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74 results for “Speciation: sympatric”
FIGURES 96–101 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 96–101. Endecous (Pedroecous) new species found in the Lapa Sem Fim cave. 96, 98 and 100–Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. 96–adult ♂; 98–adult ♂ and ♀ interacting (probably some sexual behavior); 100–female nymph of Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus and Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. in the overlap zone. 97, 99 and 101—Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. 97 and 99–adult ♂ and ♀, respectively; 101–nymph feeding on frugivorous bat guano.
FIGURES 89–95 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 89–95. Box plot of the distribution of averages referring to the seven courtship sound parameters compared between E. (P.) didymus n. sp. (n = 4) and E. (P.) troglobius n. sp. (n = 4). Mann-Whitney test values are displayed in the corner of the image. (*) "p" less than p <0.05.
FIGURES 87–88 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 87–88. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. and Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. in frontal view, in vivo, with emphasis on the ommatidia pigmentation.
FIGURES 66–73 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 66–73. Ovipositor and copulatory papilla of Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. ♀ (ISLA 46634). 66–ovipositor, lateral view; 67–supranal plate; 68–subgenital plate; 69, 70–ovipositor apex, dorsal and lateral view, respectively; 71–paratype (ISLA 43343); 72–paratype (ISLA 46634); 73–paratype (ISLA 77747). Conventions: a, b and c–lateral, ventral and dorsal view respectively.
FIGURES 60–65 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 60–65. Right tegmen of Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. in dorsal and lateral view. 60–holotype (ISLA 77744); 61–paratype (ISLA 12337); 62–paratype (ISLA 12339); 63–paratype (ISLA 43342); 64–paratype (ISLA 77745) and 65–paratype (ISLA 77746).
FIGURES 47–55 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 47–55. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. holotype morphology. 47–49, head in dorsal, front and lateral view, respectively; 50–pronotum, dorsal view; 51–right tegmen, dorsal view; 52–right tegmen and pronotum, lateral view; 53–subgenital and supranal plate, phallic sclerite, lateral view; 54–subgenital plate, ventral view; 55–supranal, dorsal view. Conventions: m., mirror; h., harp; b.f., basal field; l.f., lateral field.
FIGURE 34, 74 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURE 34, 74. Courtship song of new species of Endecous. 34. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp.. (A) spectrogram of phrase with 12 subphrases, (B) Oscillogram of a phrase; 74. Courtship song of Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. (A) spectrogram of phrase with 10 subphrases, (B) Oscillogram of a phrase.
FIGURES 26–33 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 26–33. Ovipositor and copulatory papilla of Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. ♀ (ISLA 12342). 26–ovipositor, lateral view; 27–supranal plate; 28–subgenital plate; 29, 30–ovipositor apex, dorsal and lateral view, respectively; 31–paratype (ISLA 12342); 32–paratype (ISLA 43334); 33–paratype (ISLA 43335). Conventions: a, b and c–lateral, ventral and dorsal view, respectively.
FIGURES 2–4, 41–43 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 2–4, 41–43. Phallic sclerites of the new species of Endecous. 2–4. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. phallic sclerite of the paratype (ISLA 43336); 41–43. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. phallic sclerite of the paratype (ISLA 43342); 2, 41–dorsal view; 3, 42–dorsal view inclined posteriorly; 4, 43–dorsal view anteriorly tilted. Scale bar–0.5 mm. Abbreviations: Ps.Arm, pseudepiphallic arm; Ps.db, pseudepiphallic dorsal branch; Ps.ib, pseudepiphallic sclerite inner bars; Ps.ms, pseudepiphallic membranous shield; A, sclerite A; Ps.P, pseudepiphallic paramere; Ect.Arc, ectophallic arc; Ect.lb, ectophallic lateral bar; Ect.mp, ectophallic median projection; Ect.Ap, ectophallic apodeme; End.Sc.a, endophallic sclerite anterior portion (yellow arrow indicates the apodema in End.Sc.a); End.Sc.d, endophallic sclerite duct; End.Sc.p, endophallic sclerite posterior portion.
FIGURE 1 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURE 1 (C). Illustration of the eight courtship song parameters sampled for the species of Endecous in this study: PDphrase duration (s); SP/P—number of subphrases per phrase; SPD—subphrase duration (ms); PPS—number of pulses per subphrase; SPP—subphrase period (s); DF—dominant frequency (kHz); W/FPSP—number of sound waves in the first pulse of the subphrase; W/SPSP—number of sound waves in the second pulse of the subphrase.
FIGURES 5–7, 44–45 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?
FIGURES 5–7, 44–45. Phallic sclerites of the new species of Endecous. 5–7. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. phallic sclerite of the paratype (ISLA 43336); 44–45. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. phallic sclerite of the paratype (ISLA 43342); 5, 44–ventral view; 6, 45–diagonal view; 7, 46–posterior view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: Ps.Arm, pseudepiphallic arm; Ps.db, pseudepiphallic dorsal branch; Ps.ib, pseudepiphallic sclerite inner bars; Ps.ms, pseudepiphallic membranous shield; A, sclerite A; Ps.P, pseudepiphallic paramere; Ect.Arc, ectophallic arc; Ect.lb, ectophallic lateral bar; Ect.mp, ectophallic median projection; Ect.Ap, ectophallic apodeme; End.Sc.a, endophallic sclerite anterior portion (yellow arrow indicates the apodema in End.Sc.a); End.Sc.d, endophallic sclerite duct; End.Sc.p, endophallic sclerite posterior portion.
Fig. 4 Model 2 in Modelling sympatric speciation by means of biologically plausible mechanistic processes as exemplified by threespine stickleback species pairs
Fig. 4 Model 2. Typical distribution of T, the phenotypic values, at generation 100. Nm = Nf =100; σ =0.5; Τ= 0.5; μ = 1%; n =256 alleles. Only 10 out of 200 (5%) individuals are hybrids. Similar results were obtained in 10 out of 20 replicate simulations with Τ =0.5, and in ten out of ten replicate simulations with Τ =0.25
Fig. 7 Model 5 in Modelling sympatric speciation by means of biologically plausible mechanistic processes as exemplified by threespine stickleback species pairs
Fig. 7 Model 5: Reinforcement of divergent mating preferences. Columns: 1 Typical distribution of morphology alleles, 2 typical distribution of preference alleles, 3 typical distribution of morphology phenotypes T. Rows: 1 Generation 0, 2 generation 100, 3 generation 200. At generation 100, 92% of individuals have either all benthic alleles at both loci, or all limnetic alleles at both loci. At generation
Fig. 2 in Modelling sympatric speciation by means of biologically plausible mechanistic processes as exemplified by threespine stickleback species pairs
Fig. 2 Relative fitness is a function of morphology T. Here fitness ¼ sinð 2p»TÞ 2 þ 1 (relative fitness varies between 1 and 2, i.e. two-fold). In model 3, we used a flat fitness function: fitness=1. In model 5, we used the above fitness function, well fitness ¼ sinð 2p»TÞ 2 þ 0: 5 as as: (relative fitness varies between 0.5 and 1.5, i.e. a threefold selection differential), and fitness ¼ sinð 2p»TÞ 2 þ 0: 25 (relative fitness varies between 0.25 and 1.25, i.e. a five-fold selection differential)
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