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Fig. 3 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 3. Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of head of Parascorpaena poseidon (NSMT-P 17865, 97.8 mm SL). Bars indicate 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 4. Relationships between body width (A); head width (B); snout length (C); interorbital width at vertical midline of eye (D); upper-jaw length (E); maxilla depth (F); postorbital length (G); orbit diameter (H); and separation between opercular spine tips (I) (all as % of SL) and standard length (mm) in Parascorpaena poseidon, showing ontogenetic changes. Star indicates holotype [except for snout length, interorbital width at vertical midline of eye, and upper-jaw length—see text regarding measurements by Chou and Liao (2022)].

Fig. 2 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 2. Variously-sized preserved specimens of Parascorpaena poseidon. A, FMNH 75818, 1 of 27 specimens, 35.3 mm SL, Galle, Sri Lanka; B, FMNH 75818, 1 of 27 specimens, 65.3 mm SL, Galle, Sri Lanka; C, NSMT-P 17865, 97.8 mm SL, Yaku-shima Island, Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, Japan; D, BPBM 27680, 1 of 2 specimens, 115.4 mm SL, Kovalam, Kerala India.

Fig. 1 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 1. Fresh specimen of Parascorpaena poseidon from Kovalam, Kerala, India (BPBM 27680, 1 of 2 specimens, 115.4 mm SL). Photo by J. E. Randall (BPBM).

Fig. 5 in Distributional Range Extension of the Shallow Water Scorpionfish Parascorpaena poseidon (Perciformes: Scorpaenidae), with a Revised Diagnosis of the Species

Fig. 5. Distributional records of Parascorpaena poseidon, based on original description (triangles and star), literature record as P. mossambica (closed circle), and present study (open circles). Star indicates type locality.

Fig. 24 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 24. Teleost fish remains from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. NRM-PZ P16479a–e, teeth (A1, A2), vertebra (A3–A5).

Fig. 25 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 25. Geological ranges of the invertebrate genera identified with certainty in this study. Vertical lines determine three groups of taxa according to their geological ranges.

Fig. 22 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 22. Munidid crustacean Valamunida haeggi Klompmaker and Robins gen. et sp. nov. from the Paleocene Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. Paratype, NRM-PZ Ar68011, carapace in dorsal view (A1), left lateral view (note bases of lateral spines) (A2), frontal view with cross-section of base central rostral spine (A3). B. Paratype, NRM-PZ Ar68010, carapace in right lateral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views, oblique frontal view (note base of spine on right orbital angle) (B3), view of cross-sectioned cuticle in groove branching off cervical groove on left side (image width ~0.7 mm) (B4). C. Paratype, NRM-PZ Ar68001b, carapace in dorsal view. D. NRM-PZ Ar68002, two epigastric spines in oblique frontal view (D1), dorsal view of gastric region (D2).

Fig. 20 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 20. Munidid crustacean Protomunida spitzbergica (Gripp, 1927) from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, locality 500 m west from Trigonometric point 25, Hollendarbukta, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Neotype, GPIBo 85, dorsal view of carapace (A1), detailed view of incomplete rostrum (A2), right lateral A3), frontal (A4), and left lateral (A5) views.

Fig. 18 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 18. Hiatellid bivalve Cyrtodaria aff. rutupiensis (Morris, 1852) from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. NRM-PZ Mo 183943a–b, partial shell of a butterflied specimen with left (LV) and partial right valve (RV) preserved, showing external ornament of commarginal growth lines, and ridges on the inner shell surfaces supporting the posterior of anterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 23 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 23. Non-carapace remains of the Munididae from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, locality 500 m west from Trigonometric point 25, Hollendarbukta, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, likely attributable to Valamunida haeggi Klompmaker and Robins gen. et sp. nov. A. GPIBo 93, venter. B. GPIBo 92, venter. C. GPIBo 102, merus. D. GPIBo 105, propodus of cheliped. E. GPIBo 101, merus. F. GPIBo 104, propodus. Specimens coated with ammonium chloride, re-figured after Vonderbank (1970: pls. 6, 7).

