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Fig. 13. A in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 13. A. Schematic reconstruction of the ammonite muscular system, lateral view. The mantle and organs in the body chamber are not shown. The size and shape of the arms and tentacles are highly speculative and drawn schematically. Arrow marks position of the schematic cross-section in B. B. Schematic cross-section of ammonite soft body. The cross-section is located in the first third of the body chamber starting from the aperture (arrow in A), only muscles-retractors are shown.

Fig. 12 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 12. Dorsal and ventral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Kuntsevo locality (A, C) and Mnevniki locality (B, E). A. MSU 113/37, dorsal scar, apical parts of scars are merged with an annular elevation (black line near the last septum). B. MSU 113/40, dorsal (B 1) and ventral (B 2) scars. C. MSU 113/38, dorsal scar with preserved growth lines (C 1), ventral scar (C 2). D. MSU 113/41, ventral attachment scar.

Fig. 10 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 10. Lateral attachment scars and anterior lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A, E) and Mnevniki locality (B–D, F). A. MSU 113/20, shell with preserved scar and lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/12, scars and lateral sinuses on the fragment of the body chamber. C. MSU 113/6, fully preserved body chamber with a scar and frequently located lateral sinuses. D. MSU 113/39, central part of the body chamber with a scar and bright lateral sinuses. E. MSU 113/47, fragment of the body chamber with a scar and clearly visible lateral sinuses. F. MSU 113/15, a part of the body chamber with a front end of a scar and clearly visible frequently located anterior lateral sinus lines. Sinuses are absent near the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1–F1) and explanatory drawings (A 2–F2).

Fig. 9 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 9. Posterior borders of the lateral attachment scars on the Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A–D) and Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (E) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens and Craspedites subditus zones, respectively), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A–D), Kuntsevo locality (E). A. MSU 113/29, apical part of body chamber with a series of posterior borders of scars very similar to the lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/32, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. C. MSU 113/33, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. D. MSU 113/8, part of body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. Scar has a series of clearly visible sinus-like posterior borders. The specimen is preserved without aperture. E. MSU 113/43, apical part of the body chamber, posterior border of a scar is visible on one side of this specimen at a distance from the last septum. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1 –E 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2 –E 2).

Fig. 2 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 2. Schemes of Kachpurites and Garniericeras muscle attachment scars. A, B. Kachpurites fulgens; lateral attachment scars with enclosed apical part (A, see also Fig. 10A) and without an apical border (B, see also Fig. 6B). C. Kachpurites cheremkhensis; lateral sinus and lateral attachment scars (see also Fig. 5A). D. Kachpurites subfulgens; lateral attachment scars and partially-preserved lateral sinuses (see also Fig. 3A). E. Garniericeras catenulatum with lateral (shifted to ventral side) attachment scars (see also Fig. 7B). F. United idealized scheme of the Kachpurites fulgens mantle attachment system. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber.

FIGURE 17 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 17. Comparison of pectoral girdle musculature reconstruction between this study and previously published reconstructions.

FIGURE 16. M. costocoracoideus. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 16. M. costocoracoideus. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in anterior view, 2 in ventral view, 3 in lateral view, 4 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 5 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Ceresiosaurus 6 in anterior view, 7 in ventral view, 8 in lateral view, 9 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 10 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Rhomaleosaurus 11 in anterior view, 12 in ventral view, 13 in lateral view, 14 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 15 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view.

FIGURE 1 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 1. Three topological hypotheses for the evolution of the pectoral girdle elements from the basal neodiapsid condition to basal eosauropterygian condition are depicted in two-dimensions. Large black dot – glenoid; Small black dot – coracoid foramen; A- anterior margin of the coracoid; M-medial margin of the coracoid; CL – clavicle; INCL – interclavicle; SC – scapula; ST – sternum.

FIGURE 3 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 3. Muscle reconstruction of the pectoral girdle musculature of the Eosauropterygia using data from the extant phylogenetic bracket, the fossil record and developmental patterns.

