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FIG. 14 in Deep-Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) From The South Atlantic

FIG. 14. Cnidom of Amphianthus lacteus (McMurrich, 1893): A, B, K, N, R, S, basitrich; C, F, L, Q, p-mastigophore B1; D, E, spirocyst; G, M, P, immature p-mastigophore B1; H–J, holotrich, O, b-mastigophore.

FIG. 10 in Deep-Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) From The South Atlantic

FIG. 10. Cnidom of Isotealia antarctica Carlgren, 1899: A, D, E, F, H, I, basitrich; B, G, J, p-mastigophore A; C, spirocyst.

FIG. 6 in Deep-Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) From The South Atlantic

FIG. 6. Cnidom of Sicyonis erythrocephala (Pax, 1922): A, D, spirocyst; B, C, E, F, G, I, J, basitrich; H, K, p-mastigophore A.

FIG. 8 in Deep-Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) From The South Atlantic

FIG. 8. Cnidom of Bolocera kerguelensis Studer, 1879: A, B, E, F, G, H, J, K, basitrich; D, spirocyst; C, I, M, p-mastigophore A; L, b-mastigophore (?).

FIG. 1 in Deep-Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) From The South Atlantic

FIG. 1. Localities for each species examined. Dotted line represents the subtropical front and the northern limit of the Southern Ocean.

FIG. 3 in Deep-Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) From The South Atlantic

FIG. 3. Cnidom of Actinernus mercedae: A, E, H, L, spirocyst; B, C, G, K, O, P, p-mastigophore A; D, holotrich; F, J, M, basitrich; I, N, b-mastigophore.

FIG. 5 in Redescription and range extension of the sea anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), with revision of genus Exocoelactis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria)

FIG. 5. — Transverse section of Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), (USNM 100866), boxed areas in A are enlarged in B and C; B, retractor muscle, magnification is 4.5 times that of A; C, parietobasilar muscles, magnification is 4.5 times that of A. Scale bar: A, 1 mm.

FIG. 4. — A in Redescription and range extension of the sea anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), with revision of genus Exocoelactis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria)

FIG. 4. — A, longitudinal muscles of tentacles and radial muscles of oral disc of Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), (KUNHM 01266), musculature is located in about the middle of the mesoglea; B, interruption between the longitudinal muscles of tentacles and the distal end of the sphincter muscle, magnification is 6.3 times that of A (KUNHM 01267); C, mesenterial insertion on oral disc, magnification is four times that of A (KUNHM 01266). Scale bar: A, 2 mm.

FIG. 2 in Redescription and range extension of the sea anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), with revision of genus Exocoelactis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria)

FIG. 2. — Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), the specimen at left (USNM 100867) has long tentacles, some of which are finger-like, and others that are only slightly capitate; the specimen at the right (MNHN 2304) has shorter, more robust capitate tentacles, and the characteristic circumferential crease about halfway down the vasiform column (arrow).

FIG. 3. — A in Redescription and range extension of the sea anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908), with revision of genus Exocoelactis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria)

FIG. 3. — A, longitudinal section at margin of Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Wassilieff, 1908) (KUNHM 01267) illustrating the location and length of the sphincter muscle and texture of the mesoglea; note strands of mesoglea extending across sphincter muscle; B, close-up of sphincter muscle. Magnification is 3.9 times that of A (KUNHM 01266); C, proximal terminus of the sphincter. Magnification is 3.75 times that of A (KUNHM 01267). Scale bar: A, 1 mm.

Figure A3 in Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations

Figure A3. Size distribution of the cnidae of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (i) indicates the examined positions of the sea anemone and the corresponding scatter diagrams (A–E). (ii) indicates the measured parameters of the cnidae.

Figure 6 in Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations

Figure 6. Size distribution of the cnidae of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794). (i) The examined positions of the sea anemone and the corresponding scatter diagrams (A–E). (ii) The measured parameters of the cnidae.

Figure A1 in Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations

Figure A1. Time sequencing of the behavioral observations (S1 and S2) on the symbiotic relationship between the hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini and the sea anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov.

Figure 4 in Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations

Figure 4. Histological section of a column of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (paratype: CMNH-ZG09775). (A) The entire transverse serial section of the actinopharynx. The cycle of mesenteries is indicated by numbers (asterisk indicates directive mesentery). (i) The upper transverse section near the tentacles and mouth. (ii) The transverse section of the middle of the column. (B) The full view of the ventral directives (first mesenteries), diffuse longitudinal muscles, and siphonoglyph. (C) The enlarged view of the second and third mesenteries and diffuse longitudinal muscles. (D) The parieto-basilar muscle of the second mesenteries. a, actinopharynx; dm, directive mesentery; mf, mesenterial filament; mo, matured ovary cyst; pbm, pariental basilar muscle; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph.

Figure 7 in Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations

Figure 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Actiniidae, including Stylobates calcifer sp. nov., based on the combined data of the 18S, 28S, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, and COXIII genes. The numbers written with slashes above or below the branches indicate the ML bootstrap support values followed by Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities of each node. Those without slashes indicate only the ML bootstrap support values. Green and pink spaces indicate the species of superfamily Actiniodea and the genusof Stylobates, respectively. The position of S. calcifer sp. nov. is indicated in red. The valuesless than 50 ofbootstrap supportor 0.50 of posterior probabilityareshown by a dash. The numbers after S. calcifer sp. nov., 1 (CMNH-ZG09764), 2 (CMNH-ZG09765), 3 (CMNH-ZG09771), and 4 (NSMT-Co 1796), correspond to the registration numbers of the specimens.

Figure 2 in Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations

Figure 2. External morphology of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794) with host hermit crab Pagurodofleinia doederleini. The upper (A) and posterior (B) views and the marginal views of the right and left sides (C, D, respectively) of the living specimen. The upper and marginal views (E, F, respectively) of the preserved specimen. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 3 in Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations

Figure 3. Internal anatomy of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (holotype: NSMT-Co 1794; paratype: NSMT-Co 1796). (A) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (B) The longitudinal section of the marginal sphincter muscle of the paratype (NSMT-Co 1796). (C) The transverse section of a mesenterial filament of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). (D) The transverse section of the tentacle (i) and longitudinal section of a tentacle tip (ii) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). The transverse section of a column with a well-developed siphonoglyph (E) and one with diffuse longitudinal muscles on the fifth mesenteries (F) of the holotype (NSMT-Co 1794). a, actinopharynx; mf, mesenterial filament; mt, matured testis cyst; rm, retractor muscle; s, siphonoglyph; sm, sphincter muscle; tcm, tentacular circular muscle; tlm, tentacular longitudinal muscle.

Figure 1 in Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations

Figure 1. Sampling locations of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. Locations included the areas sampled with the deep-sea trawling net by R/V Seisuimaru, Mie University (November 17, 2017) (star); the fishing trawlers; the area where the fisheries were conducted (filled circles); and the location of the fishing ports (open circles).