Fig. 17 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 17. Xylophagain bivalve Xylophagella littlei Hryniewicz sp. nov. from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Fossildalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. Holotype, ZPAL V.48/5, partial shell, left valve (A1), right valve with fragment of posterior adductor muscle scar (PAMS) (A2), dorsal view of both valves (A3), oblique ventral view showing partially overlapping shells (A4). B. Paratype, ZPAL V.48/6, partial shell, left valve, with trace of a ridge on the inner mold (B1), right valve (B2), dorsal view of both valves (B3), oblique posterior view showing internal surface of left valve internal mold with trace of a ridge on inner surface of shell (B4). C. Paratype, ZPAL V.48/7, partial shell, left valve (C1), right valve with fragment of posterior adductor muscle scar (PAMS) (C2), oblique anterior view (C3), enlarged fragment of prora with imprints of pallial muscles perpendicular to the shell edge, rasp composed of raised ridges covered with perpendicular lamellae (C4), enlarged fragment of prora, showing ornament of raised ridges covered with perpendicular lamellae (C5). D. Paratype, ZPAL V.48/8, internal mold, right valve showing trace of a ridge on the inner shell surface.

Fig. 16 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 16. Schematic illustration of a xylophagain bivalve Xylophagella littlei Hryniewicz sp. nov., from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, showing the main morphological features discussed. Outer (A1) and inner (A2) views of right valve. Area above dashed line represents the morphological features we were unable to illustrate due to poor preservation.

Fig. 10 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 10. Mytilid bivalve Inoperna plenicostata (Anderson, 1970) from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. NRM-PZ Mo 183949, shell, dorsal view of both valves (A1), right valve (A2), enlarged dorsal view of both valves, showing ornamentation of the early growth stages (A3), oblique anterodorsal view (A4). B. NRM-PZ Mo 183947, partial shell, left valve (B1), ventral view of both valves (B2). C. NRM-PZ Mo 183948, partial shell, left valve (C1), ventral view of partially preserved valves (C2), oblique anterior view of left valve, showing anterior adductor muscle scar (C3).

Fig. 14 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 14. Arcticid bivalve?Arctica sp. from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Fossildalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. NRM-PZ Mo 149143, shell, left (A1) and right (A2) valves, dorsal (A3) and anterodorsal (A4) views, oblique dorsal view of left valve showing very fine commarginal ornament (A5).

Fig. 4 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 4. Aporrhaid and scaphandrid gastropods from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, locality 500 m west from Trigonometric point 25, Hollendarbukta (A, B, D) and Fossildalen (C), Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A, B. Aporrhais cf. gracilis Koenen, 1885, GPIBo 117 (A) and GPIBo 116 (B) in lateral (A1, B1) and apical (A2, B2) views. C.?Aporrhais cf. gracilis Koenen, 1885, identified by Hägg (1925) as Nassa sp., NRM-PZ Mo 149182 in apical (C1), lateral C2) and latero-apertural (C3) views. D. Ellipsoscapha sp. GPIBo 115 in apertural (D1), lateral (D2), apical (D3), and abapical (D4) views.

Fig. 15 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 15. Tellinid bivalve?Tellina sp. from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Fossildalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. NRM-PZ Mo 149165, partial shell, left valve view (A1), dorsal view showing partially preserved opisthodethic external ligament (A2).

Fig. 7 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 7. Non-chemosymbiotic protobranch bivalves from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Fossildalen (A–E, G, I–K) and Zachariassendalen (F, H), Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A.?Nucula sp., ZPAL V.48/10, internal mold of right valve. B.?Malletia sp., ZPAL V.48/11, right valve. C, D. Neilonella sp. C. ZPAL V.48/12, left valve sculptured by fine commarginal ribs. D. ZPAL V.48/13, partial shell, right valve (D1), dorsal view of both valves (D2). E–K. Yoldiella spitsbergensis Amano sp. nov. E. Holotype, ZPAL V.48/17, internal mold, right valve (E1), hinge part (E2). F. Paratype, NRM-PZ Mo 186241, silicified shell, hinge part (F1), outer surface (F2). G. Paratype, ZPAL V.48/18, internal mold, right valve (G1), hinge part (G2). H. Paratype, NRM-PZ Mo 186242, silicified shell, right valve. I. ZPAL V.48/19, internal mold, left valve. J. ZPAL V.48/20, partial shell, left valve. K. ZPAL V.48/21, partial shell, partly preserved outer surface, left valve.

Fig. 6 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 6. Solemyid bivalve Solemya sp. from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. NRM-PZ Mo 183945, shell (LV), internal mold (RV), left (A1) and right (A2) valve, dorsal view of both valves (A3), ventral view (A4). B. NRM-PZ Mo 183946, internal mold, butterflied specimen in dorsal view (LV, left valve; RV, right valve).

Fig. 13 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 13. Pleuromyid bivalve?Pleuromya sp. from the Paleocene Basilika Formation, Fossildalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. NRM-PZ Mo 149164, partial shell, left valve internal mold with partially preserved shell sculptured by commarginal growth lines (A1), dorsal view of partially preserved internal mold of both valves (A2), ventral view of partially preserved internal mold of both valves (A3).