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637 results for “Sexual selection”
Data from: Extrapair mating and the strength of sexual selection: insights from a polymorphic species
Extra-pair mating could drive sexual selection in socially monogamous species, but support for this hypothesis remains equivocal. We used lifetime fitness data and a unique model species, the dimorphic white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), to examine how extra-pair mating affects the potential for sexual selection. The morphs of this species employ distinct reproductive strategies, with white males pursuing extra-pair mating at higher rates than tan counterparts. Social and extra-pair mating is disassortative by morph, with paternity exchange occurring primarily between pairs composed of white males and tan females. We predicted stronger sexual selection as quantified by Bateman gradients and standardized variance in reproductive success in white compared to tan males. Furthermore, because males drive extra-pair mating, we predicted costs of multiple mating and a negative Bateman gradient in tan females. The Bateman gradient for lifetime reproductive success was larger in white than tan males, and extra-pair mating contributed more to the Bateman gradient for white males. However, the Bateman gradient was positive in tan females. White males had higher variance in annual reproductive success than tan males or females, but variance in lifetime reproductive success did not differ between the morphs or sexes. Moreover, extra-pair mating did not increase variance in male reproductive success relative to apparent patterns, and within-pair success accounted for much more variance than extra-pair success. Although extra-pair mating in white males increases Bateman gradients, and potential for sexual selection via mate numbers, these latter results call the overall importance of extra-pair mating in driving selection into question.
Data from: Marine protected areas rescue a sexually selected trait in European lobster
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly implemented worldwide to maintain and restore depleted populations. However, despite our knowledge on the myriad of positive responses to protection, there are few empirical studies on the ability to conserve species' mating patterns and secondary sexual traits. In male European lobsters (Homarus gammarus), the size of claws relative to body size correlates positively with male mating success and is presumably under sexual selection. At the same time, an intensive trap fishery exerts selection against large claws in males. MPAs could therefore be expected to resolve these conflicting selective pressures and preserve males with large claws. We explored this hypothesis by contrasting claw size of males and females in three pairs of MPAs and nearby fished areas in Southern Norway. By finding that male lobsters have up to 8 % larger claws inside MPAs compared to similarly sized males in fished areas, our study provides evidence that MPAs rescue a secondary sexual trait. Recovery from harvest selection acting on claws is the most likely explanation, however, the higher abundance of lobster inside MPAs does not rule out a plastic response on claw size due to increased competition. Regardless of the underlying cause, our study demonstrates (1) the value of protected areas as a management tool for mitigating fishery-induced evolution, and (2) that MPAs help maintaining the scope for sexual selection in populations with vulnerable life-histories and complex mating system.
Data from: Anthropogenic increases in nutrients alter sexual selection dynamics: a case study in butterflies
Anthropogenic increases in nutrient availability offer opportunities to study evolutionary shifts in sexual selection dynamics in real time. A rapid increase in nutrient availability may reduce the utility of condition-dependent ornaments as signals of quality and lessen any nutritional benefits to females from re-mating. We explored these ideas using cabbage white butterflies, focusing on nitrogen as a nutrient, as it is important to this species in not only in ornamentation but also as a key macronutrient transferred in spermatophores. We compared a non-agricultural population to an agricultural population, which has seen an increase in nitrogen availability over the last 40 years due in part to fertilizer application. When reared in a common garden, both male and female butterflies from the agricultural population allocate significantly more to nitrogen-rich wing pigments used in mate choice. However, this increase in allocation is not correlated with an increase in the ability to assimilate nitrogen from their diet. Spermatophore counts from wild females show that females in the agricultural population rarely mate more than once, while those in the non-agricultural population are much more likely to be polyandrous. Similarly, the structure in the female reproductive tract that processes spermatophores has evolved lower tooth density in the agricultural population, consistent with the idea that these females benefit less from high throughput of spermatophores. These results suggest that anthropogenic increases in nutrient availability have altered sexual selection dynamics and the evolution of sexual traits: investment in ornamentation has increased, and there has been a decline in the nutritional benefits of re-mating in females.