FIGURE 5. M. subcoracoscapularis. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 5. M. subcoracoscapularis. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in anterior view, 2 in ventral view, 3 in lateral view, 4 in fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 5 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Ceresiosaurus 6 in anterior view, 7 in ventral view, 8 in lateral view, 9 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 10 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Rhomaleosaurus 11 in anterior view, 12 in ventral view, 13 in lateral view, 14 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 15 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view.

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Fig. 4. Soft tissue reconstructions. A in Petrosal bones of placental mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan

Fig. 4. Soft tissue reconstructions. A. Tympanic view of "Zhelestidae". B. Squamosal view of "Zhelestidae". C. Tympanic view of Prokennalestes (modified from Wible et al. 2001). D. Squamosal view of Prokennalestes (modified from Wible et al. 2001). E. Tympanic view of Didelphis virginiana (modified from Wible 1990). F. Squamosal view of Didelphis virginiana (modified from Wible 1990). G. Tympanic view of Kulbeckia kulbecke. H. Squamosal view of Kulbeckia kulbecke. Anterior towards the top in A, C, E, and G. Anterior towards the right in B, D, F, and H.

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Fig. 5 in Soft-tissue attachments in orthocerid and bactritid cephalopods from the Early and Middle Devonian of Germany and Morocco

Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of Bactrites, and Cycloceras of early Emsian age (Early Devonian) from Ouidane Chebbi (Tafilalt, Morocco). The specimens coated with carbon. A. Bactrites sp. C; PIMUZ 7272; A1, detail of the annular elevation; note the rugged surface of the adoral part as well as the right and the median lobe of the annular elevation; A2, dorsal view of the same, showing last formed septum and posterior portion of body chamber; note the tracking bands, the mural band, and the annular elevation. B. Cycloceras sp.; PIMUZ 7263; B1, lateral view of a part of the phragmocone; B2, B3, same specimen, details of the wrinkle layer; note that the wrinkles are asymmetric in cross section with the steeper slope pointing adapically. C. Cycloceras sp.; PIMUZ 7261; detail of the conchal furrow. D.?Bactrites sp.; PIMUZ 7269; D1, detail of the wrinkle layer; D2, same specimen detail of the wrinkle layer in a smaller scale, note the asymmetry; D3, same specimen, overview of the adoral part of the body chamber.

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Fig. 2 in Soft-tissue attachments in orthocerid and bactritid cephalopods from the Early and Middle Devonian of Germany and Morocco

Fig. 2. Schematic outlines of the variability of the dorsal furrow in Acanthomichelinoceras commutatum (Giebel, 1852), showing the base of a chamber mould, with annular elevation dotted. Note the differences of the starting point of the dorsal furrow, sometimes within the mural area, sometimes within the annular elevation. A. NHW 56.9.05/402. B. NHW 56.9.05/404. C. MB.C.5366.4. D. MB.C.5366.1. Not to scale.

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Fig. 1 in Soft-tissue attachments in orthocerid and bactritid cephalopods from the Early and Middle Devonian of Germany and Morocco

Fig. 1. Soft−tissue attachment structures in cephalopods from the Wissenbach Schiefer (early Eifelian). A. Bactrites gracile (Blumenbach, 1803), NHW 62.11/W−23/64, dorsal view, note the two different grayish bands (arrows) forming a lobe. B. Bactrites sp. A, NHW 402, dorsal view (B1), note two successive, slightly undulated grooves. Same specimen, lateral view (B). Same specimen, ventral view (B), note the small lobe in suture line. Same specimen, +

