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281 results for “Senegal”
Exposure, hazard and vulnerability all contribute to Schistosoma haematobium re-infection in northern Senegal
<p>The risk of infectious diseases, including snail-borne schistosomiasis, is determined by three interrelated components: exposure, hazard and vulnerability. For schistosomiasis, exposure occurs through behaviors involving water contact, but not without the environmental hazard of snails and parasites in the water. Socio-economic vulnerability makes it difficult to reduce exposure in the presence of hazard, because it increases reliance on hazardous activities and environments. We aimed to quantify the contributions of exposure, hazard and vulnerability to schistosome re-infection presence and intensity. We used cross-sectional parasitological data from 821 school-aged children in 13 villages along the Senegal River, survey data from 411 households where those children resided and ecological data from all 24 village water contact sites. We fit mixed-effects logistic and negative binomial regressions with indices of exposure, hazard and vulnerability as explanatory variables of <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> infection, along with demographic control variables. Multi-model inference was used to determine the relative importance of each component of risk and model averaging was used to quantify associations between infection outcomes and indices of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. The most important component of <i>S. haematobium </i>presence was hazard (Ʃw<sub>i =</sub> 0.95), followed by vulnerability (Ʃw<sub>i</sub> = 0.91), while the most important component of <i>S. haematobium </i>intensity was exposure (Ʃw<sub>i</sub> = 1.00), followed by hazard (Ʃw<sub>i</sub> = 0.77). Hazard was positively associated with infection presence (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.12, 1.97), while exposure was positively associated with infection intensity. Our findings highlight how social (exposure and vulnerability) and environmental (hazard) processes act together to facilitate the acquisition and accumulation of schistosome infection from the environment across time and space. This approach can inform targeting of social and environmental interventions as complements to mass drug administration.</p>
Case study n°10 : From hazards in Senegal to migrants' integration in the City of Paris, Impact Chain model
<p>The case work led to the development of two correlated impact chains. The <em>first</em> impact chain (“risk sender”) models the components of the decision to migrate for rural Senegalese, accounting for hazard occurrence as well as the exposure and vulnerability. The outcome of the individual arbitrage is migration (internal or international), or immobility (willing or trapped). The <em>second</em> impact chain (“risk receiver”) considers the integration process for international migrants, accounting for the exposure and vulnerability of Paris in multiple dimensions (economic, social, cultural, linguistic, residential).</p>
Masque Africain Senegal
Les masques revêtent une très grande importance dans les cérémonies d'Afrique, notamment à l'occasion des cérémonies funéraires. Le mot désigne aussi bien l'objet que la personne qui le porte à l'occasion de ces cérémonies. Le masque est un objet en bois sculpté. Il y a un danseur, un costume, « un esprit » ou un « génie » qui l'habite. Il est un « être sacré », instrument d'harmonie sociale. Dans la société traditionnelle, le masque est à la fois une institution religieuse, politique et sociale. Il est médiateur entre Dieu, les ancêtres et les hommes. Il intervient dans les décisions politiques, accompagne les semailles et les récoltes, punit les coupables, assure la pérennité du savoir, accueille l'enfant à sa naissance, lui permet de devenir adulte, l'amène au monde de la sagesse et l'accompagne dans sa vie. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
An Open Label Trial of Stribild for Antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve HIV-2 Infected Adults in Dakar, Senegal
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02180438. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Clinical Efficacy of Trivalent Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) Among Children in Senegal
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01854632. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Malaria prevalence before and 2 years after implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Saraya, Senegal
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Effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention administered in a mass campaign in the Kedougou region of Senegal in 2016: a Case-control study
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Exposure, hazard and vulnerability all contribute to Schistosoma haematobium re-infection in northern Senegal
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Subspecies and Distribution. . p. perforatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818 — Nile Valley in Egypt and N Sudan. . p. haedinusThomas, 1915 - Middle East (Israel, Arabian Peninsula, and S Iran) E to India, and E Africa from Djibouti to Kenya (including Lamu I) and Tanzania; it may also occur in Eritrea. . p. senegalensis Desmarest, 1820 - scattered localities in W Africa, from S Mauritania, Senegal, and Guinea-Bissau E to NW Nigeria and W Cameroon; it may occur in Guinea and Ivory Coast. . p. sudani Thomas, 1915 — C & S Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, and S through the Congo Basin to N & E Botswana, S Zimbabwe, and NE South Africa in Emballonuridae
Subspecies and Distribution. . p. perforatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818 — Nile Valley in Egypt and N Sudan. . p. haedinusThomas, 1915 - Middle East (Israel, Arabian Peninsula, and S Iran) E to India, and E Africa from Djibouti to Kenya (including Lamu I) and Tanzania; it may also occur in Eritrea. . p. senegalensis Desmarest, 1820 - scattered localities in W Africa, from S Mauritania, Senegal, and Guinea-Bissau E to NW Nigeria and W Cameroon; it may occur in Guinea and Ivory Coast. . p. sudani Thomas, 1915 — C & S Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, and S through the Congo Basin to N & E Botswana, S Zimbabwe, and NE South Africa
Distribution. Extent of this species' dis tribution is not yet known; recorded with certainty in Morocco, Senegal, Saudi Ara bia, and Yemen. It is thought to be con tinuously distributed from Mauritania and Senegal E to South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. However, boundary between this species and the morphologically identical H. coffer is not known. in Family Hipposideridae (Old World Leaf-nosed Bats)
Distribution. Extent of this species' dis tribution is not yet known; recorded with certainty in Morocco, Senegal, Saudi Ara bia, and Yemen. It is thought to be con tinuously distributed from Mauritania and Senegal E to South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. However, boundary between this species and the morphologically identical H. coffer is not known.