Data from: A life-history perspective on sexual selection in a polygamous species
<p>Background: Ever since Darwin, evolutionary biologists have studied sexual selection driving differences in appearance and behaviour between males and females. An unchallenged paradigm in such studies is that one sex (usually the male) signals its quality as a mate to the other sex (usually the female), who is choosy in accepting a partner. Here, we hypothesize that in polygamous species these roles change dynamically with the mating status of males and females, depending on direct reproductive costs and benefits of multiple matings, and on sperm competition. We test this hypothesis by assessing fitness costs and benefits of multiple matings in both males and females in a polygamous moth species, as in moths not males but females are the signalers and males are the responders.</p> <p>Results: We found that multiple matings confer fitness costs and benefits for both sexes. Specifically, the number of matings did not affect the longevity of males or females, but only 67 % of the males and 14 % of the females mated successfully in all five nights. In addition, the female's reproductive output increased with multiple matings, although when paired with a new virgin male every night, more than 3 matings decreased her reproductive output, so that the Bateman gradient for females fit a quadratic model better than a linear model. The male's reproductive success was positively affected by the number of matings and a linear regression line best fit the data. Simulations of the effect of sperm competition showed that increasing last-male paternity increases the steepness of the male Bateman gradient and thus the male's<br> relative fitness gain from additional mating. Irrespective of last-male paternity value, the female Bateman gradient is steeper than the male one for up to three matings.</p> <p>Conclusion: Our results suggest that choosiness in moths may well change throughout the mating season, with males being more choosy early in the season and females being more choosy after having mated at least three times. This life-history perspective on the costs and benefits of multiple matings for both sexes sheds new light on sexual selection forces acting on sexual signals and responses.</p>
Data from: Multivariate phenotypic selection on a complex sexual signal
Animal signals are complex, comprising multiple components that receivers may use to inform their decisions. Components may carry information of differing value to receivers, and selection on one component could modulate or reverse selection on another, necessitating a multivariate approach to estimating selection gradients. However, surprisingly few empirical studies have estimated the strength of phenotypic selection on complex signals with appropriate design and adequate power to detect non-linear selection. We used phonotaxis assays to measure sexual selection on the advertisement signal of Cope's gray tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis. Female preferences were assessed for five signal components using single-stimulus and two-stimulus behavioral assays. Linear, quadratic, and correlational selection gradients were estimated from the single-stimulus data. Significant directional selection is acting on call duration, call rate, pulse rate, and relative amplitude; stabilizing selection is acting on call duration and call rate. Under the two-stimulus paradigm, conclusions were qualitatively different, revealing non-linear selection on all components except call duration. For individual subjects, the outcomes of single-stimulus and two-stimulus trials were frequently discordant, suggesting that the choice of testing paradigm may affect conclusions drawn from experiments.
Data from: Artificial selection on sexual aggression: correlated traits and possible trade‐offs
<p>Forced copulation is an extreme form of sexual aggression that can affect the evolution of sex-specific anatomy, morphology and behavior. To characterize mechanistic and evolutionary aspects of forced copulation, we artificially selected male fruit flies based on their ability to succeed in the naturally prevalent behavior of forced matings with newly eclosed (teneral) females. The low and high forced copulation lineages showed rapid divergence, with the high lineages ultimately showing twice the rates of forced copulation as the low lineages. While males from the high lineages spent more time aggressively pursuing and mounting teneral females, their behavior towards non-teneral and heterospecific females was similar to that of males from the low lineages. Males from the low and high lineages also showed similar levels of male-male aggression. This suggests little or no genetic correlations between sexual aggression and non-aggressive pursuit of females, and between male aggression towards females and males. Surprisingly however, males from the high lineages had twice as high mating success than males from the low lineages when allowed to compete for consensual mating with mature females. In further experiments, we found no evidence for trade-offs associated with high forced mating rates: males from the high lineages did not have lower longevity than males from the low lineages when housed with females, and four generations of relaxed selection did not lead to convergence in forced mating rates. Our data indicate complex interactions among forced copulation success and consensual mating behaviour, which we hope to clarify in future genomic work. </p>