Fig. 9 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 9. Photographs and reconstructions of soft−tissues in the neck of Amargasaurus cazaui (MACN−N−15)), La Amarga, Neuquén, Argentina, La Amarga Formation, Hauterivian, Early Cretaceous. A. 7th and 8th cervical vertebra in left lateral (A) and in cranial aspects (A) and with close−up cranial view show1 2 ing crests at the cranial face of neural spines (A). B. Isolated cervical rib in dorsal (B) and ventral (B) aspects. C. Vertebral corpus of 5th cervical vertebra 3 1 2 in ventral aspect. D. 10th cervical vertebral in left lateral aspect. E. Transverse cross−sections through cervical vertebra in the diapophysis region, with internal extension of pneumatic cavities basing on Dicraeosaurus hansemanni (see also Fig. 8). Scale bars 60 mm, E is not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 5. Cervical vertebrae of extant crocodylians and birds exposing osteological correlates for soft−tissue. A. Neural spine of 7th cervical vertebra of Crocodylus porosus (FUB OS 13) in cranial (A1), caudal (A2) and lateral (A3) aspects. Note subdivision of the rugosity for the interlaminar elastic ligament in A1 and A2. B. Neural spines of cervical vertebrae of Casuarius casuarius (NHM 1829) in craniodorsal (B1) and caudal (B2) aspects. Note bifurcate neural spine and distinct rugosity for the interlaminar elastic ligament in B. C. Neural spine of 14th cervical vertebra of Rhea americana (NHM 3534) in caudal 2 (C1) and dorsal (C2) aspect, with rugosity for interspinal elastic ligament virtually not being distinguishable from rugosity for interlaminar elastic ligaments, as in B and D. D. Neural spines of Sarcorhamphus gryphus (NMB 3295) in craniolateral (D1) and caudal (D2) aspect. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 7. Reconstruction of soft−tissues in the neck of Diplodocus. A. Transverse cross−sections through cervical vertebra with bifurcate neural spine in the diapophysis region (A1) and in caudal third of vertebra (A2). B. Transverse cross−sections through cervical vertebra with single neural spine in diapophysis region (B1) and in caudal third of vertebra (B2), dashed outlines representing possible craniocervical extensor muscle analogous to m. biventer cervicis of extant birds or m. transversospinalis capitis of extant crocodylians. C. Reconstruction of cervical ligaments in left lateral aspect. D. Reconstruction of cervical axial musculature in left lateral aspect. Vertebrae and skull for C and D from Diplodocus carnegii (Hatcher, 1901). Not to scale.

Fig. 3. Diplodocid and dicraeosaurid cervical vertebrae. A. 8 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 3. Diplodocid and dicraeosaurid cervical vertebrae. A. 8th cervical vertebra (SMA L25−3) of subadult Diplodocus sp., Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, in left lateral aspect (A1) and as schematic drawing indicating external pneumatic structures (A). B. 7th and 8th cervical vertebra (SMA M34−1and M34−2) of juvenile undetermined diplodocid, Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison 2 Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, in left lateral aspect. C. Series of six cervical vertebrae of immature juvenile Apatosaurus louisae (CM 3390), Carnegie Museum Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, USA, Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic, in right lateral aspect (C1) and with single vertebra in a larger scale (C2). D. Midcervical vertebrae of Barosaurus lentus (CM 1198), Carnegie Museum Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, USA, Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic, in left lateral aspect, with broken distal half of cervical rib below. E. 8th cervical vertebra of Dicraeosaurus hansemanni (ZMB "skelet m"), Middle Saurian Bed, Tanzania, Tendaguru Beds, Late Jurassic, in right lateral aspect (E1) and with schematic drawing of external pneumatic structures (E2). Scale bars 50 mm, except D, for which is 300 mm.

Fig. 1 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 1. Photograph of 8th cervical vertebra (SMA L25−3) of subadult Diplodocus sp., Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic (A) showing location of transverse sections (B–H) obtained from X−ray computed tomography.

Fig. 4 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 4. Reconstruction of the distribution of pneumatic diverticula in diplodocids and dicraeosaurids. A. Schematic drawing of midcervical vertebra of Diplodocus in left lateral aspect (A1), in dorsal aspect with single neural spine (A2) and in dorsal aspect with bifurcate neural spine (A3). The partitioning of pneumatic diverticula at the lateral surface of the vertebral corpus is hypothetical, based on the strongly divided pneumatic fossae. B. 10th cervical vertebra of Amargasaurus cazaui in left lateral aspect. C. 8th cervical vertebra of Dicraeosaurus hansemanni in dorsal (C) and in left lateral (C) aspects. Not to 1 2 scale.