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345 results for “Sex chromosome”
Fig. 41 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 41. Semidiagrammatic illustrations of the dorsal brain in three phyllostomids illustrating the range of variation in coverage of the inferior colliculi (ic) by the cerebellar vermis. A. Mimon crenulatum. B. Mesophylla macconnelli. C. Lichonycteris obscura (drawn from McDaniel, 1976: figs. 2, 20, 42).
Fig. 46 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 46. Results of a heuristic search of 17 hyoid characters for 27 taxa. The tree shown here is a strict consensus of 24 most parsimonious trees, each of 40 steps (CI = 0.625, RI = 0.893)
Fig. 6 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 6. Gardner's (1977a; redrawn from fig. 8) ''arbitrarily derived'' tree of phyllostomid relationships based on chromosomal similarities. Asterisks indicate taxa that were karyotypically unknown and whose placement was conjectural.
Fig. 44 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 44. Results of a heuristic search of 38 pelage and integument characters for all 63 taxa. The tree shown here is a strict consensus of more than 30,000 most parsimonious trees, each of 183 steps (CI = 0.503, RI = 0.789).
Fig. 40 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 40. Diagram illustrating the two different types of attachment of the ovary to the uterus via the ovarian ligament: A. to the external oviductal entry, or B. to the lateral uterine wall (redrawn from Hood and Smith, 1983: fig. 15).
Fig. 21 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 21. Anterior view of the noseleaf in A. Carollia perspicillata (AMNH 266144) B. Uroderma bilobatum (AMNH 268564) C. Ariteus flavescens (AMNH 214944). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 32 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 32. Dorsal surface of the tongue in selected noctilionoids. A. Pteronotus davyi (AMNH 175276). Insets from top to bottom: basketlike papilla, basinshaped medial posterior mechanical papilla, lateral circumvallate papilla. B. Noctilio leporinus (AMNH 175534) C. Desmodus rotundus (AMNH 210962). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 28 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 28. Occlusal view of M1M3 in selected phyllostomids. A. Desmodus rotundus (AMNH 174303). Only M1 is present. B. Chrotopterus auritus (AMNH 267852). C. Brachyphylla cavernarum (AMNH 208181). D. Phyllonycteris poeyi (USNM 103542). E. Monophyllus redmani (AMNH 236662). F. Artibeus jamaicensis (AMNH 266331). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 33 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 33. Dorsal surface of the tongue in selected phyllostomids. Lowest inset is of a lateral circumvallate papilla. A. Phyllonycteris poeyi (AMNH 23762). B. Glossophaga soricina (AMNH 237911) Lonchophylla thomasi (AMNH 266107). Upper inset: basketlike papilla. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 1. The pace of discovery of currently recognized phyllostomid taxa described from 1750 to 1993. A. Genera. B. Species. There has been a steady decrease in the rate of description of new genera since the early 1800s, but the pace of description of new species has not declined at the same rate. We used dates of publication from Koopman (1993).
Fig. 4 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 4. Karyotypes of female (a) and male (b) of Potamotrygon falkneri sample from Porto Rico, highlighting the sex chromosomes after conventional and the chromosomes marked by NOR. Scale bar = 10 m.
Fig. 2 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 2. Karyotypes of female (a) and male (b) of Potamotrygon aff. motoro sample from Porto Rico, highlighting the sex chromosomes after conventional and the chromosomes marked by NOR. Scale bar = 10 m.
Fig. 1 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 1. Meiotic chromosomes of Potamotrygon falkneri sample from Ilha Solteira. Spermatogonial metaphase (2n = 65 chromosomes) after Giemsa staining (a) and metaphase I, with 31 bivalents and a trivalent (arrow) (b).
Fig. 3 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 3. Karyotypes of female (a) and male (b) of Potamotrygon aff. motoro sample from Ilha Solteira, highlighting the sex chromosomes after conventional and the chromosomes marked by NOR. Scale bar = 10 m.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 2. Phylogenetic reconstruction of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the molecular tree according to Townsend et al. (2004). For details see legend to Figure 1.
Figure 3 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 3. Phylogenetic reconstruction of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the molecular tree according to Vidal & Hedges (2005). For details see legend to Figure 1.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 1. Parsimony analysis of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the 'morphological' tree. Circles indicate maximum-likelihood reconstructions of ancestral states, only nodes with significant reconstruction are shown (tested by likelihood-ratio test). Numbers in parentheses indicate the counts of species within a genus that share
Epistatic interactions between sex chromosomes and autosomes can affect the stability of sex determination systems
<p>Sex determination (SD) is an essential and ancient developmental process, but the genetic systems that regulate this process are surprisingly variable. Why SD mechanisms vary so much is a longstanding question in evolutionary biology. SD genes are generally located on sex chromosomes which also carry genes that interact epistatically with autosomes to affect fitness. How this affects the evolutionary stability of SD mechanisms is still unknown. Here, we explore how epistatic interactions between a sexually antagonistic (SA) non-SD gene, located on either an ancestral or novel sex chromosome, and an autosomal gene affect the conditions under which an evolutionary transition to a new SD system occurs. We find that when the SD gene is linked to an ancestral sex chromosomal gene which engages in epistatic interactions, epistasis enhances the stability of the sex chromosomes so that they are retained under conditions where transitions would otherwise occur. This occurs both when weaker fitness effects are associated with the ancestral sex chromosome pair or stronger fitness effects associated with a newly-evolved SD gene. However, the probability that novel SD genes spread is unaffected if they arise near genes involved in epistasis. This discrepancy occurs because on autosomes, SA allele frequencies are typically lower than on sex chromosomes. In our model, increased frequencies of these alleles contribute to a higher frequency of epistasis which may therefore more readily occur on sex chromosomes. Because sex chromosome-autosome interactions are abundant and can take several forms, they may play a large role in maintaining sex chromosomes.</p>
Epistatic interactions between sex chromosomes and autosomes can affect the stability of sex determination systems
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Data from: Dioecy and chromosomal sex determination are maintained through allopolyploid speciation in the plant genus Mercurialis
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