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FIGURES 10–11. Notocotylus spp. 10 in Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host

FIGURES 10–11. Notocotylus spp. 10, Rediae and cercariae (live) at various ontogenetic stages showing appearance under dissecting scope. Note the large, immobile, undeveloped cercaria and the slightly smaller, but further developed, tan-colored cercaria, both of which can be as large as the rediae (Hurunui River voucher). Scale bar = 100. 11,Cercariae, developed, live (Clutha River, South Island, no voucher). Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 10.

FIGURES 25–27 in Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host

FIGURES 25–27. Microphallus sp. "poulini" 25, Sporocyst, live (Sutton Stream voucher). Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 10. 26, Cercariae, showing the two observed forms, live (Waimakariri River voucher). Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 10. 27, Cercaria showing inflated penetration-gland ducts, live (Opihi River voucher). Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 2.5.

FIGURES 2–3 in Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host

FIGURES 2–3. Apatemon sp. I. 2, Sporocyst with developing cercariae. Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 25. 3, Cercaria. Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 5.

FIGURES 21–23. Coitocaecum spp. 21 in Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host

FIGURES 21–23. Coitocaecum spp. 21, Sporocyst, live (Taieri River Voucher). Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 10. 22, Cercaria, live (photo of a Mataura River specimen different than voucher). Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 10. 23, Close up of cercaria oral sucker showing two-pointed oral stylet, live (Ngaruroro River voucher). Scale bar = 15.

FIGURE 1 in Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host

FIGURE 1. General characteristics of the parthenitae and cercariae of the trematodes infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum as first intermediate host. Microphallus sp. "livelyi" (sp. 13), whose embryos develop directly to metacercariae, is not figured. Species numbers and codes follow Table 1 and species accounts. Cercariae are all to scale, with additional magnified views of three small cercariae (indicated by dashed lines). Parthenitae are not to scale. Scale bars consistently indicate 100 µm.

FIGURES 14–16. Stegodexamine anguillae. 14 in Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host

FIGURES 14–16. Stegodexamine anguillae. 14, Redia, EtOH-fixed and acetocarmine-stained. Scale bar = 100. 15, Cercaria, live. Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 10. 16, Close-up of live cercaria body to better indicate the four pairs of penetration glands. Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 5.

FIGURES 30–32 in Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host

FIGURES 30–32. Virgulate sp. I. 30, Sporocysts, live (Taieri River voucher). Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 10. 31, Cercaria, live (Taieri River voucher). Scale bar = 100. Numerical scale division = 2.5. 32, Close up of cercaria oral stylet showing oral stylet, live (Grey River voucher). Scale bar = 10.

publicApr 2019View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Infection sequence alters disease severity—Effects of the sequential exposure of two larval trematodes to Polypedates cruciger tadpoles

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Data from: Infection prevalence and density of a pathogenic trematode parasite decrease with stream order along a river continuum

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publicMay 2021View details →

Figure 1 from: Apiraksena K, Namchote S, Komsuwan J, Dechraksa W, Tharapoom K, Veeravechsukij N, Glaubrecht M, Krailas D (2020) Survey of Stenomelania Fisher, 1885 (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): The potential of trematode infections in a newly-recorded snail genus at the coast of Andaman Sea, South Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 807-819. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.59448

Figure 1 Distribution of collected snails from 13 localities, along the coast of Andaman Sea, south Thailand.

Figure 3 from: Apiraksena K, Namchote S, Komsuwan J, Dechraksa W, Tharapoom K, Veeravechsukij N, Glaubrecht M, Krailas D (2020) Survey of Stenomelania Fisher, 1885 (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): The potential of trematode infections in a newly-recorded snail genus at the coast of Andaman Sea, South Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 807-819. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.59448

Figure 3 Images of Loxogenoides bicolor (Krull, 1933) Kaw 1945. a. Specimen stained with 0.5% neutral red; b. Drawing image; c. Sporocyst stained with 0.5% neutral red. Abbreviations – eb: excretory bladder; p: pharynx; pg: penetration gland; os: oral sucker; s: stylet; sp: sporocyst; ta: tail; vi: virgulate organ; vs: ventral sucker. Scale bars: 100 μm.

Figure 4 from: Apiraksena K, Namchote S, Komsuwan J, Dechraksa W, Tharapoom K, Veeravechsukij N, Glaubrecht M, Krailas D (2020) Survey of Stenomelania Fisher, 1885 (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): The potential of trematode infections in a newly-recorded snail genus at the coast of Andaman Sea, South Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 807-819. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.59448

Figure 4 Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) Chen 1936. a. Specimen stained with 0.5% neutral red; b. Drawing image; c. Redia stained with 0.5% neutral red. Abbreviations – dvf: dorso-ventral finfold; eb: excretory bladder; exp: excretory pore; es: eyespot; lf: lateral finfold; os: oral sucker; p: pharynx; pg: penetration gland; re: redia; ta: tail. Scale bar: 100 μm.