Distribution. Widely distributed through out tropical Africa from Senegal E to ex treme W Uganda and E DR Congo, with isolated populations in W Angola, SE Ken ya, and N, NE & SE Tanzania; also on Bioko I. in Family Hipposideridae (Old World Leaf-nosed Bats)
Distribution. Widely distributed through out tropical Africa from Senegal E to ex treme W Uganda and E DR Congo, with isolated populations in W Angola, SE Ken ya, and N, NE & SE Tanzania; also on Bioko I.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Caulobothrium (Cestoda: "Tetraphyllidea") from the duckbill eagle ray, Aetomylaeus bovinus (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae), off Senegal with new insights on morphological features of the genus
FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Caulobothrium multispelaeum n. sp. from Aetomylaeus bovinus off Senegal. A. Scolex; small letters indicate locations of details in E and F. B. Anterior region of bothridium showing apical sucker; inset light micrograph of same region. C. Medial longitudinal groove on immature proglottids; small letter indicates location of detail in G. D. Mature proglottid with medial longitudinal groove expanded laterally to form tandem series of elliptical apertures. E. Distal surface of bothridium. F. Proximal surface of bothridium. G. Surface of strobila.
FIGURE 4 in Two new species of Caulobothrium (Cestoda: "Tetraphyllidea") from the duckbill eagle ray, Aetomylaeus bovinus (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae), off Senegal with new insights on morphological features of the genus
FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Caulobothrium katzi n. sp. from Aetomylaeus bovinus off Senegal. A. Scolex; small letters indicate locations of details in E–G. B. Anterior region of bothridium showing inconspicuous apical sucker (arrow). C. Proximal surface of bothridial rim at level of loculi. D. Distal surface of bothridial rim. E. Distal surface of bothridium away from rim. F. Proximal surface of bothridium. G. Surface of cephalic peduncle.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Caulobothrium (Cestoda: "Tetraphyllidea") from the duckbill eagle ray, Aetomylaeus bovinus (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae), off Senegal with new insights on morphological features of the genus
FIGURE 1. Line drawings of Caulobothrium multispelaeum n. sp. from Aetomylaeus bovinus off Senegal. A. Scolex (paratype; USNM No. 1638628). B. Whole worm (paratype; USNM No. 1638628). C. Mature proglottid (holotype; MNHN No. HEL1365). D. Detail of terminal genitalia and ootype region, elliptical depressions/apertures removed (holotype; MNHN No. HEL1365).
FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Caulobothrium (Cestoda: "Tetraphyllidea") from the duckbill eagle ray, Aetomylaeus bovinus (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae), off Senegal with new insights on morphological features of the genus
FIGURE 6. Apical suckers in Caulobothrium tetrascaphium and Caulobothrium pedunculatum. A. Scanning electron micrograph of apical sucker of C. tetrascaphium. B. Light micrograph of frontal section through apical sucker of C. tetrascaphium (LRP No. 10256). C. Light micrograph of apical sucker of Caulobothrium pedunculatum (LRP No. 3914).
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Caulobothrium (Cestoda: "Tetraphyllidea") from the duckbill eagle ray, Aetomylaeus bovinus (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae), off Senegal with new insights on morphological features of the genus
FIGURE 3. Line drawings of Caulobothrium katzi n. sp. from Aetomylaeus bovinus off Senegal. A. Scolex (holotype; MNHN No. HEL1369). B. Whole worm (holotype; MNHN No. HEL1369). C. Detail of terminal genitalia (holotype; MNHN No. HEL1369). D. Mature proglottid (paratype; USNM No. 1638631).
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Caulobothrium (Cestoda: "Tetraphyllidea") from the duckbill eagle ray, Aetomylaeus bovinus (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae), off Senegal with new insights on morphological features of the genus
FIGURE 5. Light micrographs of sections of Caulobothrium multispelaeum n. sp. and Caulobothrium katzi n. sp. stained with Delafield's hematoxylin and counter-stained with eosin. A. Cross section of mature proglottid of C. multispelaeum n. sp. anterior to cirrus sac. B. Cross section of mature proglottid of C. multispelaeum n. sp. at level of ovarian isthmus. C. Cross section of mature proglottid of C. katzi n. sp. anterior to cirrus sac. D. Cross section of mature proglottid of C. katzi n. sp. slightly posterior to ovarian isthmus. Abbreviations: O, ovary; T, testis; VF, vitelline follicle.
