, narrow−gauge trackway from a small theropod. Backpack is 50 cm high. B. Close−up of two consecutive footprints that are preserved as true tracks infilled with darker colored, lithified sand. Knivehandle is 10 cm long.

Fig. 1 in Crouching theropod and Navahopus sauropodomorph tracks from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of USA

Fig. 1. Stratigraphic column of the Navajo Sandstone outcrop at Coyote Buttes. The studied tracks are all found at the top of the middle zone of bioturbation. The Coyote Buttes locality is located on Bureau of Land Management property (accessible by permit only) at the border between Utah and Arizona at 36°59'58''N, 112°00'35''W. Ichnofabric index 1–5 is zero to total bioturbation.

Fig. 4 in Crouching theropod and Navahopus sauropodomorph tracks from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of USA

Fig. 4. Trackway of Navahopus coyoteensis isp. nov., as shown by Loope and Rowe (2003) and here reinterpreted as a sauropodomorph dinosaur walking up the lee slope of a dune. Note the elongate traces from the claws being dragged through the sediment. The present day slope is approximately 25°, due to compaction of the sediments. The original angle of slope was around 32° which is the residual angle of slope of dry sand after shearing (Allen 1984). Hammer is 30 cm long.

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Fig. 1 in A new basal eusauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Yunnan, China, and faunal compositions and transitions of Asian sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 1. Geographical information on the locality of Nebulasaurus. A. Map of China showing Yunnan Province (shaded black). B. Map of Yunnan Province showing the locality indicated by a silhouette of a sauropod.

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Fig. 4 in A new basal eusauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Yunnan, China, and faunal compositions and transitions of Asian sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 4. Comparison of non-neosauropod eusauropod braincases illustrates general conditions against unique features of the braincase of Nebulasaurus taito gen. et sp. nov. (e.g., frontoparietal fenestra larger than postparietal foramen, supraoccipital not expanding laterally, and supraoccipital contributing little to foramen magnum). A. Shunosaurus lii Dong, Zhou and Zhang, 1983; China, Xiashaximiao Formation, Middle Jurassic (ZDM 65430), in dorsal (A 1) and posterior (A 2) views (modified after Chatterjee and Zheng 2002; supraoccipital was redrawn based on Zhang 1988). B. Mamenchisaurus youngi Pi, Ouyang and Ye, 1996; China, Shangshaximiao Formation, Middle Jurassic (ZDM 83), in dorsal (B 1) and posterior (B 2) views (modified after Ouyan and Ye 2002). C. Omeisaurus tianfuensis He, Li, Cai and Gao, 1984; China, Xiashaximiao Formation, Middle Jurassic; ZDM 5702, in dorsal view (C 1); ZDM 5703 in posterior view (C 2) (modified after He et al. 1988). D. Spinophorosaurus nigerensis Remes, Ortega, Fierro, Joger, Kosma, Ferrer, PALDES, SNHM, Ide, and Maga, 2009; Niger, Irhazer Group, Middle Jurassic (GCP-CV-4229), in dorsal (D 1) and posterior (D 2) views (modified after Knoll et al. 2012). Arrows indicate wide participation of supraoccipital in the margin of foramen magnum. Asterisks indicate lateral expansion of supraoccipital along exoccipital-parietal contact. Scale bars 5 cm.

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Fig. 3 in A new basal eusauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Yunnan, China, and faunal compositions and transitions of Asian sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 3. Photographs of the holotype of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Nebulasaurus taito gen. et sp. nov., Xiabanjing, Zhanghe Formation, Middle Jurassic LDRC-v.d.1). A. The braincase (holotype) in right lateral view. B. Details of the metotic region in left lateral view.

Fig. 1 in Vertebral fusion in two Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China

Fig. 1. Location and stratigraphic context of the specimens. A. Location (dinosaur silhouette) of the Dalishu bonebed locality in Yunnan Province, China. B. Stratigraphic section of Lower Jurassic strata in the Lufeng Basin. Based on Xing et al. (2013).