Figure 2 from: Apiraksena K, Namchote S, Komsuwan J, Dechraksa W, Tharapoom K, Veeravechsukij N, Glaubrecht M, Krailas D (2020) Survey of Stenomelania Fisher, 1885 (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): The potential of trematode infections in a newly-recorded snail genus at the coast of Andaman Sea, South Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 807-819. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.59448

Figure 2 Shells of Stenomelania sp. (Fisher 1885) from south of Thailand. a. Morph 1: S. cf. aspirans, Krabi Province; b. Morph 2: S. cf. crenulata, Krabi Province; c. Morph 3: Neoradina aff. prasongi, Krabi and Trang Provinces; d. Morph 4: S. cf. punctata, Krabi and Trang Provinces; e. Morph 5: S. cf. torulosa, Krabi, Trang and Satun Provinces. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 5 from: Apiraksena K, Namchote S, Komsuwan J, Dechraksa W, Tharapoom K, Veeravechsukij N, Glaubrecht M, Krailas D (2020) Survey of Stenomelania Fisher, 1885 (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): The potential of trematode infections in a newly-recorded snail genus at the coast of Andaman Sea, South Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 807-819. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.59448

Figure 5 Images of Procerovum cheni Hsȕ, 1951. a. Specimen stained with 0.5% neutral red; b. Drawing of image; c. Sporocyst stained with 0.5% neutral red. Abbreviations – dvf: dorso-ventral finfold eb: excretory bladder; es: eyespot; lf: lateral finfold; os: oral sucker; p: pharynx; pg: penetration gland; re: redia; ta: tail. Scale bar: 100 μm.

Figure 6 from: Apiraksena K, Namchote S, Komsuwan J, Dechraksa W, Tharapoom K, Veeravechsukij N, Glaubrecht M, Krailas D (2020) Survey of Stenomelania Fisher, 1885 (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): The potential of trematode infections in a newly-recorded snail genus at the coast of Andaman Sea, South Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 807-819. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.59448

Figure 6 The phylogenetic relationship of trematodes was constructed using ITS2 sequences, based on neighbour-joining analysis (3,000 bootstrap replications) and the other published DNA sequences obtained from GenBank. Nodes are annotated with bootstrap support value ≥ 50. Taxon names and voucher or GenBank accession numbers are provided at the tips of the tree (see also Table 4).

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Learned parasite avoidance is driven by host personality and resistance to infection in a fish–trematode interaction

Cognitive abilities related to the assessment of risk improve survival. While earlier studies have examined the ability of animals to learn to avoid predators, learned parasite avoidance has received little interest. In a series of behavioural trials with the trematode parasite Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, we asked whether sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta) hosts show associative learning in the context of parasitism and if so, whether learning capacity is related to the likelihood of infection mediated through host personality and resistance. We show that animals are capable of learning to avoid visual cues associated with the presence of parasites. However, avoidance behaviour ceased after the likely activation of host resistance following consecutive exposures during learning, suggesting that resistance to infection outweighs avoidance. Further, we found a positive relationship between learning ability and boldness, suggesting a compensation of risky lifestyles through increased investment in cognitive abilities. By contrast, an increased risk of infection due to low resistance was not balanced by learning ability. Instead, these traits were positively related, which may be explained by inherent physiological qualities controlling both traits. Overall, the results demonstrate that parasitism, in addition to other biological interactions such as predation, is an important selective factor in the evolution of animal cognition.

Figure 9 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306

Figure 9 - Image of Haematoloechus similis;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria without stainingc. Sporocyst stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: s – stylet, os – oral sucker, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, ta – tail, spo: sporocyst, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine (scale a, b = 50 µm, c = 50 µm).

Figure 8 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306

Figure 8 - Image of Loxogenoides bicolor;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Sporocyst stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: s – stylet, os – oral sucker, vi – vigulate gland, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, ta – tail, spo: sporocyst, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine (scale a, b = 50 µm, c = 20 µm).

Figure 6 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306

Figure 6 - Image of Centrocestus formosanus;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Redia stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: os – oral sucker, es – eye spot, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, ta – tail, df – dorsal finfold, ti – tip, re – redia, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine (scale a, b = 100 µm, c = 10 µm).

Figure 5 from: Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D (2014) Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 57-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7306

Figure 5 - Image of Stictodora tridactyla;a. Drawing of cercaria structureb. Cercaria stained with 0.5% neutral redc. Redia stained with 0.5% neutral redd.–g. Images of Scanning ElectronmicroscopeAbbreviations: os – oral sucker, ep – esophagus, es – eye spot, p – pharynx, pg – penetration gland, vs – ventral sucker, eb – excretory bladder, lf – lateral finfold, ta – tail, df – dorsal finfold, re – redia, c – cercaria, b – body, sp – spine, sh – sensory hair (scale a, b = 100 µm, c = 10 µm).