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Fig. 40. Character 56, oblique lateral stripe length. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 40. Character 56, oblique lateral stripe length. A: State 0, partial (panamensis, AMNH 69836, photo by R. Zweifel). B: State 1, complete (fraterdanieli, MHNUC 364).
Fig. 37. Character 52, dorsolateral stripe A. A, B in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 37. Character 52, dorsolateral stripe A. A, B: State 1, present in juveniles (A), absent in adults (B) (terribilis, A: captive-raised specimen; B: AMNH live exhibit). C: State 2, anterior, narrow,
Figure 1 in Morphological characterization of striped seabream (Lithognathus mormyrus, Sparidae) in some Mediterranean lagoons
Figure 1. - Sampling localities of Lithognathus mormyrus: (1) Mellah lagoon (Algeria); (2) Bizerta lagoon (Tunisia); (3) Ghar El Melh lagoon (Tunisia); (4) El Biban lagoon (Tunisia); (5) Farwa lagoon (Libya); (6) Venice lagoon (Italy).
Figure 3 in Morphological characterization of striped seabream (Lithognathus mormyrus, Sparidae) in some Mediterranean lagoons
Figure 3. - FDA scores on the three first discriminant functions for the Mediterranean lagoon samples projected on FD1×FD2 plane (A) and on FD1×FD3 plane (B).
Figure 2 in Morphological characterization of striped seabream (Lithognathus mormyrus, Sparidae) in some Mediterranean lagoons
Figure 2. - Conventional linear variables and truss elements. Locations of the 11 landmarks (1-11) used to define the truss network on L. mormyrus. Landmarks are illustrated as black dots and truss measurements between the dots as discontinued lines. Abbreviations in Annex II.
Nesting behavior of striped plateau lizards (Sceloporus virgatus) in a time of climate warming
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PLATE IB. Natula Gorochov, 1987. (A–K), Natula matsuurai (Sugimoto, 2001): A, Head; B, Maxillary palpi; C, Second tarsal segment; D, Tympanum on fore tibia; E, Forewing lateral view showing longitudinal veins; F, Hind femur without stripe; G, Male Forewing mirror longer than wide; H, Female sub-genital plate triangular; I, Male sub-genital plate longer than wide, hind margin with a small projected median lobe; J, Hind tibial spines (3 pairs) on both sides; K, Ovipositor upcurved with a dorsal groove in JHABAR MAL, RAJENDRA NAGAR & R. SWAMINATHAN (2014) Record of Natula matsuurai Sugimoto (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae) and other sword-tailed crickets from India. Zootaxa, 3760(3): 458-462.
PLATE IB. Natula Gorochov, 1987. (A–K), Natula matsuurai (Sugimoto, 2001): A, Head; B, Maxillary palpi; C, Second tarsal segment; D, Tympanum on fore tibia; E, Forewing lateral view showing longitudinal veins; F, Hind femur without stripe; G, Male Forewing mirror longer than wide; H, Female sub-genital plate triangular; I, Male sub-genital plate longer than wide, hind margin with a small projected median lobe; J, Hind tibial spines (3 pairs) on both sides; K, Ovipositor upcurved with a dorsal groove
Figure 2 in Geographical variation in the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica Bocage, 1864 and the description of a newly recognized subspecies
Figure 2. Congruence between morphometry- and geography-based classifications of the southern and northern subspecies of Chioglossa lusitanica across a latitudinal transect in central and northern Portugal, for males (left) and females (right). Numbers 5–13 and letters a–d, M and D refer to putative subspecies borders (see Figure 1). Congruence is expressed by kappa (K)¡asymptotic standard error. Following Altman (1991) K-scores of,0.4 indicate a 'fair' congruence between classifications; with 0.4,K,0.6 congruence is 'moderate' and with K.0.6 congruence is 'good'. The most convincing discrimination from morphology is achieved when the border between the southern and the northern population is set at population 8 (open round symbol).