Sexual selection buffers the negative consequences of population fragmentation on adaptive plastic responses to increasing temperatures
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Whether sexual selection facilitates or hampers the ability to plastically respond to novel environments might depend on population structure, via its effects on </span><span>sexual interactions and associated fitness payoffs</span><span>. Using experimentally evolved lines </span><span>of the seed beetle <em>Callosobruchus maculatus,</em> we tested whether individuals evolving under different sexual selection (monogamy vs polygamy) and population spatial structure (metapopulation vs undivided populations) treatments differed in their response across developmental thermal conditions (control, hot or stressful) in a range of fitness and fitness-associated traits. We found that individuals from subdivided populations had lower lifetime reproductive success (LRS) at hot temperatures, but only in lines evolving under relaxed sexual selection, revealing a complex interaction between sexual selection, population structure, and thermal environmental stress on fitness. We also found an effect of population structure on several traits, including fertility and adult emergence success, under exposure to high thermal conditions. Finally, we found a strong negative effect of hot and stressful temperatures in fitness and associated traits. Our results show that population structure can exacerbate the impact of a warming climate, potentially leading to declines in population viability, but that sexual selection can buffer the negative influence of population subdivision on adaptation to warm temperatures</span><span>.</span></p>
Inbreeding depression in a sexually selected weapon and the homologue in females
<p>Theory predicts that traits with heightened condition-dependence, such as sexually selected traits, should be affected by inbreeding to a greater degree than other traits. The presence of environmental stress may compound the negative consequences of inbreeding depression. In this study we examined inbreeding depression across multiple traits and whether it increased with a known form of environmental stress. We conducted our experiment using both sexes of the sexually dimorphic leaf-footed cactus bug, <em>Narnia femorata </em>(Hemiptera: Coreidae). Adult male cactus bugs have enlarged hind legs used as weapons in male-male contests; these traits, and their homologue in females, have been previously found to exhibit high condition-dependence. In this study, we employed small developmental group size as an environmental stress challenge. Nymph <em>N. femorata</em> aggregate throughout their juvenile stages, and previous work has shown the negative effects of small group size on survivorship and body size. We found evidence of inbreeding depression for survival and seven out of the eight morphological traits measured, in both sexes. Inbreeding depression was higher for the size of the male weapon and the female homolog. Additionally, small developmental group size negatively affected survival to adulthood. However, small group size did not magnify the effects of inbreeding on morphological traits. These findings support the hypothesis that traits with heightened condition-dependence exhibit higher levels of inbreeding depression.</p>
Data from: The effect of operational sex ratio and density on the strength of sexual selection against mutant males in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Higher male:female operational sex ratio (OSR) is often assumed to lead to stronger sexual selection on males. Yet, this premise has been directly tested by very few studies, with mixed outcomes. We investigated how OSR affects the strength of sexual selection against two deleterious alleles, a natural <em>ebony</em> mutant and a transgenic <em>GFP</em> insertion, in <em>Drosophila melanogaster. </em>To this end, we estimated the relative paternity share of homozygous mutant males competing against wildtype males under different OSRs (1:2, 1:1, 2:1). We also manipulated the mating pool density (18, 36 or 54 individuals), and assessed paternity over three consecutive days, during which the nature of sexual interaction changed. The strength of sexual selection against the <em>ebony</em> mutant increased with OSR, became weaker after the first day and was little affected by density. In contrast, sexual selection against the <em>GFP</em> transgene was markedly affected by density: at the highest density it increased with OSR, but at lower densities it was strongest at 1:1 OSR, remaining strong throughout the experiment. Thus, while OSR can strongly affect the strength of sexual selection against "bad genes", it does not necessarily increase monotonically with male:female OSR. Furthermore, the pattern of relationship between OSR and the strength of sexual selection can be locus-specific, likely reflecting the specific phenotypic effects of the mutation.</p>
Data from: Contrasting the form and strength of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection in a flatworm
<p>Sexual traits may be selected during multiple consecutive episodes of selection, occurring before, during, or after copulation. In the research article entitled "Contrasting the form and strength of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection in a flatworm", published in <em>Evolution</em>, we measured pre- and postcopulatory phenotypic traits alongside variation in fitness components at different episodes. Namely, we assessed the mating success, sperm-transfer efficiency, and sperm fertilising efficiency of focal worms in which we measured 13 morphological traits, and performed multivariate selection analyses assessing the form and strength of selection. We archived the datasets and R scripts necessary to reproduce all analyses performed in this paper.</p>