Fig. 5. The 4 in Vertebral fusion in two Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China

Fig. 5. The 4th and 5th caudal vertebrae of Sauropoda gen. et sp. indet. (ZLJ 0033) from Dalishu bonebed, Lower Jurassic, in right lateral (A), left lateral (B), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views; anterior (C, G) and posterior (D, H) views of 4th and 5th caudal vertebrae, respectively. Red line in F shows location of the chevron articulation; red line in G shows boundary between proliferation and centrum.

Fig. 2. The 7 in Vertebral fusion in two Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China

Fig. 2. The 7th and 8th cervical vertebrae of spondyloarthropathy dinosaur Lufengosaurus huenei Young, 1941 (ZLJ T001) from Dalishu bonebed, Lower Jurassic, in right lateral (A), left lateral (B), posterior (C), dorsal (D), ventral (E), and anterior (F) views.

Fig. 3 in Vertebral fusion in two Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China

Fig. 3. Details of the rugose surfaces of the posterior neural-spine faces of the 7th (A) and 8th (B) cervical vertebra of spondyloarthropathy dinosaur Lufengosaurus huenei Young, 1941 (ZLJ T001) from Dalishu bonebed, Lower Jurassic.

Fig. 7 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 7. Posterior dorsal vertebra of the basal sauropodomorph Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, BP/1/6566 from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of Spion Kop, South Africa, in posterior (A), right posterolateral (B), and left posterolateral (C) views. Close−ups of right (D) and left (E) posterior infradiapophyseal fossae. Photograph (E1) and explanatory drawing (E2).

Fig. 13 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 13. Vertebrae of the helmeted guinea fowl, Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758), BP/4/1332 from Gauteng, South Africa, in anterior view. A. Last free cervical, C15. B. Last presacral thoracic, T4. Arrows point to the main pneumatic foramina of each vertebra. Note that the pneumatic foramina occur on the anteroventral surface of the transverse processes of both vertebrae despite being formed by diverticula from different sources. In A the diverticula extend from the cervical air sac system whereas in B the foramina result from the activity of diverticula from the abdominal air sacs.

Fig. 10 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 10. Vertebrae of the Spion Kop sauropod from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of South Africa. A. Posterior dorsal vertebra, BP/1/6183a in posterior view (A1). Close−up of left (A2) and right (A3) posterior infradiapophyseal fossae. Note that the right subfossa cannot be seen in A1 due to the oblique distortion of the specimen. B. Cervical vertebra,?C3, BP/1/6199 in left lateral view.

Fig. 11 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 11. Posterior dorsal vertebra of the basal sauropodomorph Camelotia borealis Galton, 1985, NHM R.2873 from the Upper Triassic Westbury Formation of Somerset, England. A. Posterior view. B. Close−up of left posterior infradiapophyseal fossa.

Fig. 2. A in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 2. A simplified cladogram of sauropodomorph dinosaurs indicating the relative positions of various anchor taxa, or their inclusive clades, other taxa discussed in the paper and the higher−level taxonomy that is used. Dots represent node−based taxa, arrows represent stem−based taxa.

Fig. 3 in The early evolution of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 3. Selected vertebrae of basal sauropodomorphs showing the three primary infradiapophyseal fossae (shaded grey) and their bounding laminae (not to scale). A. Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837; C9, the posterior cervical vertebra. B. Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837; D2, the anterior dorsal vertebra. Note that in this vertebra the central position of the parapophysis precludes the presence of a paradiapophyseal lamina and so the AIDF and MIDF are separated by an anterior centroparapophyseal lamina. C. Aardonyx celestae Yates, Bonnan, Neveling, Chinsamy, and Blackbeard, 2010, a middle posterior dorsal vertebra. Note that in this vertebra the prezygodiapophyseal lamina and the AIDF are absent. A, B redrawn from Bonaparte (1999).