Figure 1 in Geographical variation in the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica Bocage, 1864 and the description of a newly recognized subspecies
Figure 1. Approximate range of the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica, in the Iberian Peninsula (insert) with 16 populations that were subject to morphometric analysis (solid dots). Numbers 5–13 and letters a– d, D and M refer to putative subspecies borders that were designed to evaluate the congruence of range and subspecies morphology. Four populations with just molecular genetic data available are shown by open dots. Localities are as follows: 1, Muradal, Foz de Giraldo—40°0923.60N, 7°41949.80W; 2, Lousa˜, C. Pêra— 40°5928.70N, 8°1294.10W; 3, Lousa˜, Fiscal—40°6950.40N, 8°13927.60W; 4, Lousa˜, Vilarinho—40°799.50N, 8°12932.50W; 5, Açor, Margaraça—40°13914.00N, 7°5597.40W; 6, Várzeas—40°14953.70N, 8°22932.40W; 7, Buçaco—40°21951.60N, 8°2197.90W; 8, Saide—40°26946.20N, 8°19927.50W; 9, Covelo—40°46937.10N, 8°12947.30W; 10, Tarouca—41°1938.30N, 7°47912.10W; 11, Montemuro—41°2933.10N, 8°3957.60W; 12, Valongo, Silveirinha—41°10945.90N, 8°29957.30W; 13, Valongo, Águas Férreas—41°11918.30N, 8°29918.40W; 14, Bom Jesus—41°33925.70N, 8°22926.50W; 15, Cabreira—41°39939.60N, 8°1924.60W; 16, Gerês— 41°45926.80N, 8°8945.40W; 17, Pontevedra—42°3095.70N, 8°28953.50W; 18, Caaveiro—43°2693.90N, 8°2954.90W; 19, Salas—43°23940.70N, 6°15922.80W; 20, Cuera—43°17945.70N, 4°35956.90W.
Figure 3 in Geographical variation in the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica Bocage, 1864 and the description of a newly recognized subspecies
Figure 3. Discriminant function scores for the southern (S) and northern (N) subspecies in males and females of Chioglossa lusitanica with the range border at locality 8. The boxes and bars represent 50% and 80% of the data, respectively, and round symbols are outliers, for ln-transformed (left panel) and ln-transformed, size-adjusted data (right panel). Interrupted lines represent the discriminant functions for the two C. lusitanica syntypes.
FIGURE 10 in Systematics and Taxonomy of Great Striped-Faced Bats of the Genus Vampyrodes Thomas, 1900 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 10. Posterior views of the occipital region in Vampyrodes caraccioli (A, USNM 405129) and V. major (B, FMNH 127114) illustrating taxonomic differences in the groove between the occipital condyle and the paracondylar process (arrow) and the position of the parietal foramina (pf). In V. caraccioli the groove between the occipital condyle and paracondylar process is weakly developed and the pf are well separated from the nuchal crest. In V. major, however the groove between the occipital condyle and the paracondylar process is well developed and the pf are closer to the nuchal crest.
FIGURE 8 in Systematics and Taxonomy of Great Striped-Faced Bats of the Genus Vampyrodes Thomas, 1900 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 8. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the skull of Vampyrodes caraccioli (USNM 405129; male) from Amazonas, Venezuela; the stylohyals were reconstructed from USNM 582872, a female from Cuzco, Peru. Dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of the skull of V. major (FMNH 127114; male) from Veracruz, Mexico.
FIGURE 7 in Systematics and Taxonomy of Great Striped-Faced Bats of the Genus Vampyrodes Thomas, 1900 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 7. Labial view of the left P3–M1 illustrating presence and absence of perikymata. Top, Vampyrodes caraccioli (AMNH 230653) with distinct perikymata (arrow). Bottom, Platyrrhinus lineatus (AMNH 23771) without distinct perikyma.
FIGURE 6 in Systematics and Taxonomy of Great Striped-Faced Bats of the Genus Vampyrodes Thomas, 1900 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 6. Map showing collecting localities of Vampyrodes caraccioli (circles) and V. major (squares). Numbers refer to entries in the Gazetteer (appendix).
FIGURE 5 in Systematics and Taxonomy of Great Striped-Faced Bats of the Genus Vampyrodes Thomas, 1900 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 5. Principal components analysis (performed on cranial, dental and one external variables) showing dispersion of scores representing Vampyrodes caraccioli (circles) and V. major (triangles) along: (A) first and second axes (B) first and third axes. PC1 represents a size axis (with larger specimens appearing toward the right side of the plot) and PC2 portrays a difference in shape.
FIGURE 4. Combined cyt-b and D in Systematics and Taxonomy of Great Striped-Faced Bats of the Genus Vampyrodes Thomas, 1900 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 4. Combined cyt-b and D-loop maximum likelihood phylogram for both species of Vampyrodes. Support statistics from a parsimony bootstrap analysis, a maximum likelihood bootstrap analysis, and a Bayesian analysis are indicated at each resolved node. For the parsimony and maximum likehood analyses (MP and ML, respectively), white indicates bootstrap frequencies ≤50%, grey indicates bootstrap frequencies between 50% and 75%, and black indicates bootstrap frequencies ≥75%. For the Bayesian analysis (BPP), white indicates posterior probabilities <0.95, whereas black indicates posterior probabilities ≥0.95. For each terminal, an alphanumeric identifier and the country of origin (from table 1). Numbers in parentheses refer to localities mapped in figure 6 and listed in the Gazetteer (appendix).
FIGURE 3 in Systematics and Taxonomy of Great Striped-Faced Bats of the Genus Vampyrodes Thomas, 1900 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 3. Diagram of the cranium of an adult Vampyrodes caraccioli showing limits of cranial and dental measurements.