Strength of sexual selection and sex roles vary between social groups in a coral reef cardinalfish
<p>The strength and direction of sexual selection can vary among populations. However, spatial variability is rarely explored at the level of the social group. Here we investigate sexual selection and sex roles in the paternally mouthbrooding, socially monogamous, and site-attached pajama cardinalfish, <em>Sphaeramia nematoptera</em>. Females were larger, more aggressive, and had a longer dorsal fin filament, indicating reversed sex roles. At the scale of social groups, we show the Bateman gradient and reproductive variance depending on the sex ratio and size of the groups. In small and medium-sized groups with balanced or male-biased sex ratios, Bateman gradients were steeper for females, whereas gradients were equally steep for both sexes in large groups or when the sex ratio was female-biased. For both sexes, reproductive variance increased with group size and with a higher male-to-female sex ratio. In <em>S. nematoptera</em>, mating opportunities outside the socially monogamous pair appear to impact sexual selection. We conclude that the strength and direction of sexual selection can be masked by social dynamics in group-living species when considering only population and large-scale demographic processes.</p>
Data from: Axes of multivariate sexual signal divergence among incipient species: concordance with selection, genetic variation, and phenotypic plasticity
<p>Sexual signaling traits are often observed to diverge rapidly among populations, thereby playing a potentially key early role in the evolution of reproductive isolation. While often assumed to reflect divergent sexual selection among populations, patterns of sexual trait diversification might sometimes be biased along axes of standing additive genetic variation and covariation among trait components. Additionally, theory predicts that environmentally-induced phenotypic variation might facilitate rapid trait evolution, suggesting that patterns of divergence between populations should mirror phenotypic plasticity within populations. Here we evaluate the concordance between observed axes of multivariate sexual trait divergence and predicted divergence based on (1) interpopulation variation in sexual selection, (2) additive genetic variances, and (3) temperature-related phenotypic plasticity in male courtship song among geographically isolated populations of the Hawaiian swordtail cricket, Laupala cerasina, which exhibit sexual isolation due sexual signaling traits. The major axis of multivariate divergence, dmax, accounted for 76% of variation among population male song trait means, and was moderately correlated with interpopulation differences in directional sexual selection based on female preferences. However, the majority of additive genetic variance was largely oriented away from the direction of divergence, suggesting that standing genetic variation may not play a dominant role in the patterning of signal divergence. In contrast, the axis of phenotypic plasticity strongly mirrored patterns of interpopulation phenotypic divergence, which is consistent with a role for temperature-related plasticity in facilitating instead of inhibiting male song evolution and sexual isolation in these incipient species. We propose potential mechanisms by which sexual selection might interact with phenotypic plasticity to facilitate the rapid acoustic diversification observed in this species and clade.</p>
Anisogamy is unrelated to the intensity of sexual selection
<p>Males and females often display different behaviours and, in the context of reproduction, these behaviours are labelled sex roles. The Darwin–Bateman paradigm argues that the root of these differences is anisogamy (i.e., differences in size and/or function of gametes between the sexes) that leads to biased sexual selection, and sex differences in parental care and body size. This evolutionary cascade, however, is contentious since some of the underpinning assumptions have been questioned. Here we investigate the relationships between anisogamy, sexual size dimorphism, sex difference in parental care and intensity of sexual selection using phylogenetic comparative analyses of 64 species from a wide range of animal taxa. The results question the first step of the Darwin–Bateman paradigm, as the extent of anisogamy does not appear to predict the intensity of sexual selection. The only significant predictor of sexual selection is the relative inputs of males and females into the care of offspring. We propose that ecological factors, life-history and demography have more substantial impacts on contemporary sex roles than the differences of gametic investments between the sexes.</p>
The stabilising impact of natural selection on the allometry of sexual ornaments: Fish that escape locomotor constraints exhibit extravagant ornamentation