Data from: Acute febrile illness and influenza disease burden in a rural cohort dedicated to malaria in Senegal, 2012-2013
Background: African populations are considered to be particularly vulnerable to fever illnesses, including malaria, and acute respiratory disease, owing to limited resources and overcrowding. However, the overall burden of influenza in this context is poorly defined and incidence data for African countries are scarce. We therefore studied the fever syndrome incidence and more specifically influenza incidence in a cohort of inhabitants of Dielmo and Ndiop in Sokone district, Senegal. Methods: Daily febrile-illness data were prospectively obtained from January 2012 to December 2013 from the cohort of the villages of Dielmo and Ndiop, initially dedicated to the study of malaria. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from, and malaria diagnosis tests (thick blood smears) carried out on, every febrile individual during clinical visits; reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to identify influenza viruses in the samples. Binomial negative regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the monthly incidence rate and various covariates. Results: In Dielmo and Ndiop, the incidence of malaria has decreased, but fever syndromes remain frequent. Among the 1036 inhabitants included in the cohort, a total of 1,129 episodes of fever were reported. Influenza was present all year round with peaks in October-December 2012 and August 2013. The fever, ILI and influenza incidence density rates differed significantly between age groups. At both sites, the adjusted incidence relative risks for fever syndromes and ILI were significantly higher in the [6–24 months) than other age groups: 7.3 (95%CI: [5.7–9.3]) and 16.1 (95%CI: [11.1–23.3]) respectively. The adjusted incidence relative risk for influenza was significantly higher for the [0–6 months) than other age groups: 9.9 (95%CI: [2.9–33.6]). At both sites, incidence density rates were lowest among adults > = 50 years. Conclusions: In this rural setting in Senegal, influenza was most frequent among the youngest children. Preventive strategies targeting this population should be implemented.
Data from: Contemporary variations of immune responsiveness during range expansion of two invasive rodents in Senegal
Biological invasions provide unique opportunities for studying life history trait changes over contemporary time scales. As spatial spread may be related to changes in parasite communities, several hypotheses (such as the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) or EICA-refined hypotheses) suggest immune changes in invasive species along invasion gradients. Although native hosts may be subject to similar changes in parasite selection pressures, their immune responses have been rarely investigated in invasion contexts. In this study, we evaluated immune variations for invasive house mice Mus musculus domesticus, invasive black rats Rattus rattus and native rodents Mastomys erythroleucus and Mastomys natalensis along well-characterised invasion gradients in Senegal. We focused on antibody-mediated (natural antibodies and complement) and inflammatory (haptoglobin) responses. One invasion route was considered for each invasive species, and environmental conditions were recorded. Natural-antibody mediated responses increased between sites of long-established invasion and recently invaded sites only in house mice. Both invasive species exhibited higher inflammatory responses at the invasion front than in sites of long-established invasion. The immune responses of native species did not change with the presence of invasive species. These patterns of immune variations do not support the EICA and EICA refined hypotheses, and they rather suggest a higher risk of exposure to parasites on the invasion front. Altogether, these results provide a first basis to further assess the role of immune changes in invasion success.
Data from: Genomic signatures of adaptation to Sahelian and Soudanian climates in sorghum landraces of Senegal
Uncovering the genomic basis of climate adaptation in traditional crop varieties can provide insight into plant evolution and facilitate breeding for climate resilience. In the African cereal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. [Moench]), the genomic basis of adaptation to the semiarid Sahelian zone versus the subhumid Soudanian zone is largely unknown. To address this issue, we characterized a large panel of 421 georeferenced sorghum landrace accessions from Senegal and adjacent locations at 213,916 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using genotyping‐by‐sequencing. Seven subpopulations distributed along the north‐south precipitation gradient were identified. Redundancy analysis found that climate variables explained up to 8% of SNP variation, with climate collinear with space explaining most of this variation (6%). Genome scans of nucleotide diversity suggest positive selection on chromosome 2, 4, 5, 7, and 10 in durra sorghums, with successive adaptation during diffusion along the Sahel. Putative selective sweeps were identified, several of which colocalize with stay‐green drought tolerance (Stg) loci, and a priori candidate genes for photoperiodic flowering and inflorescence morphology. Genome‐wide association studies of photoperiod sensitivity and panicle compactness identified 35 and 13 associations that colocalize with a priori candidate genes, respectively. Climate‐associated SNPs colocalize with Stg3a, Stg1, Stg2, and Ma6 and have allelic distribution consistent with adaptation across Sahelian and Soudanian zones. Taken together, the findings suggest an oligogenic basis of adaptation to Sahelian versus Soudanian climates, underpinned by variation in conserved floral regulatory pathways and other systems that are less understood in cereals.
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