TYPES: Male holotype from Panama: Panama: Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, 1 hectare PANCODING Inventory, 895 m, 8.68333°, -79.92972°, June 14–19, 2007, M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, M. Ramírez, deposited in MIUP, PBI_OON 42313; same data, 1 male paratype deposited in MACN-Ar 29895, PBI_OON 42312. ETYMOLOGY: A noun in apposition; in Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild natural world, of shepherds, flocks, and mountains, and of hunting and rustic music. He has hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, and the name is here employed to note the large mac- rosetae at the eye region of males that resemble the horns in some illustrations of this god. DIAGNOSIS: This is one of the most autapomor- phic species from the Americas; males have the labium fused with the sternum (fig. 34B), small chelicerae, shorter than the endite length, with anterior blunt projections, and directed backward in lateral view (fig. 34D, E); clypeus directed back- ward (fig. 34D); two light areas on the sternum just below the endites (fig. 34B), carapace almost flat in lateral view and two strong macrosetae at the eye region, pointing forward (fig. 34C–E). Other characters of the male palp, such as the presence of two apophyses, also distinguish this species from others (fig. 38D–F). MALE (PBI_OON 42312): Total length 1.00. Habitus as in figure 34A–C. CEPHALOTHO- RAX: Carapace orange, with brown stripe along in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)
TYPES: Male holotype from Panama: Panama: Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, 1 hectare PANCODING Inventory, 895 m, 8.68333°, -79.92972°, June 14–19, 2007, M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, M. Ramírez, deposited in MIUP, PBI_OON 42313; same data, 1 male paratype deposited in MACN-Ar 29895, PBI_OON 42312. ETYMOLOGY: A noun in apposition; in Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild natural world, of shepherds, flocks, and mountains, and of hunting and rustic music. He has hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, and the name is here employed to note the large mac- rosetae at the eye region of males that resemble the horns in some illustrations of this god. DIAGNOSIS: This is one of the most autapomor- phic species from the Americas; males have the labium fused with the sternum (fig. 34B), small chelicerae, shorter than the endite length, with anterior blunt projections, and directed backward in lateral view (fig. 34D, E); clypeus directed back- ward (fig. 34D); two light areas on the sternum just below the endites (fig. 34B), carapace almost flat in lateral view and two strong macrosetae at the eye region, pointing forward (fig. 34C–E). Other characters of the male palp, such as the presence of two apophyses, also distinguish this species from others (fig. 38D–F). MALE (PBI_OON 42312): Total length 1.00. Habitus as in figure 34A–C. CEPHALOTHO- RAX: Carapace orange, with brown stripe along
Data for: Wild microbiomes of striped plateau lizards vary with sex, body size, and reproductive season
<p><span><span>Long-term natural studies are valuable for examining the effects of host demographics and environmental factors on animal microbiomes, and how those effects interact and shift over time. We examined how the cloacal microbiome of Sceloporus virgatus (the striped plateau lizard) varies under natural conditions in southeastern Arizona, USA, in a multi-year study</span><span>. Cloacal swabs were collected from wild-caught lizards across their entire active season over three years. Analyses of 16S rRNA data generated on the Illumina platform revealed cloacal microbiomes of </span><span>S. virgatus </span><span>vary as a function of sex, season, size, and reproductive state, and do so independently of one another. Briefly, microbial diversity was higher in females than in males, increased with body size, was lowest in both sexes during the reproductive season, and was lowest in females when they were vitellogenic. It was not significantly affected by hibernation. This study highlights the importance of long term, wide scale microbiome studies for capturing accurate perspectives on microbiome diversity and composition in a given species. It also serves as a warning for comparisons of microbiomes across species, as each may be under a different suite of selective pressures from external or innate factors, which may differ in a species-specific manner.</span></span></p>
Zebras of all stripes repel biting flies at close range
<p>The best-supported hypothesis for why zebras have stripes is that stripes repel biting flies. While this effect is well-established, the mechanism behind it remains elusive. Myriad hypotheses have been suggested, but few experiments have helped narrow the field of possible explanations. In addition, the complex visual features of real zebra pelage and the natural range of stripe widths have been largely left out of experimental designs. In paired-choice field experiments in a Kenyan savannah, we found that hungry Stomoxys flies released in an enclosure strongly preferred to land on uniform tan impala pelts over striped zebra pelts but exhibited no preference between the pelts of the zebra species with the widest stripes and the narrowest stripes. Our findings confirm that zebra stripes repel biting flies under naturalistic conditions and do so at close range (suggesting that several of the mechanisms hypothesized to operate at a distance are unnecessary for the fly-repulsion effect) but indicate that interspecific variation in stripe width is associated with selection pressures other than biting flies.</p>
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