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84 results for “Stream Frogs”
FIGURE 10 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 10. Co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species of Nyctibatrachus in Kathalekan. a. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis, b. N. jog and c. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov.
FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 nominal species of Nyctibatrachus and an outgroup (Indirana sp.) based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA. Number at the branches indicate bootstrap values. Bootstrap values less than 50 are indicated with an asterisk. Area marked with grey belong to N. sanctipalustris clade.
FIGURE 6. a in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 6. a. Male approaching the eggs; b. Male standing upright locating the egg clutch; c. Male covering the egg clutch with sand gravels and mud from the stream bed; d. Male leaving the place after covering the egg mass with sand and mud.
FIGURE 5. a in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 5. a. Male and female in courtship (male and female are marked with symbols); b. Axillary amplexus in the pair; c. Amplected pair standing upright on their hindlimb before oviposition; d. Female doing a handstand at the time of releasing eggs.
FIGURE 4b. Type II in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 4b. Type II advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.
FIGURE 1 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 1. Study localities (blue circles) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. in the Western Ghats of India.
FIGURE 4a. Type I in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 4a. Type I advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.
FIGURE 9 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI/WGFRS/V/A/860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb.
FIGURE 12 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 12. Non-metric multidimensional scale (NMDS) analysis of allopatric and sympatric species of Nyctibatrachus based on SVL (both male and female), maximum number of eggs in a clutch, type of amplexus, parental care, mud covering behavior, oviposition site and position of male and female at oviposition. Allopatric species namely N. humayuni, N. petraeus and N. jog are clustered in one group, while N. kempholeyensis and Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. forms two distinct clusters.
FIGURE 2 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 2. Advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.
FIG. 3 in Using Demography to Evaluate Reintroductions for Conservation of the Endangered Frog, Rana sierrae, in Streams
FIG. 3.—Fate of captive-reared frogs released into the South Fork Rock Creek reaches in 2017 and 2018. The number of frogs released into each stream is shown below each bar.
FIG. 2 in Using Demography to Evaluate Reintroductions for Conservation of the Endangered Frog, Rana sierrae, in Streams
FIG. 2.—Maximum number of years between captures of marked Rana sierrae first captured 2009–2013 in three northern Sierra Nevada streams. First captures occurred 2009–2011 in Lone Rock Creek and South Fork (SF) Rock Creek main channel, or 2009–2011 or 2013 in Independence Creek. Last captures occurred 2009–2011 in all three streams; 2013 in Independence Creek, 2015 in Lone Rock Creek and SF Rock Creek main channel, or 2016–2018 in all three streams.
Data from: Spotted stream frog diversification at the Australasian faunal zone interface, mainland versus island comparisons, and a test of the Philippine ‘dual-umbilicus’ hypothesis
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Gene flow creates a mirage of cryptic species in a Southeast Asian spotted stream frog complex
<p>Most new cryptic species are described using conventional tree- and distance-based species delimitation methods (SDMs), which rely on phylogenetic arrangements and measures of genetic divergence. However, although numerous factors such as population structure and gene flow are known to confound phylogenetic and species delimitation inferences, the influence of these processes on species estimation is not frequently evaluated. Using large amounts of exons, introns, and ultraconserved elements obtained using the FrogCap sequence-capture protocol, we compared conventional SDMs with more robust genomic analyses that assesses population structure and gene flow to characterize species boundaries in a Southeast Asian frog complex (<i>Pulchrana</i> <i>picturata</i>). Our results showed that gene flow and introgression can produce phylogenetic patterns and levels of divergence that resemble distinct species (up to 10% divergent in mitochondrial DNA). Hybrid populations were inferred as independent (singleton) clades that were highly divergent from adjacent populations (7–10%) and unusually similar (<3%) to allopatric populations. Such anomalous patterns are not uncommon in Southeast Asian amphibians, which brings into question whether the high cryptic diversity observed in other amphibian groups reflect distinct cryptic species—or, instead, highly admixed and structured metapopulation lineages. Our results also provide an alternative explanation to the conundrum of divergent (sometimes non-sister) sympatric lineages―a pattern that has been celebrated as indicative of true cryptic speciation. Based on these findings, we recommend that species delimitation of continuously distributed "cryptic" groups should not rely solely on conventional SDMs but should necessarily examine population structure and gene flow to avoid taxonomic inflation.</p>
Figure 3 from: Lunghi E, Bruni G, Ficetola F, Manenti R (2018) Is the Italian stream frog (Rana italica Dubois, 1987) an opportunistic exploiter of caves twilight zone? Subterranean Biology 25: 49-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23803
Figure 3 Boxplots indicating differences in the use of cave spaces. Difference between A age classes (Adults/ Juveniles) and B adult sexes (Females/Males) in the use of the subterranean surface area; differences between C age classes and D adult sexes in the use of cave walls. Diagonal bar inside the box represents the median.
Figure 1 from: Lunghi E, Bruni G, Ficetola F, Manenti R (2018) Is the Italian stream frog (Rana italica Dubois, 1987) an opportunistic exploiter of caves twilight zone? Subterranean Biology 25: 49-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23803
Figure 1 Two juveniles of Rana italica: a) during the measurement of SVL and b) climbing cave walls.
FIGURE 3 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 3. Advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus jog. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.
Gene flow creates a mirage of cryptic species in a Southeast Asian spotted stream frog complex
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Figure 2 from: Lunghi E, Bruni G, Ficetola F, Manenti R (2018) Is the Italian stream frog (Rana italica Dubois, 1987) an opportunistic exploiter of caves twilight zone? Subterranean Biology 25: 49-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23803
Figure 2 Average monthly observation (±ES) of Rana italica within studied caves.
FIG. 7 in A Lentic Breeder in Lotic Waters: Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae) Habitat Suitability in Northern Sierra Nevada Streams
FIG. 7. Mean predicted probability of microhabitat use by adult R. sierrae (includes subadults) for all possible values from a given predictor variable from the 1,000 bootstrapped logistic regression models at (A) Independence Creek and (B) South Fork Tributaries. Shading and bars represent 95% credible intervals. Substrate categories are silt (Slt), sand (Snd), fine gravel (FGrav), coarse gravel (CGrav), cobble (Cob), boulder (Bld), and bedrock (Bed).
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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