<p>1. Positive allometry has been considered a hallmark of sexual selection whereby larger males of superior condition develop disproportionately larger ornaments for their body size compared to smaller males of poorer condition.</p> <p>2. Yet many structures known to be sexually selected often exhibit other allometric patterns. This has led to controversy over the utility of allometry in adequately capturing the signature of sexual selection, particularly if static (within population) and evolutionary (across species) allometries are functionally constrained by stabilising natural selection.</p> <p>3. To investigate this, we evaluated the allometries of ornamental head crests and dorsal fins across multiple species of blenny fish. In particular, we compared species that occupied an aquatic environment—where swimming performance was expected to have constrained ornament size—with species that have transitioned onto land where such biomechanical constraints on ornament size have been removed.</p> <p>4. Static allometries of both head crest and dorsal fin ornaments were found to be positive in males, but less so in females, across all species examined. This was consistent with the allometric theory of sexual selection that predicts positive allometry specifically in male ornamentation. Nevertheless, male allometric slopes were constrained in aquatic species whereas males of terrestrial species were free to exaggerate the size of their ornaments. Natural selection therefore appears to suppress ornament size in aquatics because of the biomechanical constraints associated with swimming. These differences in within-population static allometry between aquatic and terrestrial species in turn manifested in a greater across-species evolutionary allometric intercept, but not slope, for terrestrial species relative to aquatic and species.</p> <p>5. These findings indicate that the study of ornament allometries can provide useful insights into the role of sexual selection on ornament elaboration and also help reveal the presence of opposing natural selection that might result in alternative allometric patterns. The relationship between static and evolutionary allometries remains complex, and our results caution against the interpretation of evolutionary allometry in the absence of a clear understanding of the underlying static allometries associated with it.</p>
Large and exaggerated sexually selected weapons comprise high proportions of metabolically inexpensive exoskeleton
<p>The cost-minimization hypothesis proposes that positive allometry in sexually selected traits can be explained if the proportional energetic maintenance costs of weapons decrease as traits increase in size. Energetic maintenance costs are the costs of maintaining homeostasis. They are slow, persistent energy sinks that are distinct from ephemeral costs of growth. Because some tissues expend more energy on maintenance than others, energetic maintenance costs can be inferred from proportional tissue composition. For example, soft tissues require more energy for maintenance than exoskeleton, so an arthropod claw that is 50% soft tissue and 50% exoskeleton would have higher energetic maintenance costs than one that is 30% soft tissue and 70% exoskeleton. I tested the cost-minimization hypothesis using proportional tissue composition as a proxy for energetic maintenance costs in snapping shrimp ( Alpheus heterochaelis and Alpheus estuariensis ) and fiddler crabs ( Uca pugilator ). As predicted, larger weapons comprised proportionally less soft tissue mass and more exoskeleton mass than smaller weapons. Furthermore, I extended cost-minimization to explain trait exaggeration: individuals might exaggerate traits by investing more mass in exoskeleton. As predicted, exoskeleton mass proportional to weapon mass increased as exaggeration increased. These results support and extend the cost-minimization hypothesis to explain positive allometry and weapon exaggeration.</p>
Experimental sexual selection affects the evolution of physiological and life history traits
<p>Sexual selection and sexual conflict are expected to affect all aspects of the phenotype, not only traits that are directly involved in reproduction. Here, we show coordinated evolution of multiple physiological and life history traits in response to long-term experimental manipulation of the mating system in populations of <em>Drosophila pseudoobscura</em>. Development time was extended under polyandry relative to monogamy in both sexes, potentially due to higher investment in traits linked to sexual selection and sexual conflict. Individuals (especially males) evolving under polyandry had higher metabolic rates and locomotor activity than those evolving under monogamy. Polyandry individuals also invested more in metabolites associated with increased endurance capacity and efficient energy metabolism and regulation, namely lipid and glycogen. Finally, polyandry males were less desiccation- and starvation- resistant than monogamy males, suggesting trade-offs between resistance and sexually selected traits. Our results provide experimental evidence that mating systems can impose selection that influences the evolution of non-sexual phenotypes such as development, activity, metabolism, and nutrient homeostasis.</p>
Genomic evidence that a sexually selected trait captures genome-wide variation and facilitates the purging of genetic load
<p><span>The evolution of costly traits like deer antlers and peacock trains, which drove the formation of Darwinian sexual selection theory, has been hypothesised to both reflect and affect patterns of genetic variance across the genome, but direct tests are missing. Here, we used an evolve and re-sequence approach to reveal patterns of genome-wide diversity associated with the expression of a sexually-selected weapon that is dimorphic among males of the bulb mite,</span> <em>Rhizoglyphus robini</em><span>. Populations selected for the weapon </span>showed reduced genome-wide diversity compared to populations selected against the weapon, particularly in terms of the number of segregating non-synonymous positions, indicating enhanced purifying selection. <span>This increased purifying selection reduced inbreeding depression, but outbred female fitness did not improve, possibly because any benefits were offset by increased sexual antagonism. </span>The majority of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that consistently diverged in response to selection were initially rare and overrepresented in exons, and enriched in regions under balancing or relaxed selection, suggesting they are likely moderately deleterious variants. These diverged SNPs were scattered across the genome, <span>further demonstrating that selection for or against the weapon and the associated changes to the mating system can both capture and influence genome-wide variation. </span></p>
Data from: Resource acquisition and pre-copulatory sexual selection
<p>Sexual selection influences the evolution of phenotypic traits and contributes to patterns of biodiversity. In many animals, mating involves sequential steps. Often, individuals must secure resources that are essential for mating (nests, territories, food), and then after securing a resource, individuals engage in competition for access to limited opposite-sex mates and gametes. A large body of empirical research and some verbal models have illustrated that resource acquisition can influence sexual selection. In general, though, we lack <em>a priori</em> predictions of when and how resource acquisition will influence sexual selection. Here, we use a mathematical framework to explore the link between resource acquisition and sexual selection on an advantageous mate-acquisition trait across biologically relevant trade-off scenarios. Our findings provide a set of testable predictions of how resource acquisition can influence sexual selection on mating traits. In general, selection on mate-acquisition traits is expected to be heavily influenced by: 1) the episode of selection considered, and in particular, whether one considers selection associated with the mating pool only or selection associated with both the mating pool and pre-mating pool; 2) whether resource-acquisition and mate-acquisition traits are positively associated or whether they trade off; and 3) the proportion of males with the resource- and mate-acquisition traits.</p>
Data for: Evolutionary interactions between thermal ecology and sexual selection
<p>Thermal ecology and mate competition are both pervasive features of ecological adaptation. A surge of recent work has uncovered the diversity of ways in which temperature affects mating interactions and sexual selection. However, the potential for thermal biology and reproductive ecology to evolve together as organisms adapt to their thermal environment has been underappreciated. Here, we develop a series of hypotheses regarding (1) not only how thermal ecology affects mating system dynamics, but also how mating dynamics can generate selection on thermal traits; and (2) how the thermal consequences of mate competition favor the reciprocal co-adaptation of thermal biology and sexual traits. We discuss our hypotheses in the context of both pre-copulatory and post-copulatory processes. We also call for future work integrating experimental and phylogenetic comparative approaches to understand evolutionary feedbacks between thermal ecology and sexual selection. Overall, studying reciprocal feedbacks between thermal ecology and sexual selection may be necessary to understand how organisms have adapted to the environments of the past and could persist in the environments of the future.</p>
Sexual selection moderates heat stress response in males and females
<p><span>1. </span><span>A widespread effect of climate change is the displacement of organisms from their thermal optima. The associated thermal stress imposed by climate change has been argued to have a particularly strong impact on male reproduction but evidence for this postulated sex-specific stress response is equivocal. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>One important factor that may explain intra- and interspecific variation in stress responses is sexual selection, which is predicted to magnify negative effects of stress. Nevertheless, empirical studies exploring the </span><span>interplay of sexual selection and heat stress </span><span>are still scarce. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We tested experimentally for an interaction between sexual selection and thermal stress in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum by contrasting heat responses in male and female reproductive success between setups of enforced monogamy versus polygamy. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>We found that polygamy magnifies detrimental effects of heat stress in males but relaxes the observed negative effects in females. Our results suggest that sexual selection can reverse sex differences in thermal sensitivity, and may therefore alter sex-specific selection on alleles associated with heat tolerance. </span></p> <p><span>5. </span><span>Assuming that sexual selection and natural selection are aligned to favour the same genetic variants under environmental stress, our findings support the idea that sexual selection on males may promote the adaptation to current global warming.</span></p>
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